List of medical textbooks explained

This is a list of medical textbooks, manuscripts, and reference works.

Pre-modern texts

Ancient Egypt

• Ramesseum medical papyri (c. 1800 BCE)
• Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus (c. 1800 BCE)
• London Medical Papyrus (c. 1600 BCE)
• Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BCE)
• Edwin Smith Papyrus (c. 1500 BCE) - Earliest mention of the brain; the pulse; the role of the heart in circulating blood, but not complete circulation.^[1] It is the world's oldest surgical textbook,^[2] containing descriptions of the zygomatic bone, dura mater, cerebrospinal fluid, and nasal cavity.^[2]
• Brugsch Papyrus (c. 1200 BCE)

Ancient Greece

• Hippocratic Corpus (c. 400 BCE to 200 CE) - Contains many important medical treatises including the Hippocratic Oath.^[3] Compared with the Egyptian papyri, the Hippocratic writings exhibit an improved understanding of brain structure and function. It correctly attributed the primary control of the body's function to the brain.^[2]
• Galenic corpus (c. 200 BCE)
• De Materia Medica (Dioscorides) (c. 50 CE)
• Medical Compendium in Seven Books (c. 600 CE)

Ancient China

• Huangdi Neijing (c. 300 BCE) - Most authoritative Chinese source on medical matters for over two millennia.^[4] It contributed to the Chinese understanding of anatomy,^[5] and it continues to be used as an influential reference work for practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine.^[6] The book contains many guidelines and recommendations for the prevention of chronic diseases and micronutrient deficiencies such as beriberi, xerophthalmia, and goitre.^[7]
• Wushi'er Bingfang (c. 200 BCE)
• Shennong Ben Cao Jing (c. 200 CE)
• Shanghan Lun (c. 220 CE)
• Liu Juanzi Guiyi Fang (C. 499 CE)
• Compendium of Materia Medica (c. 1578 CE)

Ancient India

• Kashyapa Samhita (6th century BCE)
• Sushruta Samhita (c. 300 BCE) - Early description of cataract surgery.^[8] The Sushruta Samhita emphasizes the importance of anatomical structure and function,^[9] and it contains the earliest written description of the pedicled flaps.^[10] It was translated into Arabic during the latter part of the 8th century.^[9]
• Bower Manuscript (c. 470-550 CE)^{[11] [12] [13]}
• Charaka Samhita (c. 300-500 CE) - One of the fundamental texts of Ayurveda medicine, it was translated into Chinese, Arabic, and Tibetan languages.^[14]

Islamic Golden Age

• Kitab al-Taṣrif (c. 1000) - Surgical encyclopedia.^[15]
• Book of Optics (c. 1000) - Exerted great influence on Western science.^[16] It was translated into Latin and it was used until the early 17th century.^[17] The German physician Hermann von Helmholtz reproduced several theories of visual perception that were found in the first Book of Optics, which he cited and copied from.^[18]
• The Canon of Medicine (c. 1000) - Described by Sir William Osler as a "medical bible" and "the most famous medical textbook ever written".^[19] The Canon of Medicine introduced the concept of a syndrome as an aid to diagnosis, and it laid out an essential framework for a clinical trial.^[20] It was translated into Latin by Gerard de Sabloneta and it was used extensively in European medical schools.^{[20] [21]} It also became the most authoritative text on anatomy until the 16th century.^[22]
• Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon (c. 1200): First description of the pulmonary circulation system,^[23] and the first description of the presence and function of coronary circulation.^[24]

Medieval Europe

• Compendium Medicinæ ("Compendium of Medicine") (c. 1230-1250)^{[25] [26] [27]}
• Thesaurus Pauperum ("Treasury of The Poor") (c. 1270)^{[28] [29]}
• Rosa Anglica ("The English Rose") (1304-1317)^{[27] [30] [31]}
• La Chirurgie ("Surgery") (1306-1320)^[32]
• Stockholm, Royal Library, manuscript X. 90 (early fifteenth-century). A significant and compendious collection of Middle English medical recipes, charms, and treatises.

Modern textbooks

• Gray's Anatomy
• Gray's Anatomy for Students
• Netter - Atlas of Human Anatomy^[33]
• Clinically Oriented Anatomy^[34]
• Snell's Clinical Anatomy by Regions^[35]
• Kenhub Atlas of Human Anatomy^[36]

• Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy^[37]
• Neuroanatomy - Text and Atlas^[38]
• Fitzgerald's Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience^[39]

• Practical Management of Pain
• Textbook of Pain - Most comprehensive scientific reference text on pain.^[40] The textbook's founding editors were Patrick David Wall and Ronald Melzack, who jointly introduced the gate control theory into the field of pain research.^[40]

• Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine
• Fuster and Hurst's the Heart

• Talley and O'Connor's Clinical Examination ^[41]
• Macleod's Clinical Examination ^[42]
• Bates' Guide To Physical Examination and History Taking ^[43]

• Rook's Textbook of Dermatology^[44]
• Fitzpatrick's Dermatology^[45]

• Langman's Medical Embryology^[46]
• The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology^[47]

• Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide^[48]
• Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice^[49]

• Netter's Essential Histology
• Histology - A Text and Atlas With Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology^[50]
• Junqueira's Basic Histology, Text and Atlas^[51]

• Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
• The Principles and Practice of Medicine
• Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine
• Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
• The Oxford Textbook of Medicine
• Cecil Textbook of Medicine
• Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine

• Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology

• Principles of Neural Science

• Williams Obstetrics^[52]
• Williams Gynecology^[53]
• Berek & Novak's Gynecology^[54]
• Te Linde's Operative Gynecology^[55]
• Hacker & Moore's Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology^[56]

• Abeloff's Clinical Oncology

• Ryan's Retina

• Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics

• Guyton's Textbook of Medical Physiology^[57]
• Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology^[58]
• Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems ^[59]

• Schwartz's Principles of Surgery
• Sabiston Textbook of Surgery - The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice^[60]
• Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery

• Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology

National and international publications

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) - Official publication of the American Psychiatric Association
• International Classification of Diseases (ICD) - Official publication of the World Health Organization

Handbooks

• Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine
• Step up to medicine
• Harrisons Manual of Medicine

Dictionaries and encyclopedias

• Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health
• Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary
• The Modern Home Physician

Reference guides

• Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
• Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics
• The Merck Manuals
• The Oxford Textbook of Medicine
• The Principles and Practice of Medicine

See also

• List of medical journals

References

1. Moore. W.. The Edwin Smith papyrus. BMJ. 16 March 2011. 342. mar16 3. d1598. 10.1136/bmj.d1598. 71433530. 27 July 2014. 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082144/http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d1598. live.
2. Elhadi. Ali M.. Kalb. Samuel. Perez-Orribo. Luis. Little. Andrew S.. Spetzler. Robert F.. Preul. Mark C.. The journey of discovering skull base anatomy in ancient Egypt and the special influence of Alexandria. Neurosurgical Focus. 33. 2. E2. 10.3171/2012.6.FOCUS12128. 22853833. 2012. 42376171 . free.
3. Iniesta. I.. Hippocratic Corpus. BMJ. 20 April 2011. 342. apr19 2. d688. 10.1136/bmj.d688. 220115185. 27 July 2014. 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104907/http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d688. live.
4. Encyclopedia: Huangdi and the Neijing. Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 July 2014. 8 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141108115303/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1317567/traditional-Chinese-medicine-TCM/282575/Huangdi-and-the-Neijing. live.
5. Loukas. Marios. Ferrauiola. Julie. Shoja. Mohammadali M.. Tubbs. R. Shane. Cohen-Gadol. Aaron A.. Anatomy in ancient China: The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon of Medicine and Wang Qingren's Correcting the Errors in the Forest of Medicine. Clinical Anatomy. 23. 4. 364–369. 10.1002/ca.20979. 2010. 72564028.
6. Curran. J.. The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine. BMJ. 5 April 2008. 336. 7647. 777.2–777. 10.1136/bmj.39527.472303.4E. 2287209.
7. Hesketh . T. . Zhu . W. X. . Health in China: Traditional Chinese medicine: one country, two systems . Godlee . Fiona . Fiona Godlee . . . . 12 July 1997 . 315 . 7100 . 115–117 . 10.1136/bmj.315.7100.115 . 9240055 . 2127090 . 21239655 . Over thousands of years traditional Chinese medicine has developed a theoretical and practical approach to the treatment and prevention of disease. The first documented sources of Chinese medical theory, the Huangdi Nei Jing ("Inner Classic of the Yellow Emperor") was written between 300 BC and 100 BC. It describes the diagnosis and treatment of a huge range of disorders and gives advice about healthy lifestyles, exercise, and diet which conforms remarkably well with current recommendations for the prevention of chronic disease. There is also accurate dietary advice about how to avoid micronutrient deficiency diseases such as beri-beri, xerophthalmia, and goitre. . 21 June 2021 . 24 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204119/https://www.bmj.com/content/315/7100/115 . live .
8. Roy. P. N.. Mehra. K. S.. Deshpande. P. J.. Cataract surgery performed before 800 B.C.. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1 March 1975. 59. 3. 171. 10.1136/bjo.59.3.171. 1093567. 1017376.
9. Loukas. Marios. Lanteri. Alexis. Ferrauiola. Julie. Tubbs. R. Shane. Maharaja. Goppi. Shoja. Mohammadali Mohajel. Yadav. Abhishek. Rao. Vishnu Chellapilla. Anatomy in ancient India: a focus on the Susruta Samhita. Journal of Anatomy. 217. 6. 646–650. 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01294.x. 20887391. 3039177. 2010.
10. Ang. Gina C.. History of skin transplantation. Clinics in Dermatology. 23. 4. 320–324. 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.07.013. 16023925. The first written description of the pedicle flap is found in the Sushruta Samhita (ca 600 bce). 2005.
11. Book: Callewaert, Winand M. . Bhagavadgītānuvāda: A Study in the Transcultural Translation . 1983 . New Delhi . Biblia Impex . 17 . 11533580.
12. L. Sander (1987), Origin and date of the Bower Manuscript, a new approach, in: M Yaldiz and W Lobo (eds.): Investigating the Indian Arts, Museum für Indische Kunst, Berlin, pp. 313–323
13. A.F. Rudolf Hoernle (1891), Remarks on Birch Bark MS, Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 1891, Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, pages 62–64
14. Menon. I. A.. Haberman. H. F.. Dermatological writings of ancient India. Medical History. 16 August 2012. 13. 4. 387–392. 10.1017/S0025727300014824. 4899819. 1033984.
15. Ganz. Scott D.. Surgical Complications in Oral Implantology. Implant Dentistry. 22. 2. 110–111. 10.1097/ID.0b013e3182886100. One of the pioneers in all fields of surgery, Al-Zahrawi published the first surgical encyclopedia, Kitab Al Tasrif (The Method of Medicine). 2013.
16. Rutka. James T.. Discovering neurosurgery: new frontiers. Journal of Neurosurgery. 115. 6. 1053–1066. 10.3171/2011.9.JNS111038. 22132699. Alhazen's Book of Optics exerted great influence on Western science.. 2011.
17. Book: Träger. Frank. Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics. 2011. Springer Science+Business Media. Berlin. 978-3-642-19408-5. 4. 2nd (n.d. ed.) . The Properties of Light. 10.1007/978-3-642-19409-2_1. Haglund. Richard F..
18. Cavanagh. Patrick. Visual cognition. Vision Research. 51. 13. 1538–1551. 10.1016/j.visres.2011.01.015. 21329719. 3204942. 2011.
19. Book: Osler, William. The Evolution Of Modern Medicine. William Osler. Kessinger Publishing. 2004. 978-1-4191-6153-7. 71.
20. Koh. G.. The Canon of Medicine. BMJ. 9 December 2009. 339. dec09 2. b5358. 10.1136/bmj.b5358. 72111006. 27 July 2014. 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063518/http://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b5358. live.
21. Shoja. Mohammadali M.. Tubbs. R. Shane. The history of anatomy in Persia. Journal of Anatomy. 210. 4. 359–378. 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00711.x. 17428200. 2100290. 2007.
22. Barisoni. Laura. Diagnostic Pathology: Kidney Diseases. Kidney International. 81. 8. 715–717. 10.1038/ki.2012.4. 2012. free.
23. West. John. Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2008. 10.1152/japplphysiol.91171.2008. 105. 6. 18845773. 2612469. 1877–1880.
24. Michelakis. E. D.. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow. Circulation Research. 19 June 2014. 115. 1. 109–114. 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.301132. 24951761. free. 27 July 2014. 15 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141015125536/http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/115/1/109.full. live.
25. Book: Getz . Faye Marie . 1991 . Healing and Society in Medieval England: A Middle English Translation of the Pharmaceutical Writings of Gilbertus Anglicus . . . XV-LXXIV . 9780299129330 . 815753978 . 72220292.
26. Getz . Faye Marie . 1992 . The Pharmaceutical Writings of Gilbertus Anglicus . Pharmacy in History . American Institute of the History of Pharmacy . 34 . 1 . 17–25 . 11612636 . 41111419 . 19595092.
27. Pearn . John . April 2013 . Two medieval doctors: Gilbertus Anglicus (c1180–c1250) and John of Gaddesden (1280–1361) . Gardner-Thorpe . Christopher . . . 21 . 1 . 3–7 . 10.1258/jmb.2011.011024 . 1758-1087 . 0967-7720 . 96656201 . 488592086 . 23610221 . 8606137.
28. Book: Thorndike, Lynn . 1923 . A History of Magic and Experimental Science during the First Thirteen Centuries of Our Era . 1 . . . 490–498 . Internet Archive.
29. Ambrose . Charles T. . May 2013 . Medicus Petrus Hispanus (cl205-77 Peter of Spain): a XIII century Pope and Author of a Medieval Sex Guide . Gardner-Thorpe . Christopher . . . 21 . 2 . 85–94 . 10.1258/jmb.2011.011042 . 1758-1087 . 0967-7720 . 96656201 . 488592086 . 24585747 . 37962852.
30. Web site: 2021 . Rosa Anglica . www.bl.uk . . . 18 June 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180531222400/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/illmanus/slomanucoll/r/011slo000000280u00009000.html . 31 May 2018.
31. Finney . Byron A. . The "1516" Edition of Gaddesden's "Rosa Anglica" . 1904–1905 . Proceedings and Papers (Bibliographical Society of America) . . . 1 . 1 . 71–74 . 10.1086/PROCPAPEBIBLSOCIv1n1ms24306261 . free . 24306261 . free .
32. Book: Schmitz-Esser . Romedio . 2013 . Embalming and Dissecting the Corpse between East and West: From ar-Razi to Henry de Mondeville . https://books.google.com/books?id=snPnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA611 . Classen . Albrecht . East Meets West in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times: Transcultural Experiences in the Premodern World . . . Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture . 14 . 611–624 . 10.1515/9783110321517.611 . 9783110328783 . 1864-3396.
33. Book: Atlas of Human Anatomy . 6th . October 1, 2008 . 978-1-4557-0418-7 . March 2, 2022 . March 2, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220302221346/https://www.elsevier.com/books/atlas-of-human-anatomy/netter/978-1-4557-0418-7 . live .
34. Book: Keith L. Moore . Arthur F. Dalley II . Clinically Oriented Anatomy . 2006 . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . Philadelphia . 9780781736398 . 5th .
35. Web site: Snell's Clinical Anatomy by Regions. 2022-03-02. 2022-03-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20220302221345/https://shop.lww.com/Snell-s-Clinical-Anatomy-by-Regions/p/9781496345646. live.
36. Book: Mike Pascoe . Kenhub Atlas of Human Anatomy . 2023 . Kenhub . Berlin . 9783962983185 . 1st . 10.5281/zenodo.10113464.
37. Book: Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy. 9781496346759. Splittgerber. Ryan. 2019.
38. Book: Neuroanatomy Text and Atlas, Fifth Edition. 9781259642487. Martin. John D.. 7 August 2020. 25 March 2022. 27 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240427152031/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWCeDAEACAAJ&q=Neuroanatomy+-+Text+and+Atlas. live.
39. Book: Fitzgerald's Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience. 9780702058325. Estomih Mtui. MD. Peter Dockery. BSc. 30 October 2015. 25 March 2022. 27 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240427151833/https://books.google.com/books?id=biDmCgAAQBAJ&q=Fitzgerald%27s+Clinical+Neuroanatomy+and+Neuroscience%2C+7E%2C+%282016%29#v=snippet&q=Fitzgerald's%20Clinical%20Neuroanatomy%20and%20Neuroscience%2C%207E%2C%20(2016)&f=false. live.
40. Rathmell. James P.. Hill, Bradley . Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain, 5th E-dition.. Anesthesia & Analgesia. June 2006. 102. 6. 1914. 10.1213/01.ANE.0000220485.92210.D3. free.
41. Web site: Talley and O'Connor's Clinical Examination - 2-Volume Set - 9th Edition. 2022-03-02. 2022-03-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20220302221344/https://www.elsevier.com/books/talley-and-oconnors-clinical-examination-2-volume-set/talley/978-0-7295-4424-5. live.
42. Web site: Macleod's Clinical Examination - 14th Edition. 2022-03-02. 2022-03-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20220302221343/https://www.elsevier.com/books/macleods-clinical-examination/innes/978-0-7020-6993-2. live.
43. Web site: Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 13e. January 2021. Bickley. Lynn S.. 2022-03-02. 2022-03-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20220302221345/https://meded.lwwhealthlibrary.com/book.aspx?bookid=2964. live.
44. Book: Rook's Textbook of Dermatology. 9781118441176. Barker. Jonathan. Bleiker. Tanya O.. Chalmers. Robert. Griffiths. Christopher E. M.. Creamer. Daniel. 29 February 2016. 25 March 2022. 27 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240427151919/https://books.google.com/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&q=Rook%27s+Textbook+of+Dermatology+-+4+Volume+Set%2C+9E+%282016%29#v=snippet&q=Rook's%20Textbook%20of%20Dermatology%20-%204%20Volume%20Set%2C%209E%20(2016)&f=false. live.
45. Book: Fitzpatrick's Dermatology, Ninth Edition, 2-Volume Set (EBOOK). 9780071837835. Kang. Sewon. 27 April 2018. 25 March 2022. 27 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240427151929/https://books.google.com/books?id=TbOLDwAAQBAJ&q=Fitzpatrick%27s+Dermatology. live.
46. Book: Langman's Medical Embryology. 9781496383921. Sadler. T. W.. 6 September 2018. 25 March 2022. 27 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240427151954/https://books.google.com/books?id=izltDwAAQBAJ&q=Langman%27s+Medical+Embryology#v=snippet&q=Langman's%20Medical%20Embryology&f=false. live.
47. Book: The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. 9780323313476. Moore. Keith L.. Persaud. T. V. N.. Torchia. Mark G.. 2016. 2022-03-25. 2024-04-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20240427151924/https://books.google.com/books?id=JaEkrgEACAAJ&q=The+Developing+Human+-+Clinically+Oriented+Embryology. live.
48. Book: Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 9th edition. 9781260019933. Stephan Stapczynski. J.. John Ma. O.. Tintinalli. Judith E.. Yealy. Donald. Cline. David M.. Meckler. Garth D.. Thomas. Stephen H.. 18 October 2019. 25 March 2022. 27 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240427151916/https://books.google.com/books?id=tKvlAQAACAAJ&q=Tintinalli%27s+Emergency+Medicine+-+A+Comprehensive+Study+Guide,+9E+(2020). live.
49. Book: Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice: 2-Volume Set. 9780323757898. Walls. Ron. Hockberger. Robert. Gausche-Hill. Marianne. Erickson. Timothy B.. Wilcox. Susan R.. 20 May 2022. 25 March 2022. 27 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240427152223/https://books.google.com/books?id=U6iXzgEACAAJ&q=Rosens+Emergency+Medicine. live.
50. Web site: Histology: A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology, 7e . January 2016 . Ross . Michael H. . Pawlina . Wojciech . 2022-03-02 . 2022-03-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220302215455/https://meded.lwwhealthlibrary.com/book.aspx?bookid=1316 . live .
51. Book: Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Sixteenth Edition . 978-1-260-46298-2 . . Mescher . Anthony L. . 24 May 2021 . 2 March 2022 . 27 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240427152306/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352693113_Junqueira's_Basic_Histology_16th_edition_2021 . live .
52. Book: Williams Obstetrics, 25th Edition. 9781259644337. Dashe. Jodi S.. Bloom. Steven L.. Spong. Catherine Y.. Hoffman. Barbara L.. June 2018. 2022-03-25. 2024-04-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20240427152246/https://books.google.com/books?id=THRdDwAAQBAJ&q=Williams+Obstetrics. live.
53. Book: Williams Gynecology, Fourth Edition. 9781260456868. Schaffer. Joseph I.. Hoffman. Barbara L.. Bradshaw. Karen D.. Halvorson. Lisa M.. Corton. Marlene M.. Schorge. John O.. 24 April 2020. 25 March 2022. 22 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230322212231/https://books.google.com/books?id=SXdAyQEACAAJ&q=Williams+Gynecology. live.
54. Book: Berek & Novak's Gynecology. 9781496380333. Berek. Deborah L.. Berek. Jonathan S.. April 2019. 2022-03-25. 2024-04-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20240427152230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJs1swEACAAJ&q=Berek+%26+Novak%27s+Gynecology. live.
55. Book: Te Linde's Operative Gynecology. 9781496386441. Handa. Victoria Lynn. Le. Linda Van. 2019. 2022-03-25. 2024-04-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20240427152259/https://books.google.com/books?id=7DbGugEACAAJ&q=Te+Linde%27s+Operative+Gynecology. live.
56. Book: Hacker & Moore's Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 9781455775583. Neville f. Hacker. MD. Gambone. Joseph C.. Calvin j. Hobel. MD. 10 November 2015. 25 March 2022. 27 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240427152240/https://books.google.com/books?id=kyDmCgAAQBAJ&q=Hacker+%26+Moore%27s+Essentials+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology%2C+6E+%282016%29#v=snippet&q=Hacker%20%26%20Moore's%20Essentials%20of%20Obstetrics%20and%20Gynecology%2C%206E%20(2016)&f=false. live.
57. Web site: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology - 14th Edition. 2022-03-02. 2022-03-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20220302215955/https://www.elsevier.com/books/guyton-and-hall-textbook-of-medical-physiology/hall/978-0-323-59712-8. live.
58. Web site: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 26e | AccessMedicine | McGraw Hill Medical. 2022-03-02. 2022-03-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20220302215957/https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookID=2525. live.
59. Book: Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems. 9781305445512. Sherwood. Lauralee. January 2015. 2022-03-25. 2023-04-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20230409210755/https://books.google.com/books?id=_i5BBAAAQBAJ. live.
60. Web site: Sabiston Textbook of Surgery - 21st Edition. 2022-03-02. 2022-03-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20220302215955/https://www.elsevier.com/books/sabiston-textbook-of-surgery/townsend/978-0-323-64062-6. live.