Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis explained

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Synonyms:Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis[1]
Field:Nephrology

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a type of glomerulonephritis caused by deposits in the kidney glomerular mesangium and basement membrane (GBM) thickening, activating the complement system and damaging the glomeruli.

MPGN accounts for approximately 4% of primary renal causes of nephrotic syndrome in children and 7% in adults.[2]

It should not be confused with membranous glomerulonephritis, a condition in which the basement membrane is thickened, but the mesangium is not.

Type

There are three types of MPGN, but this classification is becoming obsolete as the causes of this pattern are becoming understood.

Type I

Type I, the most common by far, is caused by immune complexes depositing in the kidney. It is characterised by subendothelial and mesangial immune deposits.

It is believed to be associated with the classical complement pathway.[3]

Type II – Dense deposit disease

Type II is today more commonly known as dense deposit disease (DDD).[4] Most cases of dense deposit disease do not show a membranoproliferative pattern.[5] It forms a continuum with C3 glomerulonephritis; together they make up the two major subgroups of C3 glomerulopathy.[6]

Most cases are associated with the dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway.[7] [8]

DDD is associated with deposition of complement C3 within the glomeruli with little or no staining for immunoglobulin. The presence of C3 without significant immunoglobulin suggested to early investigators that DDD was due to abnormal activation of the complement alternative pathway (AP). There is now strong evidence that DDD is caused by uncontrolled AP activation.[9]

Spontaneous remissions of MPGN II are rare; approximately half of those affected with MPGN II will progress to end stage renal disease within ten years.[10]

In many cases, people with MPGN II can develop drusen caused by deposits within Bruch's membrane beneath the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. Over time, vision can deteriorate, and subretinal neovascular membranes, macular detachment, and central serous retinopathy can develop.[11]

Type III

Type III is very rare, it is characterized by a mixture of subepithelial and subendothelial immune and/or complement deposits. These deposits elicit an immune response, causing damage to cells and structures within their vicinity. Has similar pathological findings of Type I disease.[12]

A candidate gene has been identified on chromosome 1.[13]

Complement component 3 is seen under immunofluorescence.[14] it is associated with complement receptor 6 deficiency.

Pathology

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis involves deposits at the intraglomerular mesangium.

It is also the main hepatitis C associated nephropathy.

It also is related to a number of autoimmune diseases, prominently systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Class IV. Also found with Sjögren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, inherited complement deficiencies (esp C3 deficiency), scleroderma, Celiac disease.[15]

The histomorphologic differential diagnosis includes transplant glomerulopathy and thrombotic microangiopathies.

Diagnosis

The GBM is rebuilt on top of the deposits, causing a "tram tracking" appearance under the microscope.[16] Mesangial cellularity is increased.[17]

Treatment

Primary MPGN is treated with steroids, plasma exchange and other immunosuppressive drugs.Secondary MPGN is treated by treating the associated infection, autoimmune disease or neoplasms. Pegylated interferon and ribavirin are useful in reducing viral load. [18]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Colville D, Guymer R, Sinclair RA, Savige J . Visual impairment caused by retinal abnormalities in mesangiocapillary (membranoproliferative) glomerulonephritis type II ("dense deposit disease") . Am. J. Kidney Dis. . 42 . 2 . E2–5 . August 2003 . 12900843 . 10.1016/S0272-6386(03)00665-6.
  2. Habib R, Gubler MC, Loirat C, Mäiz HB, Levy M . Dense deposit disease: a variant of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis . Kidney Int. . 7 . 4 . 204–15 . 1975 . 1095806 . 10.1038/ki.1975.32. free .
  3. West CD, McAdams AJ . Glomerular paramesangial deposits: association with hypocomplementemia in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis types I and III . Am. J. Kidney Dis. . 31 . 3 . 427–34 . March 1998 . 9506679 . 10.1053/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9506679.
  4. Niepolski . Leszek . Czekała . Anna . Seget-Dubaniewicz . Monika . Frydrychowicz . Magdalena . Talarska-Markiewicz . Patrycja . Kowalska . Angelika . Szmelter . Jagoda . Salwa-Żurawska . Wiesława . Sirek . Tomasz . Sobański . Dawid . Grabarek . Beniamin Oskar . Żurawski . Jakub . 2023-04-05 . Diagnostic Problems in C3 Glomerulopathy . Biomedicines . 11 . 4 . 1101 . 10.3390/biomedicines11041101 . 2227-9059 . 37189718. 10135645 . free .
  5. Patrick D Walker . Franco Ferrario . Kensuke Joh . Stephen M Bonsib . 2007 . Dense deposit disease is not a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis . Modern Pathology . 20 . 6 . 605–616 . 10.1038/modpathol.3800773 . 17396142 . free.
  6. Smith . Richard J.H. . Appel . Gerald B. . Blom . Anna M. . Cook . H. Terence . D’Agati . Vivette D. . Fakhouri . Fadi . Fremeaux-Bacchi . Véronique . Józsi . Mihály . Kavanagh . David . Lambris . John D. . Noris . Marina . Pickering . Matthew C. . Remuzzi . Giuseppe . de Córdoba . Santiago Rodriguez . Sethi . Sanjeev . March 2019 . C3 glomerulopathy — understanding a rare complement-driven renal disease . Nature Reviews. Nephrology . 15 . 3 . 129–143 . 10.1038/s41581-018-0107-2 . 1759-5061 . 6876298 . 30692664.
  7. Rose KL, Paixao-Cavalcante D, Fish J, etal . Factor I is required for the development of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in factor H-deficient mice . J. Clin. Invest. . 118 . 2 . 608–18 . February 2008 . 18202746 . 2200299 . 10.1172/JCI32525.
  8. Licht C, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Kirschfink M, Zipfel PF, Hoppe B . MPGN II--genetically determined by defective complement regulation? . Pediatr. Nephrol. . 22 . 1 . 2–9 . January 2007 . 17024390 . 10.1007/s00467-006-0299-8. 14776253 . free .
  9. (reviewed in Appel et al., 2005; Smith et al., 2007). Smith, R. J. ., Harris, C. L., & Pickering, M. C. (2011). Dense Deposit Disease. Molecular Immunology, 48(14), 1604–1610. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2011.04.005/
  10. Swainson CP, Robson JS, Thomson D, MacDonald MK . Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis: a long-term study of 40 cases . J. Pathol. . 141 . 4 . 449–68 . 1983 . 6363655 . 10.1002/path.1711410404 . 25434508 .
  11. Colville D, Guymer R, Sinclair RA, Savige J . Visual impairment caused by retinal abnormalities in mesangiocapillary (membranoproliferative) glomerulonephritis type II ("dense deposit disease") . Am. J. Kidney Dis. . 42 . 2 . E2–5 . 2003 . 12900843 . 10.1016/S0272-6386(03)00665-6.
  12. Pickering, M. C., D’Agati, V. D., Nester, C. M., Smith, R. J., Haas, M., Appel, G. B., … Cook, H. T. (2013). C3 glomerulopathy: consensus report. Kidney International, 84(6), 1079–1089. http://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.377
  13. Neary JJ, Conlon PJ, Croke D, etal . Linkage of a gene causing familial membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type III to chromosome 1 . J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. . 13 . 8 . 2052–7 . August 2002 . 12138136 . 10.1097/01.ASN.0000022006.49966.F8. free .
  14. Neary J, Dorman A, Campbell E, Keogan M, Conlon P . Familial membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type III . Am. J. Kidney Dis. . 40 . 1 . e1.1–e1.6 . July 2002 . 12087587 . 10.1053/ajkd.2002.33932.
  15. Web site: UpToDate .
  16. Web site: Membranoproliferative_glomerulonephritis_type_I of the Kidney . https://web.archive.org/web/20060910053530/http://pathweb.uchc.edu/eatlas/Code/1510.HTM . dead . 2006-09-10 . 2008-11-25 .
  17. Web site: Renal Pathology . 2008-11-25.
  18. Book: Harrison's principles of internal medicine. . 2015 . McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc . New York, NY . 978-0-07-180216-1 . 1841 . 19th .

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