l{L}
l{L}
One of the fundamental questions in the philosophy of logic is "What is a logical constant?";[1] that is, what special feature of certain constants makes them logical in nature?[2]
Some symbols that are commonly treated as logical constants are:
| Symbol | Meaning in English | |
|---|---|---|
| T | "true" | |
| F, ⊥ | "false" | |
| ¬ | "not" | |
| ∧ | "and" | |
| ∨ | "or" | |
| → | "implies", "if...then" | |
| ∀ | "for all" | |
| ∃ | "there exists", "for some" | |
| = | "equals" | |
\Box | "necessarily" | |
\Diamond | "possibly" |
Many of these logical constants are sometimes denoted by alternate symbols (for instance, the use of the symbol "&" rather than "∧" to denote the logical and).
Defining logical constants is a major part of the work of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell. Russell returned to the subject of logical constants in the preface to the second edition (1937) of The Principles of Mathematics noting that logic becomes linguistic: "If we are to say anything definite about them, [they] must be treated as part of the language, not as part of what the language speaks about."[3] The text of this book uses relations R, their converses and complements as primitive notions, also taken as logical constants in the form aRb.