Logarithmically convex function explained
In mathematics, a function f is logarithmically convex or superconvex[1] if
, the
composition of the
logarithm with
f, is itself a
convex function.
Definition
Let be a convex subset of a real vector space, and let be a function taking non-negative values. Then is:
- Logarithmically convex if
is convex, and
- Strictly logarithmically convex if
is strictly convex.Here we interpret
as
.
Explicitly, is logarithmically convex if and only if, for all and all, the two following equivalent conditions hold:
\begin{align}
logf(tx1+(1-t)x2)&\letlogf(x1)+(1-t)logf(x2),\\
f(tx1+(1-t)x2)&\le
.
\end{align}
Similarly, is strictly logarithmically convex if and only if, in the above two expressions, strict inequality holds for all .
The above definition permits to be zero, but if is logarithmically convex and vanishes anywhere in, then it vanishes everywhere in the interior of .
Equivalent conditions
If is a differentiable function defined on an interval, then is logarithmically convex if and only if the following condition holds for all and in :
logf(x)\gelogf(y)+
(x-y).
This is equivalent to the condition that, whenever and are in and,
Moreover, is strictly logarithmically convex if and only if these inequalities are always strict.
If is twice differentiable, then it is logarithmically convex if and only if, for all in,
If the inequality is always strict, then is strictly logarithmically convex. However, the converse is false: It is possible that is strictly logarithmically convex and that, for some, we have
. For example, if
, then is strictly logarithmically convex, but
.
Furthermore,
is logarithmically convex if and only if
is convex for all
.
[2] [3] Sufficient conditions
If
are logarithmically convex, and if
are non-negative real numbers, then
is logarithmically convex.
If
is any family of logarithmically convex functions, then
is logarithmically convex.
If
is convex and
is logarithmically convex and non-decreasing, then
is logarithmically convex.
Properties
A logarithmically convex function f is a convex function since it is the composite of the increasing convex function
and the function
, which is by definition convex. However, being logarithmically convex is a strictly stronger property than being convex. For example, the squaring function
is convex, but its logarithm
is not. Therefore the squaring function is not logarithmically convex.
Examples
is logarithmically convex when
and strictly logarithmically convex when
.
is strictly logarithmically convex on
for all
- Euler's gamma function is strictly logarithmically convex when restricted to the positive real numbers. In fact, by the Bohr–Mollerup theorem, this property can be used to characterize Euler's gamma function among the possible extensions of the factorial function to real arguments.
See also
References
- John B. Conway. Functions of One Complex Variable I, second edition. Springer-Verlag, 1995. .
- .
Notes and References
- Kingman, J.F.C. 1961. A convexity property of positive matrices. Quart. J. Math. Oxford (2) 12,283-284.
- .
- .