Manhole Explained

A manhole (utility hole, maintenance hole,[1] or sewer hole) is an opening to a confined space such as a shaft, utility vault, or large vessel. Manholes are often used as an access point for an underground public utility, allowing inspection, maintenance, and system upgrades. The majority of underground services have manholes, including water, sewers, telephone, electricity, storm drains, district heating, and gas.

Manholes are generally found in urban areas,[2] in streets and occasionally under sidewalks. In rural and undeveloped areas, services such as telephone and electricity are usually carried on utility poles or even pylons rather than underground.

In Australia, manhole also commonly refers to an access hatch used to get access from a room or hallway into the ceiling cavity of a building.[3] [4] These manholes are typically around square.

Construction

Manhole closings are protected by a grating or manhole cover, a flat plug designed to prevent accidental or unauthorized access to the manhole. These covers are traditionally made of metal, but may be constructed from precast concrete, glass reinforced plastic or other composite materials (especially where cover theft is of concern). Because of legislation restricting acceptable manual handling weights, Europe has seen a move toward lighter-weight composite manhole cover materials, which also have the benefits of greater slip resistance and electrical insulating properties.

Manholes are usually outfitted with metal, polypropylene, or fiberglass steps installed in the inner side of the wall to allow easy descent into the utility space.

Manholes are usually round, primarily because roundness is the best shape to resist the compression of the earth; covers are round because they are easier to manufacture than square or rectangular shapes, they are easier to move by rolling, and they can't fall into the opening.[5] But in the United Kingdom they are nearly always square, or rectangular, in shape, at least at street level. Manholes can also be found in a triangular shape (e.g. in Cambridge, and surrounding villages).[6]

Composite manholes

Composite (fiberglass) manholes are commonly used in applications where infiltration, exfiltration, or corrosion by hydrogen sulfide (from sewer gas) are a concern, or where structures need to be factory integrated into a manhole before placement. In these manholes, the entire underground enclosure is constructed of some composite material, in addition to the cover.

Structures that can be integrated into composite manholes include:

Hazards caused by stray voltage in manholes

In urban areas, stray voltage issues have become a significant concern for utilities. On January 16, 2004, Jodie S. Lane was electrocuted after stepping on a metal manhole cover, while walking her two dogs in New York City.[13]

Sewer manhole location

The location of a sewer manhole must be carefully considered to ensure that the drainage system is effective and easy to maintain.[14] [15] According to design standards, the distance between two manholes is typically between 7 and 20 meters, depending on the specific characteristics of the project.[16] [17] In cities, the distance is 20 meters per manhole,[18] while in industrial or commercial settings it is 10-15 meters per manhole.[19] [20] The distance between manholes in homes or restaurants is typically 7-10 meters.[21] [22] [23]

See also

References

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Book: Nemerow . Nelson L. . Agardy . Franklin J. . Salvato . Joseph A. . Environmental Engineering: Environmental Health and Safety for Municipal Infrastructure, Land Use and Planning, and Industry . 6, illustrated . John Wiley & Sons . 2009 . 978-0470083055 . 2019-07-19 .
  2. Web site: Singh . Kanwarjot . 2023-06-30 . What is a Manhole- Function, Construction, Materials, and Types of Manhole - Civil Engineering Portal . 2024-04-22 . Civil Engineering Portal - Biggest Civil Engineering Information Sharing Website . en.
  3. Web site: Assessment Requirements for CPCCPB3027 Install ceiling insulation products . 1st . 17 January 2019 . Attribus Innovation . Commonwealth of Australia . Department of Education and Training . 5 July 2019.
  4. Web site: How to install a manhole . Bunnings Warehouse . 5 July 2019.
  5. Book: Scheckel, Larry . December 2013 . Ask a Science Teacher: 250 Answers to Questions You've Always Had About How Everyday Stuff Really Works. The Experiment . 9781615190874.
  6. Web site: The ultimate manhole covers site Info cover Cover's details: Cambridge - Surface water - Cover in a shape close to the triangle (2) . manhole.co.il . 13 July 2024.
  7. Web site: Manhole inverts. Containment Solutions. 2013-03-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20150403115417/http://www.containmentsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/LIT-MAN-Manhole-Brochure.pdf. 2015-04-03. dead.
  8. Web site: Packaged Fiberglass (FRP) Flume Manholes. Openchannelflow. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130325002625/http://www.openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/flow-monitoring/flumes/. 2013-03-25.
  9. Web site: Packaged Fiberglass (FRP) Weir Manholes for Flow Monitoring. Openchannelflow. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130919084241/http://www.openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/flow-monitoring/weirs/. 2013-09-19.
  10. Web site: Fiberglass (FRP) Storm Water Manholes for Initial Oil, Grease, Sediment, and Debris Collection. Openchannelflow. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130307132910/http://openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/storm-water/. 2013-03-07.
  11. Web site: Fiberglass (FRP) Grinder Manholes integrating grinders from JWC, Franklin Miller, MonoFlo, and more. Openchannelflow. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130828234339/http://www.openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/grinder/. 2013-08-28.
  12. Web site: Fiberglass Energy Absorbing Manholes for Controlling Excess Line Velocities. Openchannelflow. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130307131247/http://openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/energy-absorber/. 2013-03-07.
  13. News: East Village Woman Was Electrocuted on Street With Metal Plate, Medical Examiner Says. New York Times. Anthony . Ramirez. January 19, 2004. 2009-12-03.
  14. Web site: 2023-06-13 . Tái diễn tình trạng hố ga mất nắp giữa lòng đô thị thông minh Thái Nguyên . 2023-12-20 . laodong.vn . vi.
  15. Web site: 2023-05-30 . Cận cảnh vị trí các "lô cốt" sắp lắp đặt trên đường Nguyễn Trãi . 2023-12-20 . suckhoedoisong.vn . vi.
  16. Web site: danviet.vn . Ám ảnh với hố ga mất nắp, "nuốt trọn" xe máy của người đi đường . 2023-12-20 . danviet.vn . vi.
  17. Web site: Đường mới mở và "điệp khúc" mất nắp hố ga . 2023-12-20 . vovgiaothong.vn . vi.
  18. Book: Báo cáo chuyên đề: Mức độ bao phủ của các chương trình y tế công cộng . 2003 . Nhà xuất bản Y học . vi.
  19. Book: Lê, Thành Châu . Tìm hiểu quy định về quy hoạch, xây dựng, & cấp giá̂y chứng nhận quyền sở hữu nhà ở: áp dụng tại thành phố Hồ Chí Minh và các tỉnh, thành phố trực thuộc Trung ương . 2002 . Thống kê . vi.
  20. Book: Tuyển tập các tác phẩm báo chí Việt Nam thời kỳ đổi mới, 1985-2004 . 2005 . Hội nhà báo Việt Nam . vi.
  21. Web site: 2013-10-31 . Cách sử dụng hố ga ngăn mùi hiệu quả . 2023-12-20.
  22. Web site: Minh . Huy . Nắp hố ga . 2023-12-20 . thanhanco.vn.
  23. Book: Phan . Thanh Khôi . Một só̂ vá̂n đè̂ kinh té̂ - xã hội trong tié̂n trình công nghiệp hóa, hiện đại hóa vùng đò̂ng bà̆ng sông Hò̂ng . Lương . Xuân Hié̂n . 2006 . Nhà xuá̂t bản Lý luận chính trị . vi.

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