List of Space Shuttle missions explained

The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration). Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development.^[1] Operational missions launched numerous satellites, conducted science experiments in orbit, and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station (ISS). The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.

From 1981 to 2011 a total of 135 missions were flown, all launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. During that time period the fleet logged 1,322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds of flight time.^[2] The longest orbital flight of the Shuttle was STS-80 at 17 days 15 hours, while the shortest flight was STS-51-L at one minute 13 seconds when the Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart during launch. The cold morning shrunk an O-Ring on the right Solid Rocket Booster causing the external fuel tank to explode. The shuttles docked with Russian space station Mir nine times and visited the ISS thirty-seven times. The highest altitude (apogee) achieved by the shuttle was when deploying the Hubble Space Telescope.^[3] The program flew a total of 355 people representing 16 countries, and with 852 total shuttle fliers.^[4] The Kennedy Space Center served as the landing site for 78 missions, while 54 missions landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California and one mission landed at White Sands, New Mexico.^[5]

The first orbiter built, Enterprise, was used for atmospheric flight tests (ALT) but future plans to upgrade it to orbital capability were ultimately canceled. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. Challenger and Columbia were destroyed in mission accidents in 1986 and 2003 respectively, killing a total of fourteen astronauts. A fifth operational orbiter, Endeavour, was built in 1991 to replace Challenger. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of STS-135 by Atlantis on 21 July 2011.

Flight numbering

The U.S. Space Shuttle program was officially referred to as the Space Transportation System (STS). Specific shuttle missions were therefore designated with the prefix "STS". Initially, the launches were given sequential numbers indicating order of launch, such as STS-7. Subsequent to the Apollo 13 mishap, due to Administrator of NASA James M. Beggs's triskaidekaphobia and consequent unwillingness to number a forthcoming flight as STS-13,^{[6] [7] [8] [9]} beginning in 1984, each mission was assigned a code, such as STS-41-B, with the first digit (or pair of digits for years 1990 and beyond) indicating the federal fiscal year offset into the program (so 41-B was scheduled for FY 1984, 51-A thru 51-L originally for FY 1985, and the third flight in FY 1995 would have been named 151-C), the second digit indicating the launch site (1 was Kennedy Space Center and 2 was Space Launch Complex 6 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, although Vandenberg was never used), and the letter indicating scheduling sequence.^[10] These codes were assigned when the launches were initially scheduled and were not changed as missions were delayed or rescheduled. The codes were adopted from STS-41-B through STS-51-L (although the highest code used was actually STS-61-C), and the sequential numbers were used internally at NASA on all processing paperwork.

After the Challenger disaster, NASA returned to using a sequential numbering system, with the number counting from the beginning of the STS program. Unlike the initial system, however, the numbers were assigned based on the initial mission schedule, and did not always reflect actual launch order. This numbering scheme started at 26, with the first flight as STS-26R—the R suffix stood for "reflight" to disambiguate from prior missions. The suffix was used for two years through STS-33R, then the R was dropped. As a result of the changes in systems, flights under different numbering systems could have the same number with one having a letter appended, e.g. flight STS-51 (a mission carried out by Discovery in 1993) was many years after STS-51-A (Discovery's second flight in 1984). It wasn't until STS-127 in 2009 where the flight numbering system returned to a standard and consistent order.

Shuttle flights

Atmospheric flight tests

See main article: Approach and Landing Tests.

The Approach and Landing Test program encompassed 16 separate tests of Enterprise, covering taxi tests, uncrewed and crewed flights on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA), and finally the free flight tests. The following list includes the free-flight tests, durations listed count only the orbiter free-flight time. The list does not include total time aloft along with airborne time atop of the SCA.

Order	Launch date	Mission	Shuttle	Crew	Duration	Landing site	Notes
scope=row	1	12 August 1977	ALT-12	Enterprise	2	00 h 05 m	Edwards	First free flight First non-captive flight of Enterprise First landing at Edwards Air Force Base	^[11] ^[12]
scope=row	2	13 September 1977	ALT-13	Enterprise	2	00 h 05 m	Edwards	Second free flight
scope=row	3	23 September 1977	ALT-14	Enterprise	2	00 h 05 m	Edwards	Third free flight
scope=row	4	12 October 1977	ALT-15	Enterprise	2	00 h 02 m	Edwards	Fourth free flight First flight without tailcone (operational configuration)
scope=row	5	26 October 1977	ALT-16	Enterprise	2	00 h 02 m	Edwards	Final free flight Final non-captive flight of Enterprise First landing on runway rather than lakebed

Launches and orbital flights

Order	Launch date	Mission	Shuttle	Crew	Duration	Launch pad	Landing site	Notes
scope=row	1	12:00:04 UTC 07:00:04 EST	STS-1	Columbia	2	02d 06h	LC-39A	Edwards	First orbital flight test First reusable orbital spacecraft flight Maiden flight of Columbia Maiden flight of the Space Shuttle program
scope=row	2	15:10:00 UTC 10:10:00 EST	STS-2	Columbia	2	02d 06h	LC-39A	Edwards	Second orbital flight test First reuse of a crewed orbital space vehicle First test of Canadarm robot arm Truncated due to fuel cell problem Shortest orbital mission flown
scope=row	3	16:00:00 UTC 11:00:00 EST	STS-3	Columbia	2	08d 00h	LC-39A	White Sands	Third orbital test Only landing at White Sands, New Mexico	^[13]
scope=row	4	15:00:00 UTC 11:00:00 EDT	STS-4	Columbia	2	07d 01h	LC-39A	Edwards	Fourth and final orbital flight test First Department of Defense (DoD) payload	^[14] ^[15]
scope=row	5	12:19:00 UTC 07:19:00 EST	STS-5	Columbia	4	05d 02h	LC-39A	Edwards	Multiple comsat deployments First Extravehicular activity of program canceled due to suit problems	^[16]
scope=row	6	18:30:00 UTC 13:30:00 EST	STS-6	Challenger	4	05d 00h	LC-39A	Edwards	Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-A) deployment Maiden flight of Challenger First Space Shuttle Extravehicular activity	^[17]
scope=row	7	11:33:00 UTC 07:33:00 EDT	STS-7	Challenger	5	06d 02h	LC-39A	Edwards	First American woman in space, Sally Ride Multiple comsat deployments First deployment and retrieval of a Shuttle pallet satellite	^[18]
scope=row	8	06:32:00 UTC 02:32:00 EDT	STS-8	Challenger	5	06d 01h	LC-39A	Edwards	Comsat deployment First flight of an African American in space, Guion Bluford Test of robot arm on heavy payloads with Payload Flight Test Article First night launch First night landing	^[19]
scope=row	9	16:00:00 UTC 11:00:00 EST	STS-9	Columbia	6	10d 07h	LC-39A	Edwards	First Spacelab mission First European Space Agency Astronaut on a shuttle mission, Ulf Merbold	^[20]
scope=row	10	13:00:00 UTC 08:00:00 EST	STS-41-B	Challenger	5	07d 23h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Deployed two Comsats First untethered spacewalk by Bruce McCandless II with Manned Maneuvering Unit First landing at Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Dry run of equipment for Solar Maximum Mission rescue	^[21]
scope=row	11	13:58:00 UTC 08:58:00 EST	STS-41-C	Challenger	5	06d 23h	LC-39A	Edwards	Solar Maximum Mission servicing First satellite rescue by astronauts Long Duration Exposure Facility deployment	^[22] ^[23]
scope=row	12	12:41:50 UTC 08:41:50 EDT	STS-41-D	Discovery	6	06d 00h	LC-39A	Edwards	Multiple comsat deployments Maiden flight of Discovery Test of OAST-1 Solar Array	^[24]
scope=row	13	11:03:00 UTC 07:03:00 EDT	STS-41-G	Challenger	7	08d 05h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Earth Radiation Budget Satellite deployment First flight of two women in space, Sally Ride and Kathryn Sullivan First spacewalk by American woman, Sullivan First Canadian in space, Marc Garneau	^[25]
scope=row	14	12:15:00 UTC 07:15:00 EST	STS-51-A	Discovery	5	07d 23h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Multiple comsat deployments Retrieval of two other comsats (Palapa B2 and Westar VI), which were subsequently refurbished on Earth and reflown	^[26]
scope=row	15	19:50:00 UTC 14:50:00 EST	STS-51-C	Discovery	5	03d 01h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	First classified Department of Defense (DoD) mission Magnum satellite deployment	^[27]
scope=row	16	13:59:05 UTC 08:59:05 EST	STS-51-D	Discovery	7	06d 23h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Multiple comsat deployments First flight of a sitting politician in space, Jake Garn First impromptu Extravehicular activity of program to fix Syncom F3 (Leasat 3)	^[28]
scope=row	17	16:02:18 UTC 12:02:18 EDT	STS-51-B	Challenger	7	07d 00h	LC-39A	Edwards	First mission with Spacelab module in a fully operational configuration Conducted experiments in microgravity First African-American Space Shuttle pilot, Frederick D. Gregory	^[29]
scope=row	18	11:33:00 UTC 07:33:00 EDT	STS-51-G	Discovery	7	07d 01h	LC-39A	Edwards	Multiple comsat deployments Flight of first member of royalty, Saudi, Muslim, and Arab in space, Sultan bin Salman Al Saud	^[30]
scope=row	19	22:00:00 UTC 18:00:00 EDT	STS-51-F	Challenger	7	07d 22h	LC-39A	Edwards	Spacelab mission Abort to Orbit. Faulty temperature sensor incorrectly indicated that fuel turbine discharge temperature exceeded the limit. Therefore, one main engine was shut down at T+345 s, resulting in a much lower orbit than planned. All mission objectives achieved	^[31]
scope=row	20	10:58:01 UTC 06:58:01 EDT	STS-51-I	Discovery	5	07d 02h	LC-39A	Edwards	Multiple comsat deployments Rescue of Syncom F3 (Leasat-3)	^[32]
scope=row	21	15:15:30 UTC 11:15:30 EDT	STS-51-J	Atlantis	5	04d 01h	LC-39A	Edwards	Second classified DoD mission Defense Satellite Communications System satellite deployment Maiden flight of Atlantis	^[33]
scope=row	22	17:00:00 UTC 12:00:00 EST	STS-61-A	Challenger	8	07d 00h	LC-39A	Edwards	Largest crew on a spaceflight Third flight of Spacelab Spacelab-D1 microgravity experiments Mission funded by West Germany Last successful mission of Challenger	^[34]
scope=row	23	24:29:00 UTC 19:29:00 EST	STS-61-B	Atlantis	7	06d 21h	LC-39A	Edwards	Multiple comsat deployment EASE/ACCESS experiment First Mexican in space, Rodolfo Neri Vela	^[35]
scope=row	24	11:55:00 UTC 06:55:00 EST	STS-61-C	Columbia	7	06d 02h	LC-39A	Edwards	Comsat deployment Flight of US Representative Bill Nelson Second African-American Space Shuttle pilot, Charles Bolden Last successful mission before STS-51-L	^[36]
scope=row	25	16:38:00 UTC 11:38:00 EST	STS-51-L	Challenger	7	00d 00h 01m 13s	LC-39B		Planned tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-B) deployment Teacher in space flight First Space Shuttle launch from LC-39B SRB leak destroyed the orbiter and killed crew	^[37]
scope=row	26	15:37:00 UTC 11:37:00 EDT	STS-26	Discovery	5	04d 01h	LC-39B	Edwards	Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-C) deployment First post-Challenger flight	^[38]
scope=row	27	14:30:34 UTC 09:30:34 EST	STS-27	Atlantis	5	04d 09h	LC-39B	Edwards	Third classified DoD mission Lacrosse 1 deployment Heavy damage to the thermal protection system resulted in extreme heat damage to the right wing	^[39] ^[40]
scope=row	28	14:57:00 UTC 09:57:00 EST	STS-29	Discovery	5	04d 23h	LC-39B	Edwards	Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-D) deployment IMAX camera Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element I space station radiator experiment	^[41]
scope=row	29	18:46:59 UTC 14:46:59 EDT	STS-30	Atlantis	5	04d 00h	LC-39B	Edwards	Magellan Venus probe deployment	^[42]
scope=row	30	12:37:00 UTC 08:37:00 EDT	STS-28	Columbia	5	05d 01h	LC-39B	Edwards	Fourth classified DoD mission Satellite Data System deployment	^[43]
scope=row	31	16:53:40 UTC 12:53:40 EDT	STS-34	Atlantis	5	04d 23h	LC-39B	Edwards	Galileo Jupiter probe deployment IMAX camera	^[44]
scope=row	32	24:23:30 UTC 19:23:30 EST	STS-33	Discovery	5	05d 00h	LC-39B	Edwards	Fifth classified DoD mission Deployment of Magnum First African-American Space Shuttle commander, Frederick D. Gregory	^[45] ^[46]
scope=row	33	12:35:00 UTC 07:35:00 EST	STS-32	Columbia	5	10d 21h	LC-39A	Edwards	Syncom IV-F5 satellite deployment Long Duration Exposure Facility retrieval IMAX camera	^[47]
scope=row	34	07:50:22 UTC 02:50:22 EST	STS-36	Atlantis	5	04d 10h	LC-39A	Edwards	Sixth classified DoD mission Misty reconnaissance satellite deployment	^[48]
scope=row	35	12:33:51 UTC 08:33:51 EDT	STS-31	Discovery	5	05d 01h	LC-39B	Edwards	Hubble Space Telescope (HST) deployment	^[49]
scope=row	36	11:47:15 UTC 07:47:15 EDT	STS-41	Discovery	5	04d 02h	LC-39B	Edwards	Ulysses/Inertial Upper Stage solar probe deployment	^[50]
scope=row	37	23:48:15 UTC 18:48:15 EST	STS-38	Atlantis	5	04d 21h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Seventh classified DoD mission Likely SDS2-2 deployed	^[51]
scope=row	38	06:49:01 UTC 01:49:01 EST	STS-35	Columbia	7	08d 23h	LC-39B	Edwards	Use of ASTRO-1 observatory	^[52]
scope=row	39	14:22:45 UTC 09:22:45 EST	STS-37	Atlantis	5	05d 23h	LC-39B	Edwards	Compton Gamma Ray Observatory deployment and EVA repair	^[53]
scope=row	40	11:33:14 UTC 07:33:14 EDT	STS-39	Discovery	7	08d 07h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	First unclassified DoD mission (eighth DoD mission overall) Military science experiments	^[54]
scope=row	41	13:24:51 UTC 09:24:51 EDT	STS-40	Columbia	7	09d 02h	LC-39B	Edwards	Spacelab mission	^[55]
scope=row	42	15:02:00 UTC 11:02:00 EDT	STS-43	Atlantis	5	08d 21h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-E) deployment	^[56]
scope=row	43	23:11:04 UTC 19:11:04 EDT	STS-48	Discovery	5	05d 08h	LC-39A	Edwards	Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite deployment	^[57]
scope=row	44	23:44:00 UTC 18:44:00 EST	STS-44	Atlantis	6	06d 22h	LC-39A	Edwards	Second unclassified DoD mission (ninth DoD mission overall) DSP satellite deployment	^[58]
scope=row	45	14:52:33 UTC 09:52:33 EST	STS-42	Discovery	7	08d 01h	LC-39A	Edwards	Spacelab mission First Canadian woman in space, Roberta Bondar	^[59]
scope=row	46	13:13:40 UTC 08:13:40 EST	STS-45	Atlantis	7	08d 22h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ATLAS-1 science platform Second African-American Space Shuttle commander, Charles Bolden	^[60]
scope=row	47	23:40:00 UTC 19:40:00 EDT	STS-49	Endeavour	7	08d 21h	LC-39B	Edwards	Intelsat VI hand-retrieval and repair Maiden flight of Endeavour First three-person Extravehicular activity Assembly of Station by EVA Methods (ASEM) space station truss experiment EVA Record four EVAs total for mission First landing with a drag chute	^[61]
scope=row	48	16:12:23 UTC 12:12:23 EDT	STS-50	Columbia	7	13d 19h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Spacelab mission	^[62]
scope=row	49	13:56:48 UTC 09:56:48 EDT	STS-46	Atlantis	7	07d 23h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Deployment of EURECA Deployment of National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Italian Space Agency Tethered Satellite System (TSS)	^[63]
scope=row	50	14:23:00 UTC 10:23:00 EDT	STS-47	Endeavour	7	07d 22h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Spacelab-J First flight of an African-American woman in space, Mae Jemison First and only flight of a married couple in space, Mark C. Lee and Jan Davis Japan funded mission	^[64]
scope=row	51	17:09:39 UTC 13:09:39 EDT	STS-52	Columbia	6	09d 20h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	LAGEOS II deployment Microgravity experiments	^[65]
scope=row	52	13:24:00 UTC 08:24:00 EST	STS-53	Discovery	5	07d 07h	LC-39A	Edwards	Partially classified 10th and final DoD mission Likely deployment of SDS2 satellite	^[66]
scope=row	53	13:59:30 UTC 08:59:30 EST	STS-54	Endeavour	5	05d 23h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-F) deployment	^[67]
scope=row	54	05:29:00 UTC 01:29:00 EDT	STS-56	Discovery	5	09d 06h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	ATLAS-2 science platform	^[68]
scope=row	55	14:50:00 UTC 10:50:00 EDT	STS-55	Columbia	7	09d 23h	LC-39A	Edwards	Spacelab-D2 Mission funded by Germany	^[69]
scope=row	56	13:07:22 UTC 09:07:22 EDT	STS-57	Endeavour	6	09d 23h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Scientific Experiments aboard the SPACEHAB module Retrieval of EURECA	^[70]
scope=row	57	11:45:00 UTC 07:45:00 EDT	STS-51	Discovery	5	09d 20h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	ACTS satellite deployed Orbiting Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer with IMAX camera deployed First night landing at Kennedy Space Center	^[71]
scope=row	58	14:53:10 UTC 10:53:10 EDT	STS-58	Columbia	7	14d 00h	LC-39B	Edwards	Spacelab mission	^[72]
scope=row	59	09:27:00 UTC 04:27:00 EST	STS-61	Endeavour	7	10d 19h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	First Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission	^[73]
scope=row	60	12:10:00 UTC 07:10:00 EST	STS-60	Discovery	6	07d 06h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	SPACEHAB Wake Shield Facility First Russian cosmonaut to fly on the Space Shuttle, Sergei Krikalev	^[74]
scope=row	61	13:53:00 UTC 08:53:00 EST	STS-62	Columbia	5	13d 23h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Microgravity experiments	^[75]
scope=row	62	11:05:00 UTC 07:05:00 EDT	STS-59	Endeavour	6	11d 05h	LC-39A	Edwards	Experiments aboard Shuttle Radar Laboratory-1	^[76]
scope=row	63	04:43:00 UTC 00:43:00 EDT	STS-65	Columbia	7	14d 17h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Spacelab mission First Japanese woman in space, Chiaki Mukai	^[77]
scope=row	64	22:22:05 UTC 18:22:05 EDT	STS-64	Discovery	6	10d 22h	LC-39B	Edwards	Multiple science experiments SPARTAN	^[78]
scope=row	65	11:16:00 UTC 07:16:00 EDT	STS-68	Endeavour	6	11d 05h	LC-39A	Edwards	Experiments aboard Space Radar Laboratory-2	^[79]
scope=row	66	16:59:43 UTC 11:59:43 EST	STS-66	Atlantis	6	10d 22h	LC-39B	Edwards	ATLAS-3 science platform	^[80]
scope=row	67	05:22:04 UTC 00:22:04 EST	STS-63	Discovery	6	08d 06h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Mir rendezvous SPACEHAB IMAX camera First female Space Shuttle pilot, Eileen Collins	^[81]
scope=row	68	06:38:13 UTC 01:38:13 EST	STS-67	Endeavour	7	16d 15h	LC-39A	Edwards	ASTRO-2 Deployment	^[82]
scope=row	69	19:32:19 UTC 15:32:19 EDT	STS-71	Atlantis	7/8	09d 19h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	First Shuttle-Mir docking	^[83]
scope=row	70	13:41:55 UTC 09:41:55 EDT	STS-70	Discovery	5	08d 22h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-G) deployment	^[84]
scope=row	71	15:09:00 UTC 11:09:00 EDT	STS-69	Endeavour	5	10d 20h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Wake Shield Facility SPARTAN	^[85]
scope=row	72	13:53:00 UTC 09:53:00 EDT	STS-73	Columbia	7	15d 21h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Spacelab mission	^[86]
scope=row	73	12:30:43 UTC 07:30:43 EST	STS-74	Atlantis	5	08d 04h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Second Shuttle-Mir docking Delivered docking module Delivered IMAX cargo bay camera	^[87]
scope=row	74	09:41:00 UTC 04:41:00 EST	STS-72	Endeavour	6	08d 22h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Retrieved Japan's Space Flyer Unit 2 Extravehicular activities	^[88]
scope=row	75	20:18:00 UTC 15:18:00 EST	STS-75	Columbia	7	15d 17h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Tethered satellite reflight, lost due to broken tether	^[89]
scope=row	76	08:13:04 UTC 03:13:04 EST	STS-76	Atlantis	6/5	09d 05h	LC-39B	Edwards	Shuttle-Mir docking	^[90]
scope=row	77	10:30:00 UTC 06:30:00 EDT	STS-77	Endeavour	6	10d 00h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	SPACEHAB SPARTAN	^[91]
scope=row	78	14:49:00 UTC 10:49:00 EDT	STS-78	Columbia	7	16d 21h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Spacelab mission	^[92]
scope=row	79	08:54:49 UTC 04:54:49 EDT	STS-79	Atlantis	6/6	10d 03h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Shuttle-Mir docking	^[93]
scope=row	80	19:55:47 UTC 14:55:47 EST	STS-80	Columbia	5	17d 15h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Wake Shield Facility Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer-Shuttle Pallet Satellite (ORFEUS) II Longest Space Shuttle mission flown Story Musgrave becomes the only astronaut to fly on all five Space Shuttle orbiters	^[94]
scope=row	81	09:27:23 UTC 04:27:23 EST	STS-81	Atlantis	6/6	10d 04h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Shuttle-Mir docking	^[95]
scope=row	82	08:55:17 UTC 03:55:17 EST	STS-82	Discovery	7	09d 23h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Hubble Space Telescope servicing Only HST servicing mission to carry a crew member from STS-31, Steven Hawley	^[96]
scope=row	83	19:20:32 UTC 14:20:32 EST	STS-83	Columbia	7	03d 23h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Spacelab mission Truncated due to fuel cell problem Second female Space Shuttle pilot, Susan L. Still	^[97]
scope=row	84	08:07:48 UTC 04:07:48 EDT	STS-84	Atlantis	7/7	09d 05h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Shuttle-Mir docking	^[98]
scope=row	85	18:02:00 UTC 14:02:00 EDT	STS-94	Columbia	7	15d 16h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Spacelab mission Reflight of STS-83	^[99]
scope=row	86	14:41:00 UTC 10:41:00 EDT	STS-85	Discovery	6	11d 20h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Deployed and retrieved Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite-2 (CRISTA-SPAS)	^[100]
scope=row	87	14:34:19 UTC 10:34:19 EDT	STS-86	Atlantis	7/7	10d 19h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Shuttle-Mir docking	^[101]
scope=row	88	19:46:00 UTC 14:46:00 EST	STS-87	Columbia	6	15d 16h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Microgravity experiments 2 Extravehicular activities SPARTAN First spaceflight by a woman of Indian origin, Kalpana Chawla First Ukrainian astronaut, Leonid Kadeniuk	^[102]
scope=row	89	02:48:15 UTC 21:48:15 EST	STS-89	Endeavour	7/7	08d 19h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Shuttle-Mir docking	^[103]
scope=row	90	18:19:00 UTC 14:19:00 EDT	STS-90	Columbia	7	15d 21h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Spacelab mission	^[104]
scope=row	91	22:06:24 UTC 18:06:24 EDT	STS-91	Discovery	6/7	09d 19h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Last Shuttle-Mir docking	^[105]
scope=row	92	19:19:34 UTC 14:19:34 EST	STS-95	Discovery	7	08d 21h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	SPACEHAB John Glenn flies again	^[106]
scope=row	93	08:35:34 UTC 03:35:34 EST	STS-88	Endeavour	6	11d 19h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 2A: Node 1 First Shuttle ISS assembly flight	^[107]
scope=row	94	10:49:42 UTC 06:49:42 EDT	STS-96	Discovery	7	09d 19h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	ISS supply	^[108]
scope=row	95	04:31:00 UTC 00:31:00 EDT	STS-93	Columbia	5	04d 22h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Chandra X-ray Observatory deployed First female Space Shuttle commander, Eileen Collins	^[109]
scope=row	96	00:50:00 UTC 19:50:00 EST	STS-103	Discovery	7	07d 23h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	Hubble Space Telescope servicing	^[110]
scope=row	97	16:43:40 UTC 12:43:40 EDT	STS-99	Endeavour	6	11d 05h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Shuttle Radar Topography Mission	^[111]
scope=row	98	10:11:10 UTC 06:11:10 EDT	STS-101	Atlantis	7	09d 21h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS supply	^[112]
scope=row	99	12:45:47 UTC 08:45:47 EDT	STS-106	Atlantis	7	11d 19h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	ISS supply	^[113]
scope=row	100	23:17:00 UTC 18:17:00 EST	STS-92	Discovery	7	12d 21h	LC-39A	Edwards	ISS assembly flight 3A: Z1 truss Third female Space Shuttle pilot, Pamela Melroy	^[114]
scope=row	101	03:06:01 UTC 22:06:01 EST	STS-97	Endeavour	5	10d 19h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 4A: P6 solar arrays, radiators 100th successful mission	^[115]
scope=row	102	23:13:02 UTC 18:13:02 EST	STS-98	Atlantis	5	12d 21h	LC-39A	Edwards	ISS assembly flight 5A: Destiny lab	^[116]
scope=row	103	11:42:09 UTC 06:42:09 EST	STS-102	Discovery	7/7	12d 19h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	ISS supply and crew rotation	^[117]
scope=row	104	18:40:42 UTC 14:40:42 EDT	STS-100	Endeavour	7	11d 21h	LC-39A	Edwards	ISS assembly flight 6A: robotic arm First spacewalk by a Canadian, Chris Hadfield	^[118]
scope=row	105	09:03:59 UTC 05:03:59 EDT	STS-104	Atlantis	5	12d 18h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 7A: Quest Joint Airlock	^[119]
scope=row	106	21:10:14 UTC 17:10:14 EDT	STS-105	Discovery	7/7	11d 21h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS supply and crew rotation	^[120]
scope=row	107	22:19:28 UTC 17:19:28 EST	STS-108	Endeavour	7/7	11d 19h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	ISS supply and crew rotation	^[121]
scope=row	108	11:22:02 UTC 06:22:02 EST	STS-109	Columbia	7	10d 22h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Hubble Space Telescope servicing Last successful mission for Columbia	^[122]
scope=row	109	20:44:19 UTC 16:44:19 EDT	STS-110	Atlantis	7	10d 19h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 8A: S0 truss Jerry L. Ross becomes the first astronaut to make seven spaceflights	^[123]
scope=row	110	21:22:49 UTC 17:22:49 EDT	STS-111	Endeavour	7/7	13d 20h	LC-39A	Edwards	ISS supply and crew rotation Mobile Base System Franklin Chang-Díaz becomes the second astronaut to make seven spaceflights	^[124]
scope=row	111	19:45:51 UTC 15:45:51 EDT	STS-112	Atlantis	6	10d 19h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 9A: S1 truss	^[125]
scope=row	112	00:49:47 UTC 19:49:47 EST	STS-113	Endeavour	7/7	13d 18h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 11A: P1 truss, crew rotation Last successful mission before STS-107	^[126]
scope=row	113	15:39:00 UTC 10:39:00 EST	STS-107	Columbia	7	15d 22h	LC-39A		SPACEHAB First Israeli in space, Ilan Ramon Re-entry breakup disintegrated the orbiter and killed crew	^[127]
scope=row	114	14:39:00 UTC 10:39:00 EDT	STS-114	Discovery	7	13d 21h	LC-39B	Edwards	First post Columbia flight Flight safety Evaluation/testing ISS supply/repair MPLM Raffaello	^[128]
scope=row	115	18:37:55 UTC 14:37:55 EDT	STS-121	Discovery	7/6	12d 18h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	ISS Flight ULF1.1: supply and crew rotation MPLM Leonardo	^[129]
scope=row	116	15:14:55 UTC 11:14:55 EDT	STS-115	Atlantis	6	11d 19h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 12A: P3/P4 Truss, Solar Arrays	^[130]
scope=row	117	24:47:35 UTC 20:47:35 EDT	STS-116	Discovery	7/7	12d 21h	LC-39B	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 12A.1: P5 Truss & SPACEHAB-SM Crew rotation Final Space Shuttle launch from LC-39B	^[131]
scope=row	118	23:38:04 UTC 19:38:04 EDT	STS-117	Atlantis	7/7	13d 20h	LC-39A	Edwards	ISS assembly flight 13A: S3/S4 Truss, Solar Arrays Crew rotation	^[132]
scope=row	119	22:36:42 UTC 18:36:42 EDT	STS-118	Endeavour	7	12d 18h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 13A.1: S5 Truss & SPACEHAB-SM & ESP-3 First use of Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS)	^[133]
scope=row	120	15:38:19 UTC 11:38:19 EDT	STS-120	Discovery	7/7	15d 02h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 10A: US Harmony module Crew rotation Second female Space Shuttle commander, Pamela Melroy	^[134]
scope=row	121	19:45:30 UTC 14:45:30 EST	STS-122	Atlantis	7/7	12d 18h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 1E: European Laboratory Columbus Crew rotation	^[135]
scope=row	122	06:28:14 UTC 02:28:14 EDT	STS-123	Endeavour	7/7	15d 18h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 1J/A: Experiment Logistics Module-Pressurized Section (ELM PS) & SPDM Crew rotation	^[136]
scope=row	123	21:02:12 UTC 17:02:12 EDT	STS-124	Discovery	7/7	13d 18h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 1J: Japanese modules Kibo and RMS	^[137]
scope=row	124	24:55:39 UTC 19:55:39 EST	STS-126	Endeavour	7/7	15d 20h	LC-39A	Edwards	ISS assembly flight ULF2: MPLM Leonardo Crew rotation	^[138]
scope=row	125	23:43:44 UTC 19:43:44 EDT	STS-119	Discovery	7/7	12d 19h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 15A: S6 Truss, Solar Arrays	^[139]
scope=row	126	18:01:56 UTC 14:01:56 EDT	STS-125	Atlantis	7	12d 21h	LC-39A	Edwards	Last Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission Final Non-ISS flight	^[140] ^[141]
scope=row	127	22:03:10 UTC 18:03:10 EDT	STS-127	Endeavour	7/7	15d 16h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 2J/A: Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility (EF) and ELM ES	^[142]
scope=row	128	03:59:37 UTC 23:59:37 EDT	STS-128	Discovery	7/7	13d 21h	LC-39A	Edwards	ISS assembly flight 17A: MPLM Leonardo Crew rotation Final landing at Edwards AFB	^[143]
scope=row	129	19:28:01 UTC 14:28:01 EST	STS-129	Atlantis	6/7	10d 19h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight ULF3: ExPRESS Logistics Carriers (ELCs) 1 & 2 Final Space Shuttle mission to perform a crew rotation	^[144]
scope=row	130	09:14:07 UTC 04:14:07 EST	STS-130	Endeavour	6	13d 18h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 20A: Node 3 and Cupola	^[145]
scope=row	131	10:21:25 UTC 06:21:25 EDT	STS-131	Discovery	7	15d 03h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight 19A: Utility and Logistics Flight 4: Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Leonardo Last night launch of the Shuttle Program	^[146]
scope=row	132	18:20:09 UTC 14:20:09 EDT	STS-132	Atlantis	6	11d 18h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight ULF4: Mini-Research Module 1	^[147]
scope=row	133	21:53:24 UTC 16:53:24 EST	STS-133	Discovery	6	12d 19h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight ULF5, Permanent Multipurpose Module Leonardo, ExPRESS Logistics Carrier 4 Final flight of Discovery Final daytime landing of the Shuttle Program	^[148]
scope=row	134	12:56:28 UTC 08:56:28 EDT	STS-134	Endeavour	6	15d 18h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	ISS assembly flight ULF6, ELC 3, Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Final flight of Endeavour	^[149]
scope=row	135	15:29:04 UTC 11:29:04 EDT	STS-135	Atlantis	4	12d 18h	LC-39A	Kennedy SLF	Payload Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) Raffaello Final flight of Atlantis Final flight of the Space Shuttle program	^[150] ^[151]

Shuttle missions

Canceled missions

See main article: Canceled Space Shuttle missions. One initial emergency flight abort (RTLS) sub-orbital test mission was canceled due to high risk. Many other planned missions were canceled due to the late development of the shuttle, and the Challenger and Columbia disasters.

Four missions were cut short by a day or more while in orbit: STS-2 (equipment failure), STS-35 (weather), STS-44 (equipment failure), and STS-83 (equipment failure, relaunched as STS-94).

Contingency missions

See main article: STS-3xx. STS-300 was the designation for the Space Shuttle Launch on Need (LON) missions to be launched on short notice for STS-114 and STS-121, in the event that the shuttle became disabled or damaged and could not safely return to Earth.^{[152] [153] [154]} The rescue flight for STS-115, if needed, would have been STS-301. After STS-115, the rescue mission designations were based on the corresponding regular mission that would be replaced should the rescue mission be needed. For example, the STS-116 rescue mission was branded STS-317, because the normal mission scheduled after STS-116 was STS-117. Should the rescue mission have been needed, the crew and vehicle for STS-117 would assume the rescue mission profile and become STS-317. All potential rescue missions were to be launched with a crew of four, and would return with ten or eleven crew members, depending on the number of crew launched on the rescued shuttle. Missions were expected to last approximately eleven days. None of the planned contingency missions were ever flown.^[155]

No contingency mission was planned for STS-135, the final shuttle mission. Instead, NASA planned to effect any required rescues one-by-one, using Russian Soyuz spacecraft.^[156]

Flight	Rescue flight
STS-114 (Discovery)	STS-300 (Atlantis)
STS-121 (Discovery)	STS-300 (Atlantis)
STS-115 (Atlantis)	STS-301 (Discovery)
STS-116 (Discovery)	STS-317 (Atlantis)
STS-117 (Atlantis)	STS-318 (Endeavour)
STS-118 (Endeavour)	STS-322 (Discovery)
STS-120 (Discovery)	STS-320 (Atlantis)
STS-122 (Atlantis)	STS-323 (Discovery)
STS-123 (Endeavour)	STS-324 (Discovery)
STS-124 (Discovery)	STS-326 (Endeavour)
STS-125 (Atlantis)	STS-400 (Endeavour)
STS-134 (Endeavour)	STS-335 (Atlantis)

Flight statistics

Timeline of missions

See also

• International Space Station construction
• List of Buran missions
• List of human spaceflights
• List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station
• List of Soyuz missions
• List of Space Shuttle crews
• List of Space Shuttle rollbacks

Bibliography

• Book: Chen, Adam. Celebrating 30 years the Space Shuttle Program. Wallack. William. Gonzalez. George. 2012. NASA . Washington, D.C., United States. 978-0-16-090202-4. 11 October 2012. .
• Book: Duggins, Pat . Final Countdown: NASA and the End of the Space Shuttle Program . 2007 . University Press of Florida . United States of America . 978-0-8130-3146-0 . . registration .
• Book: Goodwin, Robert . Space Shuttle STS Flights 1-5 The NASA Mission Reports . 2001 . Apogee Books . Canada . 1-896522-69-6. .
• Book: Heppenheimer, T.A. . Development of the Space Shuttle: 1972–1981 . 2002 . Smithsonian Press . United States of America . 978-1-58834-009-2. .
• Book: Jenkins, Dennis R. . Space Shuttle: The History of the National Space Transportation System . Voyageur Press . 2007 . 978-0-9633974-5-4 . . registration .

External links

• NASA's Shuttle and Rocket Missions
• NASA ISS Consolidated Launch Manifest
• Unofficial Space Shuttle Manifest

Notes and References

1. Web site: Report of the Space Task Group, 1969. NASA. 26 November 2014.
2. Web site: NASA's Space Shuttle By the Numbers: 30 Years of a Spaceflight Icon. Space.com. 21 July 2011. 18 June 2014. Malik, Tarik.
3. Web site: 5 Horrifying Facts You Didn't Know About the Space Shuttle. Pinchefsky, Carol. Forbes. 18 April 2012. 6 January 2015.
4. Web site: Space Shuttle Era Facts. NASA. 2011. 15 January 2021. FS-2011-7-142-KSC.
5. Web site: Space Shuttle Launch and Landing. Ryba, Jeanne. Brian Dunbar. 11 September 2012 . NASA. 6 January 2015.
6. Web site: Robert L. Crippen. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Johnson Space Center. 26 May 2006 . 4 August 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183030/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/CrippenRL/CrippenRL_5-26-06.pdf. 3 March 2016 . 45 . dead . dmy-all.
7. Web site: Terry J. Hart. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Johnson Space Center. 10 April 2003. 4 August 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190102/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/HartTJ/HartTJ_4-10-03.pdf. 3 March 2016. 18-19. dead. dmy-all.
8. Web site: Paul J. Weitz. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Johnson Space Center. 26 March 2000. 4 August 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20160311223529/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/WeitzPJ/PJW_3-26-00.pdf. 11 March 2016. 12-58. dead. dmy-all.
9. Web site: James D. A. van Hoften. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. 5 December 2007. 2009-08-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165929/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/vanHoftenJD/vanHoftenJDA_12-5-07.pdf. 2016-03-03. 20. dead.
10. Web site: 8 Surprising Space Shuttle Facts. Norton, Lily. 30 June 2011. Space.com . 15 December 2012.
11. Web site: Enterprise (OV-101). Dumoulin, Jim. Kennedy Space Center. 28 January 2013.
12. Web site: Enterprise: The Test Shuttle . Howell, Elizabeth. 9 October 2012. Space.com. 28 January 2013.
13. News: Space Shuttle Landing Site Is Shifted Because of Rains . Wilford, John Noble . . 18 March 1982 . .
14. Cassutt . Michael . August 2009 . Secret Space Shuttles . . . 11 December 2012.
15. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-4 . . 16 December 2012.
16. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-5 . . 16 December 2012.
17. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-6 . . 16 December 2012.
18. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-7 . . 16 December 2012.
19. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-8 . . 16 December 2012.
20. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-9 . . 16 December 2012.
21. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-41B . . 16 December 2012.
22. News: Space Shuttle Poised For First Service Call On Satellite in Orbit . Wilford, John Noble . . 5 April 1984 . .
23. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-41C . . 16 December 2012.
24. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-41D . . 16 December 2012.
25. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-41G . . 16 December 2012.
26. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-51A . . 16 December 2012.
27. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-51C . . 16 December 2012.
28. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-41G . . 16 December 2012.
29. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-51B . . 16 December 2012.
30. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-51G . . 16 December 2012.
31. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-51F . . 16 December 2012.
32. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-51I . . 16 December 2012.
33. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-51J . . 16 December 2012.
34. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-61A . . 16 December 2012.
35. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-61B . . 16 December 2012.
36. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-61C . . 16 December 2012.
37. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-51L . . 16 December 2012.
38. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-26 . . 16 December 2012.
39. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-27 . . 16 December 2012.
40. Web site: Shuttle Atlantis almost lost in 1988. 2009-03-31. Bad Astronomy. 2019-03-12.
41. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-29 . . 16 December 2012.
42. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-30 . . 16 December 2012.
43. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-28 . . 16 December 2012.
44. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-34 . . 16 December 2012.
45. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-33 . . 16 December 2012.
46. Web site: Diversity in Space . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050306103249/http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/k-4/features/F_Diversity_in_Space.html . 2005-03-06 . NASA.
47. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-32 . . 16 December 2012.
48. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-36 . . 16 December 2012.
49. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-31 . . 16 December 2012.
50. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-41 . . 16 December 2012.
51. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-38 . . 16 December 2012.
52. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-35 . . 16 December 2012.
53. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-37 . . 16 December 2012.
54. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-39 . . 16 December 2012.
55. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-40 . . 18 December 2012.
56. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-43 . . 18 December 2012.
57. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-48 . . 18 December 2012.
58. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-44 . . 18 December 2012.
59. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-42 . . 18 December 2012.
60. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-45 . . 18 December 2012.
61. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-49 . . 18 December 2012.
62. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-50 . . 18 December 2012.
63. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-46 . . 18 December 2012.
64. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-47 . . 18 December 2012.
65. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-52 . . 19 December 2012.
66. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-53 . . 19 December 2012.
67. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-54 . . 19 December 2012.
68. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-56 . . 19 December 2012.
69. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-55 . . 19 December 2012.
70. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-57 . . 19 December 2012.
71. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-51 . . 19 December 2012.
72. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-58 . . 19 December 2012.
73. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-61 . . 19 December 2012.
74. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-60 . . 19 December 2012.
75. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-62 . . 19 December 2012.
76. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-59 . . 19 December 2012.
77. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-65 . . 19 December 2012.
78. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-64 . . 19 December 2012.
79. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-68 . . 19 December 2012.
80. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-66 . . 19 December 2012.
81. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-63 . . 19 December 2012.
82. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-67 . . 19 December 2012.
83. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-71 . . 19 December 2012.
84. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-70 . . 19 December 2012.
85. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-69 . . 19 December 2012.
86. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-73 . . 19 December 2012.
87. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-74 . . 19 December 2012.
88. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-72 . . 19 December 2012.
89. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-75 . . 19 December 2012.
90. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-76 . . 19 December 2012.
91. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-77 . . 19 December 2012.
92. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-78 . . 19 December 2012.
93. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-79 . . 19 December 2012.
94. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-80 . . 19 December 2012.
95. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-81 . . 19 December 2012.
96. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-82 . . 19 December 2012.
97. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-83 . . 19 December 2012.
98. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-84 . . 19 December 2012.
99. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-94 . . 19 December 2012.
100. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-85 . . 19 December 2012.
101. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-86 . . 19 December 2012.
102. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-87 . . 19 December 2012.
103. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-89 . . 19 December 2012.
104. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-90 . . 19 December 2012.
105. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-91 . . 19 December 2012.
106. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-95 . . 19 December 2012.
107. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-88 . . 19 December 2012.
108. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-96 . . 19 December 2012.
109. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-93 . . 19 December 2012.
110. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-103 . . 19 December 2012.
111. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-99 . . 19 December 2012.
112. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-101 . . 19 December 2012.
113. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-106 . . 19 December 2012.
114. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-92 . . 19 December 2012.
115. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-97 . . 19 December 2012.
116. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-98 . . 19 December 2012.
117. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-102 . . 19 December 2012.
118. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-100 . . 19 December 2012.
119. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-104 . . 19 December 2012.
120. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-105 . . 19 December 2012.
121. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-108 . . 19 December 2012.
122. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-109 . . 19 December 2012.
123. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-110 . . 19 December 2012.
124. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-111 . . 19 December 2012.
125. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-112 . . 19 December 2012.
126. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-113 . . 19 December 2012.
127. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-107 . . 19 December 2012.
128. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-114 . . 19 December 2012.
129. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-121 . . 19 December 2012.
130. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-115 . . 19 December 2012.
131. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-116 . . 19 December 2012.
132. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-117 . . 19 December 2012.
133. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-117 . . 19 December 2012.
134. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-120 . . 19 December 2012.
135. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-122 . . 19 December 2012.
136. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-123 . . 19 December 2012.
137. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-124 . . 19 December 2012.
138. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-126 . . 19 December 2012.
139. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-119 . . 19 December 2012.
140. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-125 . . 19 December 2012.
141. Hubble's Amazing Rescue (transcript) . NOVA . Nova (American TV series) . . Rocky Mountain PBS . 13 October 2009 . 37 . 2 . en.
142. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-127 . . 19 December 2012.
143. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-128 . . 19 December 2012.
144. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-129 . . 19 December 2012.
145. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-130 . . 19 December 2012.
146. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-131 . . 19 December 2012.
147. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-132 . . 19 December 2012.
148. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-133 . . 19 December 2012.
149. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-134 . . 19 December 2012.
150. Web site: Mission Archives: STS-135 . . 19 December 2012.
151. Reichhardt, Tony. January 2013. The Last Shuttle Flight: On Board Atlantis, the Closing of an Era.. Air and Space Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140511062155/http://www.airspacemag.com/space/the-last-shuttle-flight-125620527/. dead. 2014-05-11. 19 December 2012.
152. Web site: Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book. 25 November 2008. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2005. NASA.
153. Web site: Flight Readiness Review Briefing Transcript. 25 November 2008. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2005. NASA.
154. Web site: NASA Sets New Launch Date Targets Through to STS-124 . 2 September 2010 . . 15 April 2007 . Chris . Bergin . CSCS flight numbers.
155. Web site: STS-335: NASA Continues Planning for Contingency Launch On Need Mission . Gebhardt, Chris . 31 May 2010 . 29 December 2014 . NASASpaceFlight.com.
156. News: Ned. Potter. NASA Space Shuttle: Only Four Astronauts on Final Launch From Cape Canaveral . 8 July 2011 . . 8 July 2011.