Medium (website) explained

Medium
Company Type:Privately held company
Area Served:Worldwide
Founder:Evan Williams
Chairman:Evan Williams
Ceo:Tony Stubblebine
Industry:Internet
Owner:A Medium Corporation
Num Employees:179 (June 2021)[1]
Registration:Required to publish and write articles, some articles not behind the paywall are free
Language:English (specific publications can be in Spanish, French, and other languages)
Current Status:Active
Native Clients:iOS and Android

Medium is an American online publishing platform developed by Evan Williams and launched in August 2012. It is owned by A Medium Corporation.[2] The platform is an example of social journalism, having a hybrid collection of amateur and professional people and publications, or exclusive blogs or publishers on Medium,[3] and is regularly regarded as a blog host.

Williams, previously co-founder of Blogger and Twitter,[4] initially developed Medium as a means to publish writings and documents longer than Twitter's 140-character (now 280-character) maximum.

In March 2021, Medium announced a change in its publishing strategy and business model, reducing its own publications and increasing support of independent writers.[5]

History

2012–2016

Evan Williams, Twitter co-founder and former CEO, created Medium to encourage users to create posts longer than the then 140-character limit of Twitter. When it launched in 2012, Williams stated, "There's been less progress toward raising the quality of what's produced."[6]

By April 2013, Williams reported there were 30 full-time staff working on the platform, including a vacancy for a "Storyteller" role,[7] and that it was taking "98 percent" of his time.[8] By August, Williams reported that the site was still small, although he was still optimistic about it, saying "We are trying to make it as easy as possible for people who have thoughtful things to say".[9]

Medium has been focusing on optimizing the time visitors spend reading the site (1.5 million hours in March 2015), as opposed to maximizing the size of its audience.[10] [11] In 2015, Williams criticized the standard web traffic metric of unique visitors as "a highly volatile and meaningless number for what we're trying to do". According to the company, as of May 2017, Medium.com had 60 million unique monthly readers.[12]

Medium maintained an editorial department staffed by professional editors and writers, had several others signed on as contractors and served as a publisher for several publications. Matter operated from Medium Headquarters in San Francisco and was nominated for a 2015 National Magazine Award.[13] In May 2015, Medium made deep cuts to its editorial budget forcing layoffs at dozens of publications hosted on the platform.[14] Several publications left the platform.

In 2017, Medium introduced paywalled content accessible only to subscribers.[15] In 2017, Medium began paying authors based on how much users expressed their appreciation for it through a like button which each user could activate multiple times.[16] The formula for compensation was soon adapted to also include the amount of time readers spent reading, in addition to the use of the like button.[17]

Medium has brought in revenue through native advertising and sponsorship of some article series.[18] Medium gained several new publishers to host their content on the platform.[19] There was an aborted attempt to introduce advertising to the site, leading to Medium cutting its staff by 50 employees in January 2017 and closing offices in New York and Washington, D.C.[20] Williams explained that "we had started scaling up the teams to sell and support products that were, at best, incremental improvements on the ad-driven publishing model", but that, instead, Medium was aiming for a "new [business] model for writers and creators to be rewarded, based on the value they're creating for people". At that time, the company had raised $134 million in investment from venture capital firms and Williams himself.

In 2016, Medium acquired the rich media embedding platform Embedly, a provider of content integration services for numerous websites, including Medium itself.[21] That same year there were 7.5 million posts published on the platform, and 60 million readers used medium.com.

2017–present

In March 2017, Medium announced a membership program for $5 per month, offering access to "well-researched explainers, insightful perspectives, and useful knowledge with a longer shelf life", with authors being paid a flat amount per article.[22] Subsequently, the sports and pop culture website The Ringer and the technology blog Backchannel, a Condé Nast publication, left Medium. Backchannel, which left Medium for Wired in June, said Medium was "no longer as focused on helping publications like ours profit."[23]

In October 2017, Williams reaffirmed Medium was not planning to pursue banner advertising as part of their revenue model and was instead exploring micropayments, gratuities and patronage.

In January 2021, Medium announced that it had acquired the social-based ebook company Glose.[24] [25] [26] In November 2021, Medium acquired browser-based graphic design tool Projector. Projector's team joined Medium and Projector was shut down in 2022. Projector co-founder and CEO Trevor O'Brien became Medium's chief product officer.[27] In November 2021, Medium also acquired audio-based learning platform Knowable.[28]

Medium employees announced their intent to form a trade union with CODE-CWA in February 2021.[29] According to the Medium Workers Union, 70% of eligible employees have signed union cards, representing workers in editorial, engineering, design and product departments. On February 11, they asked management for voluntary recognition of their union.[30] On March 1, the company announced that the Medium Workers Union had fallen one vote short of the number needed for union recognition.[5] During the leadup to the unionization campaign, Medium hired the union-busting firm Kauff McGuire & Margolis and the CEO Evan Williams led small discussion groups in which he urged employees not to join the union.[31]

On July 12, 2022, the company announced that Ev Williams would be stepping down as CEO and transitioning to chairman of the board.[32] Tony Stubblebine, chief executive of Coach.me, took over as CEO of Medium on July 20, 2022.[33] [34] On August 11, 2022, Stubblebine announced a layoff of 29 staff members.[35]

User information and features

Users

Medium does not publish official user stats on its website. According to US blogs, the platform had about 60 million monthly visitors in 2016.[36] In 2015, the total numbers of users was about 25 million.[36]

Platform

The platform software provides a full WYSIWYG user interface when editing online, with various options for formatting provided as the user edits over rich text format.

Once an entry is posted, it can be recommended and shared by other people, in a similar manner to Twitter. Posts can be upvoted in a similar manner to Reddit, and content can be assigned a specific theme, in the same way as Tumblr.

In August 2017, Medium replaced their Recommend button with a "clap" feature, which readers can click multiple times to signify how much they enjoyed the article. Medium announced that payment to authors will be weighted based on how many "claps" they receive.[37]

Users can create a new account using a Facebook or Google account. Users may also sign up using an e-mail address, when they are signing up using the mobile app of Medium.com.[38]

Memberships

Medium offers users subscriptions to become a member for a $5 monthly or $50 yearly fee. With a Medium membership, access to "exclusive content, audio narrations of popular stories, and an improved bookmark section" is enabled.[39]

Partner Program

The Medium Partner Program is Medium's compensation program for its writers. Partner Program writers are paid based on how deeply Medium members read their work. As members read longer, writers earn more. Medium distributes a portion of each member's subscription fee to the writers they read most each month.[38]

Starting from 1 May 2024, Medium banned AI-generated content from enacting paywalls and receiving payouts via Partner Program.[40]

Tag system

Posts on Medium are sorted by topic rather than by writer, unlike most blogging platforms, including Williams' earlier Blogger.[41] The platform uses a system of "claps" (formerly "recommendations"), similar to "likes" on Facebook, to upvote the best articles and stories, called the Tag system, and divides the stories into different categories to let the audiences choose.[42]

Publications

"Publications" on Medium are shared spaces with a homepage on Medium's website that carry articles and blog posts, like a newspaper or magazine.[43] The articles published or saved on it can be assigned editors, and can be saved as drafts.

In 2016, Medium hired the founder of the publication Human Parts, which focused on personal stories.[51]

On February 23, 2016, it was announced that Medium had reached a deal to host the new Bill Simmons website, The Ringer.[52] In August 2017 it left Medium for Vox Media.[53]

In 2019, Medium acquired Bay Area website The Bold Italic.[54] Also in 2019, Medium launched seven new publications: GEN (politics, power, and culture), OneZero (tech and science), Marker (business), Elemental (health and wellness), Focus (productivity), Zora (women of color) and Level (men of color).[55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61]

In 2020, Medium launched Momentum, whose subjects are anti-racism and civil rights.[62]

Board and corporate governance

Board members

As of June 2020, Medium's board members were:[63]

Former use of holacracy

Medium initially used holacracy as its structure of corporate governance.[65] [66] In 2016, they moved away from holacracy because they reported difficulty coordinating large-scale projects, dissatisfaction with the required record-keeping, and poor public perception of holacracy.[67]

Reception

Reviewing the service at its launch in 2012, The Guardian enjoyed some of the collections that had been created, particularly a collection of nostalgic photographs created by Williams.[68] TechCrunch's Drew Olanoff suggested the platform might have taken its name from being a "medium"-sized platform in between Twitter and full-scale blogging platforms such as Blogger.

Lawrence Lessig welcomed the platform's affordance of Creative Commons licensing for user content,[69] a feature demonstrated in a Medium project with The Public Domain Review—an interactive online edition of Alice's Adventures In Wonderland, annotated by a dozen Carroll scholars, allowing free remixes of the public domain and Creative Commons licensed text and art resources, with reader-supplied commentaries and artwork.[70] [71]

However, in 2013 the service suffered criticism from writers, with some confused about exactly what it is expected to provide.[72]

A 2019 Nieman Lab article chronicling Medium's first seven years described the site as having "undergone countless pivots", becoming "an endless thought experiment into what publishing on the internet could look like".[73]

Government censorship of Medium

Malaysia

In January 2016, Medium received a take-down notice from the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) for one of the articles published by the Sarawak Report. The Sarawak Report had been hosting its articles on Medium since July 2015, when its own website was blocked by the Malaysian government. It had reported allegations that money linked to a state investment fund, 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), ended up in Prime Minister Najib Razak's bank accounts.[74]

Medium's legal team responded to the commission with a request for a copy of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission's official statement that the post was untrue, for information on which parts of the article were found false, and for information on whether the dispute has been raised in court. The site declined to take the content down until directed to do so by an order from a court of competent jurisdiction.[75] In response, on January 27, 2016, all content on Medium was made unavailable for Internet users in Malaysia.

The ban has been lifted as of 18 May 2018, with the MCMC stating the ban lift was because "there was no reason (to block the website)" as the 1MDB report has been made public by the government.

Egypt

As of June 2017, Medium has been blocked in Egypt along with more than 60 media websites in a crackdown by the Egyptian government.[76] The list of blocked sites also includes Al Jazeera, The Huffington Posts Arabic website and Mada Masr. Medium was made available again in late 2022 as of November 2022.

China

In April 2016, Medium was blocked in mainland China after information from the leaked Panama Papers was published on the site.[77]

Albania

The Albanian Audiovisual Media Authority blocked Medium in Albania from April 19 to 21, 2020.[78]

Vietnam

By the end of 2020, Medium was reported to have been blocked by some ISPs in Vietnam.[79]

Russia

Roskomnadzor blocked Medium website and all its subdomains in the Russian Federation on May 31, 2023.[80] [81]

Software architecture

Medium's initial technology stack relied on a variety of AWS services including EC2, S3, and CloudFront. Originally, it was written in Node.js and the text editor that Medium users wrote blog posts with was based on TinyMCE.[82] As of 2017, the blogging platform's technology stack included AWS services, including EBS, RDS for Aurora, and Route 53; its image server was written in Go, and the main app servers were still written in Node.[83]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Mascarenhas . Natasha . 2021-06-03 . Medium sees more employee exits after CEO publishes 'culture memo' . 2022-09-22 . TechCrunch . en-US.
  2. Web site: A Medium Corp – Company Profile and News – Bloomberg Markets. November 15, 2021. Bloomberg.
  3. Web site: Sussman. Ed. The New Rules of Social Journalism. Pando Daily. March 29, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140330012206/http://pando.com/2014/03/29/the-new-rules-of-social-journalism-a-proposal/. March 30, 2014. live.
  4. Web site: Madrigal. Alexis C.. August 23, 2013. What Is Medium?. July 8, 2021. The Atlantic. en.
  5. News: Robertson . Katie . Medium Offers Buyouts to Editorial Employees . March 24, 2021 . . March 23, 2021.
  6. News: Twitter Founders Unveil New Publishing 'Medium'. John. Letzing. The Wall Street Journal. August 15, 2012. September 13, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130513123246/http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2012/08/15/twitter-founders-unveil-new-publishing-medium/. May 13, 2013. live.
  7. Web site: Ev Williams Takes To Medium To Discuss The True Purpose Of His New Publishing Tool. Olanoff . Drew . November 15, 2012 . TechCrunch . September 13, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130824162808/http://techcrunch.com/2012/11/15/ev-williams-takes-to-medium-to-discuss-the-true-purpose-of-his-new-publishing-tool. August 24, 2013 . live.
  8. Web site: Williams, Biz Stone, And Jason Goldman Shift Focus To Individual Startups . Colleen . Taylor . TechCrunch . April 5, 2013 . September 13, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130919141208/http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/05/the-obvious-corp-takes-backseat-as-ev-williams-biz-stone-and-jason-goldman-shift-focus-to-individual-startups. September 19, 2013 . live.
  9. News: Twitter Co-Creator Ev Williams Stretches the Medium. Brad . Stone . August 22, 2013 . September 13, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130914151613/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-08-22/twitter-co-creator-ev-williams-stretches-the-medium. September 14, 2013. dead.
  10. Web site: Medium's metric that matters: Total Time Reading. November 21, 2013. Data Lab. March 10, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170302022643/https://medium.com/data-lab/mediums-metric-that-matters-total-time-reading-86c4970837d5. March 2, 2017. live.
  11. Ev Williams' Rules for Quality Content in the Clickbait Age. Hempel. Jessi. Wired. April 14, 2015. March 10, 2017. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20170312045804/https://www.wired.com/2015/04/ev-williams-rules-quality-content-clickbait-age/. March 12, 2017. live.
  12. News: 'The Internet Is Broken': @ev Is Trying to Salvage It. Streitfeld. David. May 20, 2017. The New York Times. May 22, 2017. 0362-4331. https://web.archive.org/web/20170521230401/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/20/technology/evan-williams-medium-twitter-internet.html. May 21, 2017. live.
  13. Web site: National Magazine Awards 2015 Winners Announced | ASME. magazine.org. September 16, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170917032444/http://www.magazine.org/industry-news/press-releases/asme-press-releases/asme/national-magazine-awards-2015-winners. September 17, 2017. dead.
  14. Weissman . Cale Guthrie . Medium budget cuts and restructuring . Business Insider . September 16, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170920052620/http://www.businessinsider.com/medium-budget-cuts-and-restructuring-2015-6 . September 20, 2017 . live .
  15. LeFebvre . Rob . October 10, 2017 . Medium expands its reading subscription to any author or publisher . Engadget . March 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190309071514/https://www.engadget.com/2017/10/10/medium-expands-reading-subscription-any-author-publisher/ . March 9, 2019 . live .
  16. Web site: Medium will now pay writers based on how many claps they get. Jacob. Kastrenakes. August 22, 2017. The Verge. March 10, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20181021112022/https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/22/16180150/medium-paywall-articles-claps-author-payments. October 21, 2018. live.
  17. News: Ha . Anthony . October 10, 2017 . Medium now lets anyone publish behind its paywall . TechCrunch . March 10, 2019 .
  18. The Forrest Gump of the Internet. Robinson. Meyer. June 16, 2016. March 10, 2019. The Atlantic. https://web.archive.org/web/20190317073150/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/06/ev-williams-is-the-forrest-gump-of-the-internet/486899/. March 17, 2019. live.
  19. News: Bort . Julie . 2017 . Inside Medium's meltdown: How an idealistic Silicon Valley founder raised $134 million to change journalism, then crashed into reality . Business Insider . 10 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190403150722/https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-the-meltdown-of-evan-williams-startup-medium-2017-2 . April 3, 2019 . live .
  20. News: Renewing Medium's focus. Williams . Evan. January 4, 2017 . Medium. March 10, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170104233109/https://blog.medium.com/renewing-mediums-focus-98f374a960be. January 4, 2017. dead.
  21. Web site: Medium acquires rich media embedding API platform Embedly. Yeung. Ken. August 2, 2016. VentureBeat. March 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20170209095555/http://venturebeat.com/2016/08/02/medium-acquires-rich-media-embedding-api-platform-embedly/. February 9, 2017. live.
  22. News: 'Media is broken', so Medium's launching a $5/month member program that offers small upgrades. Owen. Laura Hazard. March 22, 2017. Nieman Lab. March 25, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170324180159/http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/03/media-is-broken-so-mediums-launching-a-5month-member-program-that-offers-small-upgrades. March 24, 2017. live.
  23. News: Grinapol. Corinne. Like The Ringer Before It, Backchannel Is Leaving Medium. June 25, 2017. AdWeek . June 12, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170617041940/http://www.adweek.com/digital/like-the-ringer-before-it-backchannel-is-leaving-medium. June 17, 2017. live.
  24. Web site: Clark . Mitchell . January 15, 2021 . Medium acquires ebook company Glose . January 18, 2021 . The Verge . en.
  25. Web site: Roston . Sandee . January 15, 2021. Medium acquires social ebook platform Glose. January 18, 2021 . Medium . en.
  26. Web site: Kerry . Flynn . Before Substack, there was Medium — and its network is about to get bigger . January 14, 2021 . January 18, 2021 . CNN.
  27. Web site: Dillet . Romain . 2021-11-09 . Medium snatches up Projector and beefs up management team. 2022-09-23 . TechCrunch . en-US.
  28. Web site: Silberling . Amanda . 2021-11-16 . Medium acquires Knowable to bring audio to the platform . 2022-09-23 . TechCrunch . en-US.
  29. Web site: Kerry. Flynn. Unions are becoming ubiquitous in digital media. Medium is the latest. February 11, 2021. February 21, 2021. CNN.
  30. Web site: Medium Workers Board the Union Train. Whitney . Kimball. November 2, 2021. February 21, 2021. Gizmodo. en-us.
  31. News: Ongweso . Edward Jr. . Medium Tells Journalists to Feel Free to Quit After Busting Union Drive . May 12, 2021 . Vice News . March 23, 2021 . en.
  32. News: . Evan Williams Is Stepping Down as C.E.O. of Medium . Benjamin Mullin . July 12, 2022 . December 6, 2022.
  33. News: Loizos . Connie . Ev Williams calls it quits as CEO of Medium. July 12, 2022 . . July 12, 2022.
  34. Web site: Roston . Sandee . Medium names technology and digital media veteran Tony Stubblebine CEO; founder Ev Williams transitions to Chairman of the Board . Medium . July 12, 2022. July 12, 2022.
  35. Web site: Stubblebine . Tony . News about Medium Staff . Medium . August 11, 2022 . August 12, 2022.
  36. Web site: Medium grows 140% to 60 million monthly visitors. venturebeat.com. December 14, 2016. July 19, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190718162720/https://venturebeat.com/2016/12/14/medium-grows-140-to-60-million-monthly-visitors/. July 18, 2019. live.
  37. Web site: Kastrenakes. Jacob. Medium will now pay writers based on how many claps they get. The Verge. August 30, 2017. August 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170829142346/https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/22/16180150/medium-paywall-articles-claps-author-payments. August 29, 2017. live.
  38. Web site: Medium Login FAQ. medium.com. October 25, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141025170356/https://medium.com/@Medium/login-faq-27a103f5b914. October 25, 2014. live.
  39. Web site: How Much Money Can You Make Writing for Medium?. Medium Support. June 28, 2020.
  40. Web site: Parmar . Mayank . 2024-04-14 . Medium bans AI-generated content from its paid Partner Program . 2024-04-15 . BleepingComputer . en-us.
  41. News: The Cofounders Of Twitter Launch A New Blog Platform, Medium. Shontell. Alyson. August 15, 2012. Business Insider. September 13, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130902193055/http://www.businessinsider.com/biz-stone-evan-williams-and-jason-goldman-launch-medium-2012-8. September 2, 2013. live.
  42. News: Arthur . Heather . 2021-02-10 . Mapping Medium's Tags . en . Medium . 2023-02-03.
  43. Web site: Getting started with a Medium publication . December 7, 2022 . Medium.
  44. Web site: Medium Acquires Matter As Long-Form Journalism Site Joins Evan Williams Startup. TechCrunch. Mike. Butcher. April 17, 2013. July 19, 2020.
  45. News: The Los Angeles Times. Column: Friday Coda: Grampa and Grandmaster Flash, U2, Neil Young's mermaid. new online publication Cuepoint .. edited by Jonathan Shecter. Randall Roberts . September 12, 2014 . November 30, 2022.
  46. Web site: music producer JONATHAN SHECTER and musician/producer DAN FREEMAN: Entrepreneurship in the Digital Music Industry . . October 2, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151003214141/http://ofa.fas.harvard.edu/event/music-producer-jonathan-shecter-and-musicianproducer-dan-freemanentrepreneurship-digital . October 3, 2015 . live .
  47. Web site: Christgau . Robert . Robert Christgau . August 14, 2015 . Welcome to Expert Witness, a New Weekly Column by the Dean of American Rock Critics . . August 14, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150815065907/http://noisey.vice.com/blog/expert-witness-with-robert-christgau-1. August 15, 2015. live.
  48. Web site: Shecter. Jonathan. We're All DJs Now. Medium. July 19, 2020. April 10, 2016.
  49. Web site: Why I Started Backchannel. Steven. Levy. Medium. October 7, 2014. July 3, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150704135916/https://medium.com/backchannel/why-i-started-backchannel-2e1a14f689d1. July 4, 2015. live.
  50. There is One Story. We're Still On It. . . Levy . Steven.
  51. Web site: Medium Staff. Meet the Medium "Elevators". Medium. 2020-07-19. 2020-04-20.
  52. Web site: Medium: Home of The Ringer. Medium. February 23, 2016. February 23, 2016. Edward . Lichty . https://web.archive.org/web/20160223224641/https://medium.com/@el/medium-home-of-the-ringer-829dd263f955#.ngt4txhz0. February 23, 2016. live.
  53. News: Bill Simmons' The Ringer Inks Advertising, Tech Pact With Vox Media. Spangler. Todd. May 30, 2017. Variety. July 28, 2017. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20170530122454/http://variety.com/2017/digital/news/bill-simmons-vox-media-advertising-technology-1202447469/. May 30, 2017. live.
  54. Web site: Medium buys Bay Area mag The Bold Italic to add to its paywall . TechCrunch . Josh . Constine . February 12, 2019 . July 19, 2020 .
  55. Web site: Vaughan . Brendan . Introducing GEN . Medium . June 12, 2019 .
  56. Web site: OneZero Debuts As Medium's New Tech And Science Publication. State of Digital Publishing . July 19, 2020 . March 1, 2019.
  57. News: Medium launches biz magazine Marker . Roush . Chris . Chris Roush . Talking Biz News . September 10, 2019.
  58. Web site: O'Connor. Siobhan. Your Health and Wellness Are Elemental. Medium. July 19, 2020. April 10, 2019.
  59. Web site: Sen. Indrani. Welcome to Forge. Medium. July 19, 2020. June 19, 2019.
  60. Web site: Luca. Vanessa K. De. Welcome to ZORA. Medium. July 19, 2020. June 10, 2019.
  61. Web site: Ex-Vibe Editor Jermaine Hall Launches Level, a New Culture Publication. Variety. July 19, 2020. December 3, 2019.
  62. Web site: Colin Kaepernick joins Medium board of directors and inks partnership publishing deal. Jonathan . Shieber. TechCrunch. June 18, 2020. July 19, 2020.
  63. News: Spangler . Todd . June 18, 2020 . Colin Kaepernick Elected to Board of Medium as Blogging Platform's First Director Who Is a Person of Color . Variety . March 24, 2021.
  64. News: Schieber . Jonathan . June 18, 2020 . Colin Kaepernick Joins Medium Board of Directors . TechCrunch . March 24, 2021.
  65. Web site: Stirman . Jason . How Medium Is Building a New Kind of Company with No Managers . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190423043113/https://firstround.com/review/How-Medium-is-building-a-new-kind-of-company-with-no-managers/ . April 23, 2019 . March 10, 2019 . First Round Review. February 5, 2015 .
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  67. Web site: Doyle . Andy . March 4, 2016 . Management and Organization at Medium . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181112101424/https://blog.medium.com/management-and-organization-at-medium-2228cc9d93e9 . November 12, 2018 . March 10, 2019 . Medium Blog.
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  69. Web site: Lessig . Lawrence . Lawrence Lessig . Why I'm Excited for Medium's Partnership with Creative Commons . Medium . September 15, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150911161848/https://medium.com/%40lessig/why-i-m-excited-for-medium-s-partnership-with-creative-commons-127b0ef02b03 . September 11, 2015 . May 6, 2015 . dead .
  70. Web site: Park. Jane. Happy 150th, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland!. Creative Commons. September 16, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150905185023/http://creativecommons.org/tag/alice-in-wonderland . September 5, 2015. July 28, 2015.
  71. Web site: About 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'. Medium.com. September 16, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151001114159/https://medium.com/alice-s-adventures-in-wonderland/about. October 1, 2015. live.
  72. Web site: Mysterious Medium has writers moderately freaked out. Alex. Dalenberg. Upstart Business Journal. August 23, 2013. December 11, 2017. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130830121457/http://upstart.bizjournals.com/companies/media/2013/08/23/questions-about-medium-and-content.html?page=all. August 30, 2013.
  73. Web site: The long, complicated, and extremely frustrating history of Medium, 2012–present. Hazard Owen. Laura. March 25, 2019. Nieman Lab. March 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190328011938/http://www.niemanlab.org/2019/03/the-long-complicated-and-extremely-frustrating-history-of-medium-2012-present/. March 28, 2019. live.
  74. News: Sarawak Report whistle blowing website blocked by Malaysia after PM allegations. The Guardian. July 20, 2015. January 27, 2016. 0261-3077. en-GB. Beh Lih. Yi. https://web.archive.org/web/20160216050035/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/20/sarawak-report-whistleblowing-website-blocked-by-malaysia-over-pm-allegations. February 16, 2016. live.
  75. Web site: The Post Stays Up. Medium. January 26, 2016. January 27, 2016. Medium. Legal. https://web.archive.org/web/20160130151329/https://medium.com/medium-legal/the-post-stays-up-d222e34cb7e7#.ktxnppicb. January 30, 2016. live.
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  78. News: Popular Blogging Site 'Medium' Blocked in Albania . Alice Elizabeth . Taylor . April 20, 2020 . April 20, 2020 . Exit-al . April 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200420223529/https://exit.al/en/2020/04/20/popular-blogging-site-medium-blocked-in-albania/ . dead .
  79. Web site: tế. Tinh. Website Medium không truy cập được là do website chết hay chặn ip Việt Nam nhỉ? Tinh tế. January 23, 2022. Tinhte.vn. vi.
  80. Web site: The registry of blocked websites in Russia. en. May 31, 2023.
  81. Web site: Medium platform blocked in Russia. en. June 1, 2023.
  82. News: The Stack That Helped Medium Scale To 2.6 Millennia Of Reading Time - Medium StackShare. StackShare. May 31, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220810/https://stackshare.io/medium/the-stack-that-helped-medium-scale-to-2-6-millennia-of-reading-time. August 18, 2017. live.
  83. News: Medium.com tech stack. StackShare. May 31, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170422104102/https://stackshare.io/medium/medium-com. April 22, 2017. live.

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