List of state leaders in the 16th century explained
Lists of state leaders by century
See also:
This is a list of state leaders in the 16th century (1501–1600) AD, except for the leaders within the Holy Roman Empire, and the leaders within South Asia.
These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 16th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.
Africa
Africa: Central
Angola
Kilukeni dynasty
Kwilu dynasty
Colony, 1575–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Cameroon
- Nebasi Suh, King (1552–1570)
- Ngouh I, Mfon (1519–1544)
- Ngouh II, Mfon (1568–1590)
Chad
- Birni Besse, Mbangi (1522–1536)
- Lubatko, Mbangi (1536–1548)
- ‘Abdallah, Mbangi (1568–1608)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
- Lushanjela Shanga, Nyim (16th century)
- Bo Shanga, Nyim (16th century)
- Nkonda Matit, Mwaantaangaand (late 16th century)
Congo, Republic of the
- Moe Poaty I Kamangou, King (16th or 17th century)
São Tomé and Príncipe
Colony, 1470–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Africa: East
Great Lakes area
Burundi
- Ntare I Rushatsi Cambarantama, King (c.1530–c.1550)
- Mwezi I Baridamunka, King (c.1550–c.1580)
- Mutaga I Mutabazi, King (c.1580–c.1600)
Rwanda
- Karemera Rwaka, Mwami (16th century)
South Sudan
- Odaagø Ocøllø, Rädh (c.1600–1635)
Uganda
- Kayima, Kabaka (c.1494–c.1524)
- Jemba, Kabaka (c.1564–c.1584)
Horn of Africa area
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Solomonic dynasty (complete list) –
- Na'od, Emperor (1494–1508)
- Menas, Emperor (1559–1563)
- Kaba Seyon, Hinnare-tato (c.1450–1530)
- Sepenihi, Hinnare-tato (mid 16th century)
- La'ashonhi, Hinnare-tato (c.1570–1580)
- Madi Gafine/Gafo, King (1530–1565)
Tigre dynasty (complete list)[5] –
- Girma, Kawa (16th century)
Somalia
Walashma dynasty (complete list) –
- Garad Ali Dable, Sultan (1491–1503)
- Garad Liban, Sultan (1503–1525)
- Garad Yuusuf, Sultan (1525–1555)
- Garad Mohamud III, Sultan (1555–1585)
- Garad Abdale, Sultan (1585–1612)
Madagascar
Africa: Northcentral
Ifriqiya
- Muhammad IV, Khalif (1494–1526)
- Muhammad V, Khalif (1526–1543)
- Ahmad III, Khalif (1543–1570)
- Muhammad VI, Khalif (1574–1574)
- Jafari "Jafari the Clean" Yahya, Khalif (1574–1581)
- Alem Nafirr, Khalif (1581)
Africa: Northeast
Egypt
Burji dynasty (complete list) –
Sudan
- Nayil, Sultan (1533/4–1550/1)
- Abd al-Qadir I, Sultan (1550/1–1557/8)
- Abu Sakikin, Sultan (1557/8–1568)
- Dakin, Sultan (1568–1585/6)
- Dawra, Sultan (1585/6–1587/8)
- Tayyib, Sultan (1587/8–1591)
- Unsa I, Sultan (1591–1603/4)
Africa: Northwest
Morocco
- Muhammad ibn Yahya, Sultan (1472–1505)
- Muhammad ibn Muhammad, Sultan (1505–1524)
Africa: South
Angola
- Kiluanji Kia Samba, Ngola (c. 1515–1556)
as an independent state
- Ndambi, Ngola (1556–1561)
- Kiluanji kia Ndambi, Ngola (1561–1575)
- Kilombo kia Kasenda, Ngola (1575–1592)
- Mbandi a Ngola, Ngola (1592–1617)
Mozambique
Colony, 1498–1972
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Zimbabwe
- Chikuyo Chisamarengu, Mwenemutapa (1494–c.1530)
- Neshangwe Munembire, Mwenemutapa (c.1530–c.1550)
- Chivere Nyasoro, Mwenemutapa (c.1550–1560)
- Negomo Chirisamhuru, Mwenemutapa (1560–1589)
- Gatsi Rusere, Mwenemutapa (1589–1623)
- Rozvi Empire (complete list) –
- Changamire II, King (1494–1530)
- Changamire Tumbare, King (1530–c.1660)
Africa: West
Benin
- Orhogbua, Oba (1547–1580)
- Ehengbuda, Oba (1580–1602)
Burkina Faso
- Gima, Nunbado (1470–1520)
- Gori, Nunbado (1520–1553)
- Bogora, Nunbado (1553–1571)
- Kampadiboaghi, Nunbado (1571–1615)
Cape Verde
Colony, 1462–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Ghana
- Mumunumfi, Agonahene (1588–1620)
Guinea-Bissau
Colony, 1474–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Mali
Keita dynasty (complete list) –
Askiya dynasty (complete list) –
- Askiya Muhammed Bani, son of Askiya Dawud, King (1586–1588)
Niger
Askiya dynasty (complete list) –
- Nuh I, Askiya (c.1592–1599)[9]
- al-Mustafa, Askiya (c.1600)
Nigeria
- Idris Katakarmabe, Mai (1487–1509)[10]
- Muhammad V Aminami, Mai (1509–1538)
- Ali II of Bornu, Mai (1538–1539)
- Dunama V Ngumarsmma, Mai (1539–1557)
- Ofirin, Alaafin (16th century)
- Abdullahi dan Rumfa, Sultan (1499–1509)
- Abu-Bakr Kado, Sultan (1565–1573)
Senegal
- al-Buri Penda, Buur-ba (1549–1566)
- Lat-Samba, Buur-ba (1566–1597)
- Malaw tane Joof, (variation: Maléotane Diouf - French spelling in Senegal), Maad Saloum (1567)[12]
Americas
Americas: North
Canada
French colony, 1535–1763
For details see France under western Europe
Mexico
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
- Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin, Tlatoani (1538–1541)[15]
- Zuangua, Cazonci (1479–1520)
Spanish Colony, 1521–1821
For details see Spain in southwest Europe
Americas: South
Brazil
Portuguese colony, 1500/1534–1808
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Chile
Spanish Colony, 1541–1818
For details see Spain in southwest Europe
Colombia
Peru
- Inca Empire (complete list) –[19]
Spanish Colony, 1542–1824
For details see Spain in southwest Europe
Asia
Asia: Central
Kazakhstan
- Ahmad Alaq, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1487–1503)
- Mahmud, Khan of Western Moghulistan (1487–1508)
- Mansur, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1503–1508), of All Moghulistan (1508–1514), of Eastern Moghulistan (1514–1548)
- Shah, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1543–1560)
- Buidash, Khan (1533–1534)
- Qozhamqut, Khan (1534–1535)
- Khaqnazar, Khan (1538–1580)
- Tauekel, Khan (1582–1598)
- Šamba, Khan (1492–1493, 1497–1505)
- Beyazıt, Khan (1505–1513)
Russia
- Abalak of Sibir, Khan (1496–1501)
- Muhammad Taibuga, Khan (1495–1502)
- Kuluk Sultan, Khan (1502–1530)
- Yadgar bin Qasim, Khan (1530–1563)
Tajikistan
Tibet
- sTod tsha 'Phags pa lha, King (c.1485–post-1499)
- Shakya 'od, King (early 16th century)
- Jig rten dBang phyug Pad kar lde, King (fl.1537–1555)
- Ngag gi dBang phyug, King (16th century)
- Nam mkha dBang phyug, King (16th century)
- Khri Nyi ma dBang phyug, King (late 16th century)
Uzbekistan
- Abu Sa'id bin Kochkunju, Khan (1531–1534)
- Abdullah I, Khan (1539–1540)
- Abdal-Latif bin Kochkunju, Khan (1540–1552)
- Nawruz Ahmed, Khan (1552–1556)
- Pir Muhammad I, Khan (1556–1561)
- Iskander bin Jani Beg, Khan (1561–1583)
- Abdul-Mo'min bin Abdullah, Khan (1598)
- Pir Muhammad, Khan (1598–1599)
- Ilbars I, Khan (1511–1518)
- Sultan Haji, Khan (1518–1519)
- Hasan Quli, Khan (1519–1524)
- Bujugha, Khan (1524–1529)
- Dust Muhammad, Khan (1557–1558)
- Haji Muhammad I, Khan (1558–1602)
Asia: East
China: Ming dynasty
- Wanli, Emperor (1572–1620)
Japan
Second Shō dynasty –
Tributary state of the Ming dynasty, 1429–1644
Korea
Mongolia
Asia: Southeast
Brunei
Cambodia
- Thommo Reachea I, King (1476–1504)
- Srey Sukonthor, King (1504–1512)
- Barom Reachea II, King (1597–1599)
- Ponhea Nhom, King (1600–1603)
Indonesia
Indonesia: Java
- Prabu Surawisesa Jayaperkosa, Maharaja (1521–1535)
- Ratu Dewata, Maharaja (1535–1543)
- Ratu Sakti, Maharaja (1543–1551)
- Nilakendra, Maharaja (1551–1567)
Rajasa dynasty (complete list) –
- Prabu Udara, King (1489–1517)
- Tuban –
- Raden Arya Wilatikta, King (fl.1513)
- Kyai Arya Ngrasena, King (early 16th century)
- Kyai Arya Gegelang, King (early 16th century)
- Kyai Arya Batubang, King (mid 16th century)
- Pangeran Arya Balewot, King (mid 16th century)
- Pangeran Sekar Tanjung, King (late 16th century)
- Pangeran Ngangsar, King (late 16th century)
- Pangeran Arya Pamalad, King (fl.1587)
- Sunan Mukmin, Sultan (1546–1549)
- Sunan Dalem, Sultan (1506–1545/46)
- Sunan Seda Margi, Sultan (1545/46–1548)
- Kyai Sinuhun Ngampeldenta, Adipati (fl.c.1500)[24]
- Pecat Tanda Terung, Adipati (fl.c.1513)
- Pangeran Tundungmusuh, Adipati (16th century)
- Pangeran Lena, Adipati (16th century)
- Pangeran Jebuk, Adipati (16th century)
- Pangeran Wanakrama, Adipati (late 16th century)
- Panembahan Rama, Adipati (16th/17th century)
- Bima Koncar/Minak Sumedhe, King (15th/16th century)[25]
- Menak Pentor, King (fl.1513)
- Santaguna, King (fl.c.1575)
- N.N., King (?–1597)
- Pasuruan –
- Menak Sepetak, King (fl.1513)[26]
- Maulana Muhammad, Sultan (c.1580–1596)
- Fatahillah, General (1568–1570)
- Panembahan Ratu, Sultan (c.1570–1649)
- Bangkalan –
- Ki Pragalba, Sultan (?–1531)[28]
- Raden Pratanu, Sultan (1531–1592/96)
- Raden Kara, Sultan (1592/6–1621)
- Sumenep –
- Raden Tumenggung Kanduruwan, Sultan (?–1579)[29]
- Pangeran Ellor I, Sultan (c.1579–?)
Indonesia: Sumatra
- Adlullah, Sultan (1495–1506)
- Muhammad Syah III, Sultan (1506–1507)
- Abdullah, Sultan (1507–1509)
- Ahmad V, Sultan (1509–1514)
- Panglima Dewa Shahdan, Raja (1568–1580)
Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)
- Suriansyah, Sultan (1520–1546)
- Rahmatullah, Sultan (1546–1570)
- Hidayatullah I, Sultan (1570–1595)
- Datuk Mencang (Seorang bangsawan dari Brunei), beristrikan Asung Luwan, ruler (1555–1594)
- Singa Laut, Menantu dari Datuk Mencang, ruler (1594–1618)
- Negara Daha –
- Mangkubumi, Maharaja (15th/16th century)
- Abang Samat Semah, Prince (?)
- Abang Ismail Zubair Mail Jubairi Irawan II, Prince (?)
- Abang Suruh, Prince of Sintang, son of Abang Ismail Zubair Mail Jubairi Irawan II, Prince (?)
- Abang Tembilang Ari, Prince (?)
- Abang Pencin Pontin, Prince (c.1600–1643)
Indonesia: Sulawesi
- Batara Gowa, King (15th/16th century)
- Pakere Tau Tunijallo ri Passukki, King (c.1510)
- Tumapa'risi', King (c.1510–1546)
- Lakiung, King (1546–1565)
- Bontolangkasa, King (late 16th century)
- Tuni Pasulu, King (c.1593)
- Alau'ddin, Sultan (1593–1639)
- Luwu –
- Risaolebbi, Datu (1465–1507)
- Dewaraja, Datu (1507–1541)
- Tosangkawana, Datu (1541–1556)
- E Tenri Rawe’, Datu (1571–1587)
- Andi Pattiware’ Daeng Parabung, Datu (1587–1615)
Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands
Gelgel (complete list) –
Indonesia: Maluku Islands
- Sultanate of Bacan (complete list) –
- Muhammad Bakir, Sultan (c.1500)[30]
- Zainal Abidin, Sultan (pre-1512–c.1557)
- Bayansirullah/ Dom João, Sultan (c.1557–1578/79)
- Dom Henrique, Sultan (1578/79–1581)
- Alauddin I, Sultan (1581–c.1609)
- Sultanate of Jailolo –
- Kaicil Yusuf, Sultan (fl.1514–1521)[31]
- Kaicil Firuz Alauddin, Sultan (c.1532–1536)
- Katarabumi, Sultan (1536–1552)
- Jamaluddin/Ciri Leliati, Sultan (1495–1512)[32]
- Al-Mansur I, Sultan (before 1512–1526)
- Amiruddin Iskandar Dul-Karna’in, Sultan (1526–c.1560)
- Kie Mansur, Sultan (c.1560–?)
- Kaicili Bungua, Sultan (fl.1570)
- Gaua, Iskandar Sani, Sultan (pre-1582)
- Gapi Baguna, Sultan (pre-1582–1599)
- Bayanullah, Sultan (1500–1522)
- Hidayatullah, Sultan (1522–1529)
- Abu Hayat, Sultan (1529–1533)
- Tabariji, Sultan (1533–1534)
- Khairun Jamil, Sultan (1535–1570)
- Babullah Datu Shah, Sultan (1570–1583)
- Said Barakat Shah, Sultan (1583–1606)
Laos
Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia
Jambi dynasty
- Mansur Shah, Sultan (1467–1522)
- Gombak, Sultan (1522–1526)
- Ahmad Shah, Sultan (1526–1547)
- Mansur Shah, Sultan (1547–1561)
- Ibrahim, Sultan (1561–1565, 1570–1579)
- Umar bin Raja Ahmad, Raja (1565–1570)
Champa dynasty
- Addil ud-din, Sultan (1579–1597, 1602–1605)
Malacca dynasty (complete list) –
- Muzaffar Riayat Shah I, Sultan (1528–1549)
- Mansur Shah I, Sultan (1549–1577)
- Ahmad Tajuddin Shah, Sultan (1577–1584)
- Tajul Ariffin Shah, Sultan (1584–1594)
- Alauddin Riayat Shah I, Sultan (1594–1603)
Malaysian Borneo
Myanmar / Burma
- Ai Lao (艾劳), Saopha (1474–1501)
Toungoo dynasty (complete list) –
Philippines
- Ysmeria,[33] Princess (early 1500s)
- Siagu, Rajah (?–1521)
- Namayan (complete list) –
- Tagkan, Lakan (15th/16th century)
- Palaba, ruler (mid 16th century)
- Laboy, ruler (mid 16th century)
- Dailisan, Datu (c.1563)
- Madja-as (complete list) –
- Padojinog, Datu (15th/16th century)
- Parang the Limp, Rajah (15th/16th century)
- Amir ul-Umara, Sultan (1505–1527)
- Muizz ul-Mutawadi-in, Sultan (1527–1548)
- Nasir ud-Din I, Sultan (1548–1568)
- Muhammad ul-Halim, Sultan (1568–1596)
- Maka-alang Saripada, Sultan (1543–?)
- Datu Bangkaya, Sultan (?–1578)
Colony, 1565–1901
For details see Spain in southwest Europe
Thailand
- Ayutthaya Kingdom (complete list) –
Suphannaphum dynasty
Sukhothai dynasty
- Naresuan, King of Sukhothai (1570–1590), King of Ayutthaya (1590–1605)
- Lan Na (complete list) –
Mangrai dynasty
- Kaeo or Mueangkaeo, King (1495–1525)
- Ket or Muangketklao, King (1525–1538, 1543–1545)
- Saikham, King (1538–1543)
Burmese rule
- Mekuti, independent King (1551–1558), King (1558–1564)
Inland dynasty (complete list) –
- Intera / Phaya Tu Nakpa / Sultan Ismail Shah, Raja (?–c.1530)
- Mudhaffar Shah, Sultan (c.1530–1564)
- Manzur Shah, Sultan (1564–1572)
- Patik Siam, Sultan (1572–1573)
- Bahdur, Sultan (1573–1584)
Vietnam
Later Lê dynasty (complete list) –
- Lê Bảng, Emperor (1518–1519)
- Lê Do, Emperor (1519–1519)
Mạc dynasty (complete list) –
- Mạc Chính Trung, Emperor (1546–1547)
Revival Lê dynasty (complete list) –
Asia: South
See also: List of state leaders in 16th-century South Asia.
Asia: West
Iran
Oman
- Muhammad bin Ismail, Malik (1500–1529)
- Barakat bin Muhammad, Malik (1529–1560)
- Abdulla bin Muhammad, Malik (1560–1624)
Turkey
- Murad III, Sultan (1574–1595)
- Yakub Pasha, Grand Vizier (1499–1501)
- Şemiz Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1579–1580)
Yemen
Europe
Europe: Balkans
Knights Hospitaller (complete list) –
- Vavila, Prince-bishop (1516–1520)
- German II, Prince-bishop (1520–1530)
- Pavle, Prince-bishop (1530–1532)
- Vasilije I, Prince-bishop (1532–1540)
- Nikodim, Prince-bishop (1540)
- Romi, Prince-bishop (1540–1559)
- Makarije, Prince-bishop (1560–1561)
- Ruvim I, Prince-bishop (1561–1569)
- Pahomije II, Prince-bishop (1569–1579)
- Gerasim, Prince-bishop (1575–1582)
- Venijamin, Prince-bishop (1582–1591)
- Nikanor and Stefan, Prince-bishop (1591–1593)
Croatia
part of the Habsburg monarchy, also part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown
House of Habsburg
- Džono Andra Bobali and Simo Benessa, Rector (1500–1501)
- Brno Bona, Rector (1501–1502)
- Džono Andra Bobali and Simo Benessa, Rector (1503–1504)
- Frano Andra Bobali, Rector (1505–1506)
- Džono Andra Bobali, Rector (1506–1507)
- Luko Bona and Antun Bona, Rector (1509–1510)
- Antun Bona, Rector (1511–1512)
- Antun Bona, Rector (1514–1515)
- Antun Bona, Rector (1517–1518)
- Antun Bona, Rector (1520–1521)
- Baro Bona, Rector (1522–1523)
- Lujo Bona and Baro Bona, Rector (1525–1526)
- Lujo Bona, Rector (1527–1528)
- Mato Frana Bobali, Rector (1528–1529)
- Lujo Bona and Frano Bona, Rector (1529–1530)
- Miho Džona Bobali and Jako Bona, Rector (1530–1531)
- Damjan Benessa and Frano Bona, Rector (1531–1532)
- Damjan Benessa, Mato Frana Bobali, Lujo Bona, and Frano Bona, Rector (1534–1535)
- Župan Bona and Jero Bona, Rector (1535–1536)
- Miho Sima Bobali and Frano Bona, Rector (1536–1537)
- Damjan Benessa and Mato Frana Bobali, Rector (1537–1538)
- Frano Bona, Ilija Bona and Jero Bona, Rector (1538–1539)
- Mato Frana Bobali and Miho Sima Bobali, Rector (1539–1540)
- Miho Džona Bobali, Rector (1542–1543)
- Mato Frana Bobali, Rector (1543–1544)
- Miho Sima Bobali, Rector (1545–1546)
- Mato Frana Bobali and Brno Bona, Rector (1546–1547)
- Župan Bona, Rector (1547–1548)
- Mato Frana Bobali, Rector (1549)
- Pasko Frana Cerve, Rector (1549–?)
- Župan Bona, Rector (?–1555)
- Jero Šiška Bobali, Rector (?–1559)
- Džono Miha Bobali, Rector (1559)
- Luco Bona, Rector (1559–1560)
- Džono Miha Bobali and Lovrijenac Miha Bobali, Rector (1561–1562)
- Simo Bobali, Rector (1562–1563)
- Lovrijenac Miha Bobali, Rector (1564–1565)
- Džono Miha Bobali, Rector (1565)
- Džono Miha Bobali, Rector (1568–1569)
- Lovrijenac Miha Bobali, Rector (1570)
- Jako Antuna Benesse, Rector (1570–1571)
- Džono Miha Bobali, Rector (1571–1572)
- Jako Antuna Benesse, Rector (1572–1573)
- Džono Miha Bobali, Rector (1573–1575)
- Jako Antuna Benesse, Rector (1575)
- Antun Bona, Jero Ghetaldi, Rector (1576–1577)
- Božo Proculo, Rector (1577–1578)
- Jako Antuna Benesse, Rector (1578–1579)
- Antun Bona, Vlađ Menze, Rector (1579–1580)
- Trojan Cerva, Rector (1581)
- Trojan Cerva, Rector (1584)
- Niko Giorgi, Rector (1586)
- Đivo Binciola, Rector (1587–1588)
- Mato Benessa, Pijero Benessa, Lujo Saraca, Pijero Cerva, Rector (1588–1589)
- Jero Bucchia, Rector (1591)
- Lujo Saraca, Rector (1592)
- Andro Luccari, Rector (1600)
Europe: British Isles
England and Ireland
- Henry VIII, King of England (1509–1547), Lord of Ireland (1509–1542), King of Ireland (1542–1547)
Scotland
Ireland
- Rossa mac Maghnusa, King (1497–1513)
- Reamonn mac Glaisne, King (1513–1521)
- Glaisne Óg mac Reamoinn, King (1521–1551?)
- Art Maol mac Reamoinn, King (1551–1560)
- Aodh mac Briain, King (1560–1562)
- Art Ruadh mac Briain, King (1562–1578)
- Sir Rossa Buidhe mac Airt, King (1579–1589)
- Hugh Roe McMahon, King (1589–1590)
- East Breifne (complete list) –
- John, son of Cathal O'Reilly, ruler (1491–1510)
- Farrell, ruler (1526–1536)
- Maelmordha, ruler (1537–1565)
- Hugh Conallagh O'Reilly, ruler (1583)
- John Roe, ruler (1583–1596)
- Philip, ruler (1596–1596)
- Eóghan Ó Ruairc, King (1500–1528)
- Feidhlimidh Ó Ruairc, King (1528–1536)
- Brian ballach mór Ó Ruairc, King (1528–1559, 1560–1562)
- Tadhg Ó Ruairc, King (1559–1560)
- Aodh gallda Ó Ruairc, King (1562–1564)
- Aodh buidhe Ó Ruairc, King (1564–1566)
- Muircheartach mac Donnchadh mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1478–1512)
- Muiris mac Domhnall Riabhach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1523–1531)
- Muircheartach mac Art Buidhe mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1531–1547)
- Muiris mac Domhnall Riabhach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1523–1531)
- Murchadh mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1531–1557)
- Criomthann mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1557–1582)
- Cormac mac Diarmata, King (1499–1528)
- Dermot an Einigh mac Diarmata, King (1528–1533)
- Eoghan mac Diarmata, King (1533–1534)
- Aedh na Ab mac Diarmata, King (1534–1549)
- Ruaidri mac Diarmata, King (1549–1568)
- Turlough mac Diarmata, King (1568–1576)
Europe: Central
See also: List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire.
- Maximilian I, Emperor Elect (1508–1519), King (1486–1519)
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1530–1556), King (1519–1556)
- Ferdinand I, Emperor Elect (1558–1564), King (1531–1564)
- Rudolph II, Emperor Elect (1576–1612), King (1575–1612)
- Reichsvizekanzlers: Vice Chancellors –
- Balthasar Merklin, Vice Chancellor (1527–1531)
- Matthias von Held, Vice Chancellor (1531–1541)
- Johann von Naves, Vice Chancellor (1541–1547)
- Jakob von Jonas, Vice Chancellor (1547–1558)
- Georg Sigmund Seld, Vice Chancellor (1559–1563)
- Johann Ulrich Zasius, Vice Chancellor (1566–1570)
- Siegmund Vieheuser, Vice Chancellor (1577–1587)
- Johann Wolfgang Freymann, Vice Chancellor (1594–1597)
- Rudolf Coraduz von und zu Nußdorf, Vice Chancellor (1597–1606)
Austria
Habsburg monarchs ruled under numerous simultaneous titles
- Maximilian I, (1493–1519)
Hungary
Poland
- Alexander, King (1501–1506), Grand Duke (1492–1506)
Kingdom of Poland (complete list) –
- Albert, Grand Master (1510–1525), Duke (1525–1568)
Europe: East
- Safa Giray, Khan (1525–1532, 1535–1546, 1546–1549)
Grand Duchy of Lithuania (complete list) –
- Sigismund III Vasa, King and Grand Duke (1587–1632)
- Moldavia (complete list) –
- Ioan Joldea, Voivode (1552)
- Janai ibn Nur Daulat, Sultan (1506–1512)
- Shaykh Allahyar, Khan (1512–1516)
- Mustafa Ali Khan, Khan (1584–1590)
- Imperial commissioners, (1598)
- Radu V, Prince (1522–1523, 1524, 1524–1525, 1525–1529)
- Moise, Prince (1529–1530)
Europe: Nordic
Kalmar Union
- John, King of Denmark (1481–1513), of Norway (1483–1513), of Sweden (1497–1501)
- Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway (1513–1523), of Sweden (1520–1521)
Denmark–Norway
Sweden
- Sigismund, King (1592–1599)
Europe: Southcentral
- Alberico II Malaspina, Marquis (1481–1519)
- Spanish occupation, 1533–1536.
- Julius II, Pope (1503–1513)
- Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1500–1501)
- Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Captains Regent (1501)
- Cristoforo di Giacomino di Bartolo, Biagio di Bartolo Pasini, Captains Regent (1501–1502)
- Antonio di Girolamo, Gabriele di Bartolo, Captains Regent (1502)
- Giuliano di Bartolomeo, Angelo di Paolo Fabbri, Captains Regent (1502–1503)
- Antonio di Bianco, Bartolo di Antonio, Captains Regent (1503)
- Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Giovanni di Cristoforo di Vita, Captains Regent (1503)
- Francesco di Girolamo, Bonifazio di Andrea, Captains Regent (1503–1504)
- Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Marino di Niccolò di Giovanetto, Captains Regent (1504)
- Antonio di Girolamo, Francesco di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1504–1505)
- Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Giuliano di Bartolomeo, Captains Regent (1505)
- Antonio di Bianco, Antonio di Marino Giannini, Captains Regent (1505–1506)
- Andrea di Giorgio Loli, Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Captains Regent (1506)
- Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Captains Regent (1506–1507)
- Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1507)
- Marino di Niccolò di Giovanetto, Leonardo di Giovanni di Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1507–1508)
- Cristoforo Martelli, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1508)
- Antonio di Girolamo, Francesco di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1508–1509)
- Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Antonio di Benetto, Captains Regent (1509)
- Andrea di Giorgio Loli, Antonio di Marino Giannini, Captains Regent (1509–1510)
- Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Andrea di Marino Speranza, Captains Regent (1510)
- Antonio di Bianco, Barnaba di Matteo da Valle, Captains Regent (1510–1511)
- Marino di Niccolò di Giovanetto, Biagio di Bartolo Pasini, Captains Regent (1511)
- Antonio di Girolamo, Giovanni di Cristoforo Vita, Captains Regent (1511–1512)
- Andrea Giangi, Marino di Severo, Captains Regent (1512)
- Leonardo di Giovanni Belluzzi, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1512–1513)
- Cristoforo di Girolamo, Cristoforo Martelli, Captains Regent (1513)
- Antonio di Benetto, Benedetto di Marino Benettini, Captains Regent (1513–1514)
- Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Francesco Giangi, Captains Regent (1514)
- Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Captains Regent (1514–1515)
- Carlo di Cristofaro, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1515)
- Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Antonio di Bartolo, Captains Regent (1515–1516)
- Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Captains Regent (1516)
- Diotallevo Corbelli, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1516–1517)
- Carlo di Cristofaro, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1517)
- Andrea di Bonifazio, Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Captains Regent (1517–1518)
- Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Leonardo di Giovanni Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1518)
- Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Captains Regent (1518–1519)
- Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Pietro di Sabatino di Bianco, Captains Regent (1519)
- Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Francesco di Antonio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1519–1520)
- Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Marino di Severo, Captains Regent (1520)
- Andrea di Bonifazio, Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1520–1521)
- Bartolomeo di Antonio Amanti, Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1521)
- Cristofaro Martelli, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1521–1522)
- Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Giuliano di Bartolomeo, Captains Regent (1522)
- Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Marino di Antonio, Captains Regent (1522–1523)
- Bartolomeo di Antonio, Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1523)
- Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Francesco di Sante di Biagio, Captains Regent (1523–1524)
- Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Leonardo di Giovanni Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1524)
- Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Bartolomeo di Antonio Amanti, Captains Regent (1524–1525)
- Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Captains Regent (1525)
- Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1525–1526)
- Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Federigo di Brandano Calcigni, Captains Regent (1526)
- Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Marino di Severo, Captains Regent (1526–1527)
- Bartolomeo di Antonio Amanti, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1527–1528)
- Melchiorre di Francesco, Diottalevo Corbelli, Giuliano di Marino Righi, Captains Regent (1528)
- Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1528–1529)
- Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Bartolo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1529)
- Lodovico di Pietro Calcigni, Antonio di Pietro Tosini, Captains Regent (1529–1530)
- Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Giacomo di Lodovico Pinti, Captains Regent (1530)
- Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Captains Regent (1530–1531)
- Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1531)
- Polinoro di Antonio Lunardini, Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Captains Regent (1531–1532)
- Carlo di Cristofaro, Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Captains Regent (1532)
- Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1532–1533)
- Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1533)
- Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1533–1534)
- Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Giuliano di Marino Righi, Captains Regent (1534)
- Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1534–1535)
- Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Antonio di Pietro Tontini, Captains Regent (1535)
- Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1535–1536)
- Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1536)
- Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Captains Regent (1536–1537)
- Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Girolamo di Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1537)
- Giuliano di Marino Righi, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1537–1538)
- Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Captains Regent (1538)
- Carlo di Cristofaro Gianolini, Cristofaro di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1538–1539)
- Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Niccolò di Sante di Biagio, Captains Regent (1539)
- Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1539–1540)
- Gio. Antonio di Francesco Belluzzi, Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Captains Regent (1540)
- Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Vincenzo di Bartolo Gombertini, Captains Regent (1540–1541)
- Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Stanghelino di Francesco Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1541)
- Giuliano di Marino Righi, Giacomo di Lodovico Pinti, Captains Regent (1541–1542)
- Polinoro Lunardini, Cristofaro di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1542)
- Carlo Gianolini, Marino Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1542–1543)
- Antonio di Pietro Tontini, Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1543)
- Girolamo Giannini, Carlo di Francesco Lunardini, Captains Regent (1543–1544)
- Polinoro Lunardini, Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1544)
- Giovanni Antonio Belluzzi, Vincenzo Gombertini, Captains Regent (1544–1545)
- Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Innocenzo Brancuti, Captains Regent (1545)
- Giuliano di Marino Righi, Marino Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1545–1546)
- Bonetto di Marino Bonetti, Baldo di Gaspare, Captains Regent (1546)
- Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Bernardino Giannini, Captains Regent (1546–1547)
- Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Stanghelino di Francesco Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1547)
- Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Pier Paolo Bonelli, Captains Regent (1547–1548)
- Bartolo Belluzzi, Giovanni Antonio Belluzzi, Sante di Marco Gori, Captains Regent (1548)
- Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Francesco di Sebastiano Onofri, Captains Regent (1548–1549)
- Giuliano di Marino Righi, Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1549)
- Bartolo Belluzzi, Rinaldo di Giovanni Baldi, Captains Regent (1549–1550)
- Polinoro Lunardini, Biagio di Matteo Tura, Captains Regent (1550)
- Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Cristofaro di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1550–1551)
- Girolamo Giannini, Marino di Andrea, Captains Regent (1551)
- Pier Leone Corbelli, Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1551–1552)
- Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Baldo di Gaspare, Captains Regent (1552)
- Antonio di Piero Tontini, Vincenzo di Giovanni di Andrea, Captains Regent (1552–1553)
- Vincenzo Gombertini, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1553)
- Gio. Antonio Belluzzi, Rinaldo di Giovanni Baldi, Captains Regent (1553–1554)
- Innocenzo Brancuti, Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1554)
- Marc'Antonio Gozi, Francesco di Sebastiano Onofri, Captains Regent (1554–1555)
- Giuliano di Marino Righi, Gio. Antonio di Antonio, Captains Regent (1555)
- Bartolo Belluzzi, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1555–1556)
- Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Bonetto di Marino Bonetti, Captains Regent (1556)
- Antonio Brancuti, Baldo di Gaspare, Captains Regent (1556–1557)
- Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1557)
- Pier Paolo Bonelli, Vincenzo Gombertini, Captains Regent (1557–1558)
- Girolamo Giannini, Francesco di Sebastiano Onofri, Captains Regent (1558)
- Innocenzo Brancuti, Rinaldo di Giovanni Baldi, Captains Regent (1558–1559)
- Bartolo Belluzzi, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1559)
- Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Sinibaldo Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1559–1560)
- Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Vincenzo di Marino di Andrea, Captains Regent (1560)
- Pier Leone Corbelli, Giovanni Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1560–1561)
- Vincenzo Gombertini, Bernardino Giannini, Captains Regent (1561)
- Francesco di Sebastiano Onofri, Francesco di Pier Paolo Martelli, Captains Regent (1561–1562)
- Girolamo Giannini, Claudio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1562)
- Pier Paolo Bonelli, Marc'Antonio Gozi, Captains Regent (1562–1563)
- Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1563)
- Ludovico Belluzzi, Marc'Antonio Bonetti, Captains Regent (1563–1564)
- Gio. Andrea Belluzzi, Rinaldo di Giovanni Baldi, Captains Regent (1564)
- Antonio Brancuti, Benedetto di Bianco, Captains Regent (1564–1565)
- Vincenzo Gombertini, Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1565)
- Bonetto di Marino Bonetti, Marino Bonelli, Captains Regent (1565–1566)
- Marc'Antonio Gozi, Giovanni Antonio di Antonio, Captains Regent (1566)
- Girolamo Giannini, Sebastiano di Cristofaro Giangi, Captains Regent (1566–1567)
- Francesco di Pier Paolo Martelli, Marino di Cristofaro Giangi, Captains Regent (1567)
- Giuliano Corbelli, Giovanni Andrea Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1567–1568)
- Pier Paolo Bonelli, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1568)
- Antonio Brancuti, Liberio Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1568–1569)
- Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1569)
- Ippolito Gombertini, Sinibaldo Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1569–1570)
- Marc'Antonio Gozi, Marc'Antonio Bonetti, Captains Regent (1570)
- Girolamo Giannini, Ascanio di Giacomo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1570–1571)
- Giovanni Antonio Leonardelli, Benedetto di Bianco, Captains Regent (1571)
- Pier Paolo Corbelli, Giovanni Paolo di Giuliano, Captains Regent (1571–1572)
- Innocenzo Brancuti, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1572)
- Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Antonio di Angelo Bellini, Captains Regent (1572–1573)
- Antonio Brancuti, Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1573)
- Marc'Antonio Gozi, Gio. Antonio di Antonio, Captains Regent (1574)
- Giambattista Belluzzi, Benedetto di Bianco, Captains Regent (1574–1575)
- Giuliano Corbelli, Liberio Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1575)
- Girolamo Giannini, Vincenzo di Marino di Andrea, Captains Regent (1575–1576)
- Pier Paolo Corbelli, Sinibaldo Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1576)
- Innocenzo Brancuti, Francesco Onofri, Captains Regent (1576–1577)
- Francesco di Paolo di Giuliano, Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1577)
- Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1577–1578)
- Ippolito Gombertini, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1578)
- Liberio Gabrielli, Ascanio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1578–1579)
- Girolamo Giannini, Benedetto di Bianco, Captains Regent (1579)
- Pier Paolo Corbelli, Marino Bonelli, Captains Regent (1580)
- Giambattista Belluzzi, Sinibaldo Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1580–1581)
- Innocenzo Brancuti, Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1581)
- Giuliano Corbelli, Gio. Paolo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1581–1582)
- Ippolito Gombertini, Pier Marino Cionini, Captains Regent (1582)
- Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1582–1583)
- Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Marc'Antonio Gozi, Captains Regent (1583)
- Pier Paolo Corbelli, Francesco Martelli, Captains Regent (1583–1584)
- Federico Sinibaldi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1584)
- Innocenzo Brancuti, Gio. Lodovico Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1584–1585)
- Bonetto Bonetti, Gio. Maria Giangi, Captains Regent (1585)
- Giuliano Corbelli, Liberio Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1585–1586)
- Ascanio Belluzzi, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1586)
- Paol'Antonio Onofri, Giambattista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1586–1587)
- Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1587–1588)
- Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1588)
- Marc'Aurelio Brancuti, Giambattista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1588–1589)
- Giuliano Corbelli, Liberio Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1589)
- Federico Sinibaldi, Marino Pellicieri, Captains Regent (1589–1590)
- Francesco Giannini, Giambattista Fabbri, Captains Regent (1590)
- Orazio Giannini, Giambattista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1590–1591)
- Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Ottaviano Gozi, Captains Regent (1591–1592)
- Giovanni Paolo Belluzzi, Paol'Antonio Onofri, Captains Regent (1592–1593)
- Giuliano Corbelli, Annibale Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1593)
- Giambattista Belluzzi, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1593–1594)
- Fabrizio Belluzzi, Francesco Maria Corbelli, Captains Regent (1595)
- Pier Marino Cionini, Lattanzio Valli, Captains Regent (1595–1596)
- Orazio Belluzzi, Matteo Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1596)
- Paolo Antonio Onofri, Gio. Francesco Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1597)
- Pier Marino Cionini, Giambattista Fabbri, Captains Regent (1599)
- Orazio Belluzzi, Lattanzio Valli, Captains Regent (1599–1600)
- Pier Francesco Bonetti, Belluzzo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1600)
- Cosimo I, Duke (1537–1569), Grand Duke (1569–1574)
- Marino Grimani, Doge (1595–1606)
Southern Italy
Malta
Europe: Southwest
Andorra
- Joan d'Espés, Episcopal Co-Prince (1515–1530)
- Pedro Jordán de Urries, Episcopal Co-Prince (1532–1533)
- Miquel Despuig, Episcopal Co-Prince (1552–1556)
- Juan Pérez Garcia de Oliván, Episcopal Co-Prince (1556–1560)
- Pere de Castellet, Episcopal Co-Prince (1561–1571)
- Joan Dimes Lloris, Episcopal Co-Prince (1571–1576)
- Miquel Jeroni Morell, Episcopal Co-Prince (1578–1579)
- Hug Ambrós de Montcada, Episcopal Co-Prince (1579–1586)
- Andreu Capella, Episcopal Co-Prince (1588–1609)
- Catherine, French Co-Princess (1483–1512, 1513–1517)
- Joan III, French Co-Princess (1555–1572)
Navarre
- Alfonso, Count (1512–1533)
- Martin, Count (1533–1565, 1573–1581)
- John Alfonso, Count (1565–1573)
- Ferdinand, Count (1581–1592)
- Francis, Count (1592–1598)
Portugal
Spain
Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon
- Monarchs (complete list) –
Europe: West
France
Ancien Régime (complete list) –
- Catherine de' Medici, Count (1524–1589)
- Anne, Duchess (1488–1514)
- François II, Duke (1562–1563)
- Jacques, Duchess (1563–1564)
Low Countries
For the preceding rulers, look under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire
For the preceding rulers, see the County of Drenthe under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire
For the preceding rulers, see the Lordship of Frisia under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire
For the preceding rulers, see the Lordship of Groningen under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire
For the preceding rulers, see the Duchy of Guelders under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire
For the preceding rulers, look under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire
For the preceding rulers, see the Lordship of Overijssel under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire
Eurasia: Caucasus
Azerbaijan
- Huseyn Ali, Khan (1680–1721)
Georgia
- Rostom, King (1588–1589, 1590–1605)
rule by the Kingdom of Kartli (1513–1520)
- Simon I, King (1556–1569, 1578–1599)
Russia: Dagestan
- Surkhay II ibn Chopan, Shamkhal (1605–1614)
- Andia ibn Chopan, Shamkhal (1614–1623)
- Eldar ibn Surkhay, Shamkhal (1623–1635)
- Aidemir ibn Sultan Mahmud, Shamkhal (1635–1640)
- Alibek II ibn Tuchilav, Khan (1642–1700)
- Surkhay ibn Garai-Bek, Khan (1700–1741)
Oceania
Chile: Easter Island
- Mahaki Tapu Vae Iti (Mahiki Tapuakiti), King (?)
- Ngau-ka Te Mahaki or Tuu Koiho (Ko-Tuu-ihu?), King (?)
- Marama Ariki, King (c.1600)
Tonga
- Vakalahi-Moheʻuli, King (c.1550)
- Moʻunga ʻo Tonga, King (?)
United States: Hawaii
- Hākau, supreme high chief (1495–1510)
- Keawenuiaʻumi, supreme high chief (1545–1575)
- Kaikilani, supreme high chief (female) (1575–1605)
See also
Notes and References
- Joyce (M.A.) & Torday (E.), Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées, les Bushongo. Bruxelles 1910; page 17–19
- Information about pre-Oromo kings from Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia), (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), pp. 28–30.
- Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia) (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), p. 64.
- C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lvi. Amnon Orent, "Refocusing on the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes" in African Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1970), p. 268.
- C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), pp. lxv – lxvii.
- Book: MacMichael, H. A. . A History of the Arabs in the Sudan and Some Account of the People Who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Dárfūr . https://archive.org/stream/ahistoryarabsin00macmgoog#page/n475/mode/1up . II . 1922 . Cambridge University Press . 264942362 . 431 . Appendix I: The Chronology of the Fung Kings.
- Book: Holt, Peter Malcolm . The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle 910–1288 / 1504–1871 . https://books.google.com/books?id=nF1hWJQusxIC&pg=PA182 . Islamic History and Civilization, 26 . 1999 . BRILL . Leiden . 978-90-04-11256-8 . 182–186 . Genealogical Tables and King-Lists.
- Book: Ben-Amos . The Art of Benin Revised Edition. 1995 . 32.
- The Tarikh al-Sudan states that Askiya Nuh ruled for 7 years.
- Dates calculated on the basis of Lange, Diwan, 77-94; id., Kingdoms, 552.
- From now on dates follow Lange, Diwan, 80-94.
- Ba, Abdou Bouri, « Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip » (avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 38, série B, numéro 4, octobre 1976 Web site: Ba Abdou Bouri, Essai sur l'histoire du Saloum et du Rip . 2012-03-09 . dead . https://archive.today/20130415030835/http://www.histoire-ucad.org/archives/index.php/remository.html?func=fileinfo&id=36 . 2013-04-15 .
- Web site: Ahuítzotl, "El espinoso del agua" (1486–1502). Archeologia Mexicana. es . June 4, 2019. Ahuítzotl, "Thorny Water" (1486–1502).
- Web site: Juan Velázquez, 12th Aztec Emperor. Geni.com. February 11, 2015. June 4, 2019.
- Web site: Los gobernantes que siguieron a Moctezuma, Cuitláhuac y Cuahutémoc. El Bable. December 16, 2015. es. The governors of Mexico who followed Moctezuma, Cuitláhuac, and Cuauhtémoc. June 4, 2019.
- Web site: Cortes Meets Xicotencatl, Tlaxcala Chief. American Historical Association. June 5, 2019.
- Web site: Zapotecs (Mesoamerica). The History Files. June 4, 2019.
- Web site: COSIJOEZA Y COSIJOPÍ SICASIBI..REYES ZAPOTECAS!!!. Zapotecos del Mundo. April 24, 2011. June 7, 2019. es. Cosijoeza and Cosijoi Sicasibi... Zapoteca Kings!. Xhuncu. Istmeño Oaxaqueño.
- Web site: Tawantinsuyu / Emperors of the Incas. The History Files. June 4, 2019.
- L. Petech (1980), 'Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-rang: A new study', The Central Asiatic Journal 24, pp. 85–111; R. Vitali (1996), The kingdoms of Gu.ge Pu.hrang. Dharamsala: Tho.ling gtsug.lag.khang.
- [Giuseppe Tucci]
- [Giuseppe Tucci]
- [Giuseppe Tucci]
- De Graaf & Pigeaud (1974), p. 156–68; Truhart (2003), p. 1235.
- Arifin (1995); De Graaf & Pigeaud (1974), p. 192–8.
- De Graaf & Pigeaud (1974), p. 179–84.
- Hall (1981), p. 972; Stokvis, Sultan (1888); Truhart (2003), p. 1228–9.
- Sutherland (1973–1974).
- Nagtegaal (1995); Werdisastra (1996).
- Coolhaas, W.Ph. (1923) "Kronijk van het rijk Batjan", Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 63.
- The pedigree and chronology of the sultans is only partly known; see Schurhammer, F. (1973–1982) Francis Xavier; His Life, His Times, Vol. I–IV. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute; Jacobs, Hubert (1974–1984) Documenta Malucensia, Vol. I–III. Rome: Jesuit Historical Society; Fraassen, c.van (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Leiden University (PhD Thesis).
- Katoppo, Elvianus (1957) Nuku, Sulthan Sadul Djehad Muhammad el Mabus Amirudin Sjah, Kaitjili Paparangan, Sulthan Tidore. Kilatmadju Bina Budhaja; Widjojo, Muridan (2009) The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780–1810. Leiden: Brill. The exact genealogy of the rulers before the mid-17th century is not known by the local historical tradition; for the known details, see Clercq, F.S.A. de (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill.
- Book: de Aganduru Moriz, Rodrigo. Historia general de las Islas Occidentales a la Asia adyacentes, llamadas Philipinas. Colección de Documentos inéditos para la historia de España, v.78–79.. Impr. de Miguel Ginesta. 1882. Madrid.
- Markó 2000, p. 110.
- Barta 1994, pp. 252., 259-260.
- Szegedi 2009, p. 101.
- Markó 2000, pp. 99-100.
- Barta 1994, pp. 260., 264-265.
- Markó 2000, pp. 101-102.
- Barta 1994, pp. 263., 293-297.
- Markó 2000, pp. 97-98.
- Barta 1994, pp. 295-296.
- Barta 1994, p. 296.
- Markó 2000, pp. 112-113.
- Pop 2009, pp. 82-83.
- Barta 1994, p. 297.
- Book: Norwich, John J. . John Julius Norwich . A History of Venice . A History of Venice . . 1983 . 363 . 0140066233.