Manihot Explained

Manihot is a genus in the diverse milkspurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It was described as a genus in 1754.[1] [2]

Species of Manihot are monoecious[3] trees, shrubs and a few herbs that are native to the Americas, from Arizona in the United States south to Argentina and Uruguay.[4] The best known member of this genus is the widely cultivated cassava (Manihot esculenta).[5]

Manihot species are used as food plants by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera including Endoclita sericeus and Hypercompe hambletoni.

Species
  1. Manihot acuminatissima Müll.Arg. – Goiás, Bahia
  2. Manihot aesculifolia (Kunth) Pohl – Mexico, Central America
  3. Manihot alutacea D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás
  4. Manihot angustiloba (Torr.) Müll.Arg. – Mexico, Arizona
  5. Manihot anisophylla (Griseb.) Müll.Arg. – N Argentina
  6. Manihot anomala Pohl – South America
  7. Manihot attenuata Müll.Arg. - Goiás
  8. Manihot auriculata McVaugh – Jalisco, Nayarit
  9. Manihot baccata Allem – Fr Guiana, NE Brazil
  10. Manihot brachyandra Pax & K.Hoffm. – Bahia
  11. Manihot brachyloba Müll.Arg. – Central Amer, Dominican Rep, N South America
  12. Manihot brasiliana Mendoza et al. - Goiás, Brazil
  13. Manihot breviloba – Sergipe
  14. Manihot caerulescens Pohl – Brazil, Paraguay
  15. Manihot carthagenensis (Jacq.) Müll.Arg. – N South America, Trinidad, Curaçao
  16. Manihot catingae Ule – Bahia, Minas Gerais
  17. Manihot caudata Greenm. – N Mexico
  18. Manihot cecropiifolia – Goiás, Distrito Federal
  19. Manihot chlorosticta Standl. & Goldman – Mexico
  20. Manihot compositifolia Allem – Bahia
  21. Manihot condensata D.J.Rogers & Appan – Bolivia
  22. Manihot congesta Mendoza et al. - Goiás, Brazil
  23. Manihot corymbiflora Pax & K.Hoffm. – Rio de Janeiro
  24. Manihot crassisepala Pax & K.Hoffm. – México State, Morelos, Jalisco
  25. Manihot crotalariiformis Pohl – Minas Gerais
  26. Manihot davisiae Croizat – Arizona, Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa
  27. Manihot diamantinensis Allem – Bahia
  28. Manihot dichotoma Ule – NE Brazil
  29. Manihot divergens Pohl – Goiás, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais
  30. Manihot epruinosa Pax & K.Hoffm. – Piauí, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia
  31. Manihot esculenta Crantz – from Mexico to Brazil
  32. Manihot falcata D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás, Distrito Federal
  33. Manihot filamentosa Pittier – NW Venezuela
  34. Manihot flemingiana D.J.Rogers & Appan – Mato Grosso
  35. Manihot foetida (Kunth) Pohl – C + N Mexico
  36. Manihot fortalezensis Nassar, D.G.Ribeiro, Bomfim & P.T.C.Gomes – Ceará
  37. Manihot fruticulosa (Pax) D.J.Rogers & Appan – Brazil
  38. Manihot gabrielensis Allem – Goiás
  39. Manihot gracilis Pohl – Paraguay, Brazil
  40. Manihot grahamii Hook. – S Brazil, N Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
  41. Manihot guaranitica Chodat & Hassl. – N Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia
  42. Manihot handroana Cruz – Minas Gerais
  43. Manihot hassleriana – Paraguay
  44. Manihot heptaphylla Ule – Bahia
  45. Manihot hilariana Baill. – Minas Gerais
  46. Manihot hunzikeriana Mart.Crov. – Rio Grande do Sul, Misiones
  47. Manihot incisa - Goiás, Brazil
  48. Manihot inflata Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná
  49. Manihot irwinii D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás
  50. Manihot jacobinensis Müll.Arg. – Mato Grosso, Bahia
  51. Manihot janiphoides Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Minas Gerais
  52. Manihot jolyana Cruz – São Paulo
  53. Manihot leptophylla Pax – NW South America
  54. Manihot longepetiolata Pohl – Goiás, Minas Gerais
  55. Manihot maracasensis Ule – Bahia
  56. Manihot marajoara Huber – Pará, Amapá
  57. Manihot mcvaughii V.W.Steinm. – Michoacán
  58. Manihot membranacea Pax & K.Hoffm. – Mato Grosso
  59. Manihot michaelis McVaugh – Colima, Jalisco
  60. Manihot mirabilis Pax – Paraguay
  61. Manihot mossamedensis Taub. – Goiás
  62. Manihot nana Müll.Arg. – Goiás, Minas Gerais
  63. Manihot neusana Nassar – Paraná
  64. Manihot nogueirae Allem – Distrito Federal
  65. Manihot oaxacana D.J.Rogers & Appan – Oaxaca
  66. Manihot obovata J.Jiménez Ram. – Guerrero
  67. Manihot oligantha Pax & K.Hoffm. – Goiás
  68. Manihot orbicularis Pohl – Goiás
  69. Manihot palmata Müll.Arg. – Rio de Janeiro
  70. Manihot pauciflora Brandegee – Puebla, Oaxaca
  71. Manihot paviifolia Pohl – Goiás
  72. Manihot peltata Pohl – Goiás
  73. Manihot pentaphylla Pohl – Brazil, Paraguay
  74. Manihot peruviana Müll.Arg. – Loreto, San Martin
  75. Manihot pilosa Pohl – E Brazil
  76. Manihot pinatiloba Goiás, Brazil
  77. Manihot pohliana Müll.Arg. – Bahia
  78. Manihot pohlii Wawra – Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro
  79. Manihot populifolia Pax – Paraguay
  80. Manihot porphyrantha Goiás, Brazil
  81. Manihot pringlei S.Watson – Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro
  82. Manihot procumbens Müll.Arg. – Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraguay
  83. Manihot pruinosa Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás
  84. Manihot pseudoglaziovii Pax & K.Hoffm. – Ceará, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba
  85. Manihot pulchrifolius M.J. Silva – Brazil
  86. Manihot purpureocostata Pohl – Goiás
  87. Manihot pusilla Pohl – Goiás
  88. Manihot quinquefolia Pohl – Bahia
  89. Manihot quinqueloba Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás
  90. Manihot quinquepartita Huber ex D.J.Rogers & Appan – Amapá, Pará, Maranhão, Mato Grosso
  91. Manihot reniformis Pohl – Bahia
  92. Manihot reptans Pax – Goiás, Minas Gerais
  93. Manihot rhomboidea Müll.Arg. – Mexico, Central America
  94. Manihot rubricaulis I.M.Johnst. – Mexico
  95. Manihot sagittatopartita Pohl – Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais
  96. Manihot salicifolia Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás
  97. Manihot sparsifolia Pohl – Goiás
  98. Manihot stipularis Pax – Distrito Federal, Goiás
  99. Manihot stricta Baill. – Peru, Mato Grosso, Goiás
  100. Manihot subspicata Rogers & Appan – Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas
  101. Manihot surinamensis D.J.Rogers & Appan – Venezuela, the 3 Guianas
  102. Manihot tenella Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Paraguay
  103. Manihot tomatophylla Standl. – Morelos, Jalisco, Michoacán
  104. Manihot tomentosa Pohl – Goiás, Minas Gerais
  105. Manihot triloba (Sessé) McVaugh ex Miranda – Mexico
  106. Manihot tripartita (Spreng.) Müll.Arg. – Brazil, Paraguay
  107. Manihot triphylla Pohl – Distrito Federal, Goiás, Minas Gerais
  108. Manihot tristis Müll.Arg. – Venezuela, the 3 Guianas, N Brazil
  109. Manihot variifolia Pax & K.Hoffm. – Paraguay
  110. Manihot violacea Pohl – Brazil
  111. Manihot walkerae Croizat – Texas, Tamaulipas
  112. Manihot websteri D.J.Rogers & Appan – Puebla, Oaxaca
  113. Manihot weddelliana Baill. – Goiás
  114. Manihot xavantinensis D.J.Rogers & Appan – Mato Grosso
  115. Manihot zehntneri Ule – Bahia
variety treated as a species
  1. Manihot carthaginensis subsp. glaziovii = Manihot glaziovii (Müll.Arg.) Allem
formerly includedmoved to Aleurites Cnidoscolus Jatropha
  1. M. curcas – Jatropha curcas
  2. M. diversifolia – Jatropha diversifolia
  3. M. gossypiifolia – Jatropha gossypiifolia
  4. M. herbacea – Cnidoscolus urens
  5. M. moluccana – Aleurites moluccanus
  6. M. multifida – Jatropha multifida
  7. M. spinosissima – Cnidoscolus vitifolius
  8. M. urens – Cnidoscolus urens

Pollination

Monoecy was demonstrated by Jennings 1963 and George & Shifriss 1967.

Notes and References

  1. Miller, Philip. 1754. Gardeners Dictionary...Abridged...fourth edition vol. 2
  2. http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40013252 Tropicos, Manihot Mill.
  3. Book: Webster, G. L. . Kubitzki . Klaus . The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants - Volume XI - Flowering Plants, Eudicots - Malpighiales . . . 2014 . 978-3-642-39416-4 . 868922400 . 51–216/x+331 . Euphorbiaceae. . .
  4. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=119703 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  5. Book: Broadening the Genetic Base of Crop Production . G. . Second . C. . Iglesias . Chapter 11: The State of the Use of Cassava Genetic Diversity and a Proposal to Enhance it . H.D. . Cooper . C. . Spillane . T. . Hodgkin . . 2001 . 978-0-85199-411-6 . 201–221 . 44420773.

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