Longevity claims explained

Longevity claims are unsubstantiated cases of asserted human longevity. Those asserting lifespans of 110 years or more are referred to as supercentenarians. Many have either no official verification or are backed only by partial evidence. Cases where longevity has been fully verified, according to modern standards of longevity research, are reflected in an established list of supercentenarians based on the work of organizations such as the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) or Guinness World Records. This article lists living claims greater than that of the oldest living person whose age has been independently verified, American-born Spanish woman Maria Branyas, aged, and deceased claims greater than that of the oldest person ever whose age has been verified, French woman Jeanne Calment, who died aged 122 years and 164 days. The upper limit for both lists is 130 years.

Scientific status

Prior to the 19th century, there was insufficient evidence either to demonstrate or to refute centenarian longevity.[1] Even today, no fixed theoretical limit to human longevity is apparent.[2] Studies in the biodemography of human longevity indicate a late-life mortality deceleration law: that death rates level off at advanced ages to a late-life mortality plateau. This implies that there is no fixed upper limit to human longevity, or fixed maximum human lifespan.[3] Researchers in Denmark have found a way to determine when a deceased person was born using radiocarbon dating done on the lens of the eye.[4]

Categorization

Guinness World Records from its inception in 1955, began maintaining a list of the verified oldest people.[5] It developed into a list of all supercentenarians whose lifespan had been verified by at least three documents, in a standardized process, according to the norms of modern longevity research. Many unverified cases ("claims" or "traditions") have been controverted by reliable sources. Taking reliable demographic data into account, these unverified cases vary widely in their plausibility.

Fully verified claims

Problems in documenting

In numerous editions from the 1960s through the 1980s, Guinness stated that

No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood, and deliberate fraud than the extremes of human longevity.[7]
Despite demographic evidence of the known extremes of modern longevity, stories in otherwise reliable sources still surface regularly, stating that these extremes have been exceeded. Responsible, modern, scientific validation of human longevity requires investigation of records following an individual from birth to the present (or to death); purported longevity claims far outside the demonstrated records regularly fail such scrutiny.

Actuary Walter G. Bowerman stated that ill-founded longevity assertions originate mainly in remote, underdeveloped regions, among non-literate peoples, with only family testimony available as evidence.[8] This means that people living in areas of the world with historically more comprehensive resources for record-keeping have tended to hold more claims to longevity, regardless of whether or not individuals in other parts of the world have lived longer.

In the transitional period of record-keeping, records tend to exist for the wealthy and upper-middle classes, but are often spotty and nonexistent for the middle classes and the poor. In the United States, birth registration did not begin in Mississippi until 1912 and was not universal until 1933.[9] Hence, in many longevity cases, no actual birth record exists. This type of case is classified by gerontologists as "partially validated".[10]

Proximate records

Since some cases were recorded in a census or in other reliable sources, obtainable evidence may complete full verification.

Barnes claimed to be 117 at her death on 19 January 1998.[11] Barnes, who was born to a former slave and married a tenant farmer, had fifteen children, 11 of whom preceded her in death.[11] Inconsistent records suggested that she was born on 6 March 1882 at the latest, but possibly a year earlier. The conclusion is that Barnes was at least 115 years and 319 days old at her death, and may have been one or two years older.

Late-life records

In another type of case, the only records that exist are late-life documents. Because age inflation often occurs in adulthood (to avoid military service or to apply for a pension early), or because the government may have begun record-keeping during an individual's lifetime, cases unverified by proximate records exist. These unverified cases are less likely to be true (because the records are written later), but are still possible. Longevity narratives were not subjected to rigorous scrutiny until the work of William Thoms in 1873. Thoms proposed the 100th-birthday test: is there evidence to support an individual's claimed age at what would be their centenary birthday?[12] [13] This test does not prove a person's age, but does winnow out typical pension-claim longevity exaggerations and spontaneous claims that a certain relative is over 150.

In 2004, The Moscow Times reported that Dzhukalayeva, of Chechnya, claimed to have been born in 1881 (age 122). The claim is possible but incompletely verified. Her death has not been reported since that time, so no age greater than 122 has been verifiably claimed.[15]

Reports with complete date of birth

These are standardized lists of people whose lifespans remain unverified by proximate records, including both modern (Guinness-era) and historical cases. All cases in which an individual's supercentenarian lifespan is not (yet) backed by records sufficient to the standards of modern longevity research are listed as unverified. They may be factually true, even though records do not exist (or have not yet been found), so such lists include these grey-area cases.

Recent

These living supercentenarian cases, in descending order of claimed age, with full birth and review dates, have been updated within the past two years, but have not had their claimed age validated by an independent body such as the Gerontology Research Group or Guinness World Records. The list includes only those claims that are greater than the age of the oldest verified living person, Maria Branyas, who is currently aged, but under 130 years.

NameSexReported birth dateClaimed AgeCountryLatest reportclass=unsortableRef
Huvaydo UmarovaF1 January 1895Uzbekistan9 July 2023[24] [25] [26]
SivanandaM8 August 1896India9 August 2023[27] [28] [29]
Manuel Garcia HernandezM24 December 1896Mexico2 February 2024[30] [31]
Ayşe BayriF1 July 1898Turkey21 June 2024[32]
Marcelino Abad TolentinoM5 April 1900Peru9 April 2024[33] [34] [35] [36]
Sebastião Batista dos SantosM15 March 1902Brazil15 March 2024[37] [38]
Hussein Al-MissaouiM17 May 1904Tunisia5 June 2023[39]
Maria Vikentyevna KononovichF27 May 1904Belarus18 January 2023[40] [41] [42]
Maria LuisaF3 February 1905Mozambique6 September 2023[43]
Rosa Zoila Higuera VelandiaF23 August 1906Colombia9 March 2023[44]
Margaret MaritzF27 September 1906South Africa28 September 2022[45]

Past

This table contains supercentenarian claims with either a known death date or no confirmation for more than two years that they were still alive. Only claims greater than that of Jeanne Calment, who died at the age of 122 years, 164 days, but under 130 years are included. They are listed in order of age as of the date of death or date last reported alive.

NameSexReported birth dateDeath date / latest reportReported ageCountry
Ali Ben Mohamed El Amri[46] [47] M5 October 1880fl. 30 September 2010Tunisia
Koku Istambulova[48] F1 June 188927 January 2019Russia
José Aguinelo dos Santos[49] M7 July 188820 December 2017Brazil
Maria do Carmo Gerônimo[50] F5 March 187114 June 2000Brazil
Jean Causeur[51] M3 March 164530 April 1774129 years, 58 daysFrance
Mary Ewen[52] F5 May 187810 April 2007Jamaica
Cruz Hernández F3 May 18788 March 2007El Salvador
Johanna Mazibuko[53] F11 May 18943 March 2023South Africa
Ese Gebelek[54] [55] [56] F1 July 189428 March 2023Turkey
Elizabeth Israel F27 January 187514 October 2003Dominica
Safiah Ujang[57] F11 February 188926 October 2017Malaysia
José Rosario Serrano Arencas[58] M5 March 188124 April 2009Colombia
M21 June 187614 July 2004India
William Johnson[59] M8 May 188115 May 2009United States
José Paulino Gomes[60] [61] M4 August 189528 July 2023Brazil
Ajiben Chandravadia[62] [63] F1 January 189113 December 2018India
Luo Meizhen[64] [65] F9 July 18859 June 2013China
Juana Bautista de la Candelaria Rodríguez[66] F2 February 188524 December 2012Cuba
Luang Pu Chant Siri[67] [68] M10 April 184923 February 1977Thailand
Halim Solmaz[69] F1 July 188429 March 2012Turkey
Tshinyelo Dora Muzila[70] F4 May 188014 January 2008South Africa
F31 August 188719 March 2015Mexico
Tian Longyu[71] [72] [73] F9 June 189328 September 2020China
Francoise Pascal[74] F5 January 1895fl. 6 January 2022Haiti
Nicolas Savin[75] M17 April 176829 November 1894Russia
Maria Gonçalves dos Santos[76] F24 June 189015 December 2016Brazil
M19 June 188011 October 2006Cuba
Margarita Lacsi[77] [78] [79] F30 March 187827 May 2004Argentina
Jackson Pollard M25 December 18697 September 1995United States
Nuri Öztunç[80] M1 July 18856 March 2011Turkey
Juan Ramos M24 June 188024 January 2006United States
Aberewa Grace F16 August 187818 January 2004Ghana
Masoumeh Sanei Toroghi[81] F23 September 18986 February 2024Iraq
Anna Visser F25 December 18788 January 2004Namibia
Lu Zimei[82] [83] F8 August 1888fl. 4 July 2013Qing Dynasty,
China,
United States
Maria Etelvina dos Santos F15 July 18788 March 2003Brazil
Hu Yeh-mei[84] F10 February 188524 August 2009Taiwan
Mariam Amash[85] [86] [87] F1 July 188822 December 2012 124 years, 171 daysIsrael
Socorro Medrano Guevara[88] F17 June 189413 September 2018Mexico
Francisca Susano[89] [90] F11 September 189722 November 2021Philippines
Armando Frid[91] M24 May 186628 July 1990Argentina
Maria Verissimo de Matos[92] [93] F5 June 188817 June 2012Brazil
Sher Ali Mia[94] M17 July 1894fl. 10 July 2018Bangladesh
Ana Martinha da Silva F25 August 188027 July 2004Brazil
Carmelo Flores Laura[95] M16 July 18909 June 2014Bolivia
Deolinda Soares Rodrigues[96] F24 June 18981 May 2022Brazil
Juana Chox Yac[97] [98] [99] [100] F29 November 189327 September 2017Guatemala
Arthur ReedM28 June 186015 April 1984United States
Tanzilya Bisembeyeva[101] [102] F14 March 189625 October 2019123 years, 225 days.Russia
Daw Mya Kyi[103] [104] [105] [106] F9 October 1892fl. 17 May 2016Myanmar
Hava RexhaF14 August 18808 November 2003Albania
Appaz Iliev[107] M1 March 189610 May 2019Russia
Nguyễn Thị Trù[108] [109] F4 May 189312 July 2016Vietnam
Li FengfangM5 August 18788 October 2001Qing Dynasty,
China,
United States
Turupu Aimaiti[110] [111] M5 February 1892fl. 26 February 2015China
Live Larsdatter[112] F6 August 15759 July 1698Denmark
Shukhrat Aliyeva[113] F1 January 18871 December 2009Brazil
Oberia Coffin F1 December 188318 October 2006United States
Sudhakar Chaturvedi[114] [115] M20 April 189727 February 2020India
Nehemiah Ndur[116] M25 February 189010 December 2012Nigeria
Dora Jacobs F6 May 188019 January 2003South Africa
Mamie Evans F2 July 187215 January 1995United States
David Peterson M22 November 185031 May 1973United States
Sarah HooverF25 June 187415 December 1996United States
Salma Abdulqadir[117] F1 July 189718 December 2019Syria

External links

Notes and References

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  2. Book: Gavrilov, L. A. . Gavrilova, N. S. . 1991. The biology of life span: a quantitative approach. New York City. Harwood Academic Publishers. 978-3-7186-4983-9.
  3. News: Biodemography of Human Longevity (Keynote Lecture). Gavrilov, Leonid A.; Center on Aging, National Opinion Research Center/University of Chicago. 5 March 2004. International Conference on Longevity. 18 May 2009. 8 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170208063555/http://longevity-science.org/Biodemography.html. live.
  4. News: The Eyes Have It: Researchers Can Now Determine When A Human Was Born By Looking into The Eyes of the Dead. 2008. 28 February 2013. 22 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130222150902/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080129201238.htm. live.
  5. Web site: Oldest Living People Title Holders Since 1955 . 2015-02-23 . . 23 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150223043149/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-living-people-title-holders-since-1955-table/ . live .
  6. Book: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-49970-9_22. Age 115+ in the USA: An Update. SpringerLink. Robert Young and Waclaw Kroczek. Exceptional Lifespans. Demographic Research Monographs. 2021. 317–344. 10.1007/978-3-030-49970-9_22. 978-3-030-49969-3. 230545486. 2021-01-05. 11 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201211074107/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-49970-9_22. live.
  7. News: Title of 'Oldest Living Person' Is Up for Grabs -- If You Have Some Proof . . 14 January 1990 . 2015-02-23 . 23 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150223040655/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-14/news/mn-337_1_world-s-oldest-person . live .
  8. News: No Methuselahs. https://web.archive.org/web/20071102230936/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908667-1,00.html. dead. 2 November 2007. 12 August 1974. 13 May 2009. Time Magazine.
  9. Web site: Johnson . Ahmed . Research Guides: Mississippi: Local History & Genealogy Resource Guide: Vital Records . 2023-06-03 . guides.loc.gov . en.
  10. Web site: 2021-01-31 . Jeanne Calment: A Spirit of Determination Highbrow . 2023-06-03 . gohighbrow.com . en-US.
  11. Musante, Glenna B. (22 January 1998) "Johnston woman, one of world's oldest, dies at 117" The Raleigh News & Observer, pg. B1.
  12. Book: Heiner Maier. Super-centenarians. 8 April 2013. 2010. Springer. 978-3-642-11520-2. 5. 11 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170211052158/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Fjkhcn3oeIC&pg=PA5. live.
  13. Book: Leonard W. Poon. Thomas T. Perls. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Volume 27, 2007: Biopsychosocial Approaches to Longevity. 8 April 2013. 12 December 2007. Springer Publishing Company. 978-0-8261-1538-6. 259. 10 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170210232325/https://books.google.com/books?id=sNfPA7hpxrEC&pg=PT259. live.
  14. News: W wieku 118 lat zmarła najstarsza mieszkanka Białorusi . . 7 February 2007 . 2015-02-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150223063619/http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,8311,wid,8750266,wiadomosc.html . 23 February 2015 . dead.
  15. Web site: 122-Year-Old Chechen Has Seen a Lot. The Moscow Times. 17 February 2004. 13 November 2009. Aliev. Timur. 3 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214505/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/232837.html.
  16. Book: Ebony . June 1973 . Johnson Publishing Company . 58 . en . A Striking 102 . 2023-12-31.
  17. News: 26 Dec 1975 . Christmas joy through the years . 11 . . 24 May 2023.
  18. News: 26 Dec 1983 . Oldest American has 113th birthday . 7 . . 24 May 2023.
  19. News: 28 Dec 1983 . Very Senior Citizen . 30 . . 24 May 2023.
  20. News: Firstman . Richard C. . Virag . Irene . 27 Dec 1982 . Humble Words on a Long Life . 3 . . 24 May 2023.
  21. News: Dewan . George . 22 Mar 1987 . Milestones the World Passed Before 1900 . 325 . . 24 May 2023.
  22. Web site: Susie Brunson, thought to be oldest American, dies at 123. 21. Star-News. 30 November 1994. 13 November 2009. Vance. Tricia.
  23. News: Susie Brunson; Perhaps the Oldest American, 123. The New York Times. 1 December 1994. 13 November 2009. 22 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130522211550/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/01/obituaries/susie-brunson-perhaps-the-oldest-american-123.html. live.
  24. Web site: 126 yoshli Huvaydo aya saylovda ovoz berdi. 126-year-old Huvaido Aya voted in the election. yuz.uz. 24 October 2021. uz. 2023-02-17.
  25. Web site: Fargʻonada 128 yoshli – Oʻzbekistonning eng keksa ayoli referendumda ovoz berdi . Oyina.uz . 30 April 2023 .
  26. Web site: The oldest woman in Uzbekistan – 128-year-old Khuvaydo Umarova voted . Uza.uz . 9 July 2023 .
  27. Web site: No desires in my life, says 126-yr-old yoga guru . Deccan Chronicle . 29 August 2022 .
  28. Web site: 127 year old virgin monk credits his celibacy for long life . KAYA 959 . 20 July 2023 .
  29. Web site: Claimed 127th birthday . Facebook post . 9 August 2023.
  30. Web site: Don Manuel García es el hombre más longevo del mundo y vive en Ciudad Juárez . potosinoticias.com . 10 January 2023 .
  31. Web site: El 24 de diciembre pasado, Don Manuel García Hernández cumplió 127 años de edad . 2 February 2024.
  32. Web site: Merkezi . Haber . 126 yaşındaki Ayşe Bayrı, 3 padişah ile 12 cumhurbaşkanı gördü . 126-year-old Ayşe Bayri has seen 3 sultans and 12 presidents . Ekonomim . 2024-06-21 . tr . 2024-07-23.
  33. Web site: El hombre más longevo del Perú ya es usuario de Pensión 65 . Andina . 1 June 2019 .
  34. Web site: The longest living person from Huanuco was vaccinated with the COVID-19 vaccine . GOB.PE . 30 April 2021 .
  35. Web site: Don 'Mashico': ¿cuántos años tiene el hombre más longevo del Perú y dónde vive? . Larepública.pe . 7 April 2023.
  36. Web site: 124 candles? Peru stakes claim to world's oldest human, born in 1900. Reuters. 9 April 2024.
  37. Web site: Arenza . Michelli . Paranaense completa 120 anos e recebe bênção do Papa Francisco . Man from Paraná celebrates 120th birthday and receives blessing from Pope Francis . . . 4 May 2022 . 17 March 2022 . pt .
  38. Web site: Idoso comemora 122 anos de vida no Paraná . Noticias.r7.com . 15 March 2024.
  39. Web site: Hussein Al-Missaoui, le doyen de la Tunisie, a fêté ses 119 ans !. Oumma. 5 June 2023.
  40. Web site: Марыя Вікенцьеўна Канановіч Ёй, вы не паверыце, 117 гадоў. Radio1.by. 5 November 2021. 17 January 2023. 5 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211105133632/https://radio1.by/audio/zvychaynyya-gistoryi-pozirk-u-gistoryyu-radyyeblog-valyantsiny-stelmakh-a-dyye/. dead.
  41. Web site: Марыя Канановіч 118 год. Mogilev.media. 20 December 2022.
  42. Web site: белоруске Марии Кононович 118 лет. People.onliner. 18 January 2023.
  43. Web site: 118th birthday confirmation. Facebook post. 6 September 2023.
  44. Web site: El secreto para una larga vida lo tiene Rosa Higuera, de 116 años 'dorados'. La Opinión. 9 March 2023.
  45. Web site: Western Cape woman celebrates 116th birthday in Touws River home. News24. 28 September 2022.
  46. Web site: TUNISIA OLDEST MAN 130 YEARS OLD - 다음뉴스. https://archive.today/20151106062815/http://media.daum.net/breakingnews/view.html?cateid=100000&newsid=20100910041808106&fid=20100910041813013&lid=20100910041808106. dead. 6 November 2015. 6 November 2015.
  47. Web site: Le doyen des tunisiens soufflera sa 130ème bougie :: MOSAIQUE FM. https://archive.today/20160105092611/http://archive.mosaiquefm.net/index/a/ActuDetail/Element/11845-Le-doyen-des-tunisiens-soufflera-sa--130%C3%A8me-bougie.html. dead. 5 January 2016. Archive.mosaiquefm.net. 10 September 2017.
  48. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/worlds-oldest-woman-who-didnt-13938303 World's 'oldest' woman who 'didn't enjoy single day' in long life dies aged 129
  49. Web site: Morre em Bauru, aos 129 anos, homem que poderia ser o mais velho do mundo. 20 December 2017 . 23 December 2017. 22 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162859/https://g1.globo.com/sp/bauru-marilia/noticia/morre-em-bauru-aos-129-anos-homem-que-podia-ser-o-mais-velho-do-mundo.ghtml. live.
  50. Web site: World's Oldest Claimants. Gerontology Research Group. 15 December 2007. 7 November 2010. Young. Robert. 1 December 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101201093051/http://www.grg.org/Adams/J.HTM. live.
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  52. Web site: 128-y-o Jamaican woman dies. Gleaner Company. 1 May 2007. 4 November 2010. McDaniel. Byron. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100928052331/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20070501/lead/lead10.html. 28 September 2010.
  53. Web site: 'World's oldest person' dies after living through 3 different centuries age 128 . . 8 March 2023 .
  54. Web site: Centenarian woman with 400 grandchildren beats COVID-19. Hürriyet Daily News. 22 May 2020.
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