List of sequenced plastomes explained

A plastome is the genome of a plastid, a type of organelle found in plants and in a variety of protoctists. The number of known plastid genome sequences grew rapidly in the first decade of the twenty-first century. For example, 25 chloroplast genomes were sequenced for one molecular phylogenetic study.[1]

The flowering plants are especially well represented in complete chloroplast genomes. As of January, 2017, all of their orders are represented except Commelinales, Picramniales, Huerteales, Escalloniales, Bruniales, and Paracryphiales.

A compilation of all available complete plastid genomes is maintained by the NCBI in a public repository.[2]

Plants

Bryophytes s.l.

Sequenced Plastomes!Species!Variety!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference!Notes
Aneura mirabilis108,007[3] [4] parasitic liverwort; plastome contains many pseudogenes
Anthoceros formosae161,162 122[5] hornwort; extensive RNA editing of plastome
Marchantia polymorpha121,024[6] liverwort
Nothoceros aenigmaticus153,208124[7] hornwort
Pellia endiviifolia120,546123[8] liverwort
Physcomitrella patens122,890118[9] moss
Ptilidium pulcherrimum119,007122[10] liverwort
Tortula ruralis122,630[11] moss

Ferns and Lycophytes

Sequenced Plastomes!Species!Variety!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference!Family!Notes
Adiantum capillus-veneris150,568[12] Pteridaceae
Alsophila spinulosa156,661117[13] Cyatheaceae
Angiopteris evecta153,901[14] Marattiaceae
Equisetum arvense133,309Equisetaceae
Huperzia lucidula154,373[15] Lycopodiaceae
Isoetes flaccida145,303Isoetaceae
Psilotum nudum138,829117[16] Psilotaceae
Selaginella uncinata138,829[17] Selaginellaceae
Sequenced fern and lycophyte plastomes without information about size, number of genes and / or references.!Species!Variety!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference!Family!Notes
Equisetum hyemaleEquisetaceae
Lygodium japonicumLygodiaceae
Marsilea crenataMarsileaceae
Ophioglossum californicumOphioglossaceae
Selaginella moellendorffiiSelaginellaceae

Gymnosperms

Sequenced Plastomes!Species!Variety!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference!Family!Notes
Cryptomeria japonica131,810114[18] Cupressaceae
Cycas micronesica[19] Cycadaceae
Cycas taitungensis163,403133[20] Cycadaceae
Ephedra equisetinaEphedraceae
Ginkgo biloba156,945134[21] Ginkgoaceae
Gnetum parvifoliumGnetaceae
Picea engelmanniiSe404-851123,542114[22] Pinaceae
Picea glaucaPG29123,266114[23] Pinaceae
Picea glaucaWS77111123,421114[24] Pinaceae
Picea sitchensisQ903124,049114[25] Pinaceae
Pinus koraiensis116,866Pinaceae
Pinus thunbergii119,707[26] Pinaceae
Podocarpus macrophyllusPodocarpaceae
Welwitschia mirabilis119,726101[27] Welwitschiaceae

Flowering plants

This sortable table is expected to compile complete plastid genomes representing the largest range of sizes, number of genes, and angiosperm families.

Sequenced plastomes with complete genome size, number of unique genes, reference and publication year.!Species!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference!Year!Family!Notes
Acorus americanus153,8192007Acoraceae
Agrostis stolonifera135,584110[28] 2010Poaceae
Alniphyllum eberhardtii155,384113[29] 2017Styracaceae
Alstroemeria aurea155,510112[30] 2013Alstroemeriaceae
Amborella trichopoda162,686[31] 2003Amborellaceae
Anethum graveolens153,3562007Apiaceae
Arabidopsis thaliana154,478[32] 1999Brassicaceae
Atropa belladonna156,687[33] 2002Solanaceae
Brachypodium distachyon135,1991102010Poaceae
Buxus microphylla159,010113[34] 2007Buxaceae
Calycanthus floridus var. glaucus153,337115[35] 2003Calycanthaceae
Carpinus tientaiensis160,104114[36] 2017Betulaceae
Chloranthus spicatus157,7721132007Chloranthaceae
Citrus sinensis var. 'Ridge Pineapple'155,189[37] 2006Rutaceae
Cocos nucifera154,731130[38] 2013Arecaceae
Coffea arabica155,189[39] 2007Rubiaceae
Coix lacryma-jobi140,745[40] 2009Poaceae
Conopholis americana45,67342[41] 2013OrobanchaceaeNon-photosynthetic parasite
Cucumis sativus155,293[42] 2007Cucurbitaceae
Cuscuta exaltata125,373[43] 2007Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta gronovii86,74486[44] 2007Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta reflexa121,521982007Convolvulaceae
Cypripedium formosanum178,131[45] 2015Orchidaceae
Cytinus hypocistis19,40023[46] 2016CytinaceaeHoloparasitic
Daucus carota155,911[47] 2006Apiaceae
Dioscorea elephantipes152,6091122007Dioscoreaceae
Drimys granadensis160,604113[48] 2006Winteraceae
Epifagus virginiana70,02842[49] 1992Orobanchaceae
Epipogium aphyllum30,65027[50] 2015OrchidaceaeMycoheterotrophic
Epipogium roseum19,047292015OrchidaceaeMycoheterotrophic
Erodium carvifolium116,935107[51] 2016Geraniaceae
Erodium chrysanthum168,946962016Geraniaceae
Erodium texanum130,812106[52] 2011Geraniaceae
Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus160,286[53] 2005Myrtaceae
Fagopyrum esculentum ssp. ancestrale159,599[54] 2008Polygonaceae
Geranium palmatum155,7941052011Geraniaceae
Glycine max152,218[55] 2005Fabaceae
Gossypium barbadense160,317114[56] 2006Malvaceae
Gossypium hirsutum160,301[57] 2006Malvaceae
Helianthus annuus151,104[58] 2007Asteraceae
Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare136,4821102010Poaceae
Hydnora visseri27,23324[59] 2016AristolochiaceaeNon-photosynthetic holoparasite
Illicium oligandrum148,5521132007Schisandraceae (sensu APG III)
Ipomoea purpurea162,0462007Convolvulaceae
Jasminum nudiflorum165,121[60] 2007Oleaceae
Juglans regia160,367129[61] 2017Juglandaceae
Lactuca sativa152,7652007Asteraceae
Lemna minor165,955[62] 2008Araliaceae
Licania alba162,467112[63] 2014Chrysobalanaceae
Lilium longiflorum152,7931142013Liliaceae
Liriodendron tulipifera159,866[64] 2006Magnoliaceae
Lolium perenne135,2821102010Poaceae
Lonicera japonica155,0782010Caprifoliaceae
Lotus japonicus150,519[65] 2000Fabaceae
Manihot esculenta161,453[66] 2008Euphorbiaceae
Monotropa hypopitys35,33645[67] 2016EricaceaeMycoheterotrophic
Monsonia speciosa128,7871062011Geraniaceae
Morus indica156,599[68] 2006Moraceae
Musa balbisiana169,503113[69] 2016Musaceae
Nandina domestica156,599[70] 2006Berberidaceae
Neottia nidus-avis92,06056[71] 2011OrchidaceaeMycoheterotrophic
Nelumbo nucifera163,3302010Nelumbonaceae
Nicotiana tabacum155,943113[72] 1986Solanaceae
Nuphar advena160,866117[73] 2007Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea alba159,930[74] 2004Nymphaeaceae
Oenothera argillicola strain Douthat 1165,055113[75] 2008Onagraceae
Oenothera biennis strain suaveolens Grado164,8071132008Onagraceae
Oenothera elata subsp. hookeri strain johansen Standard165,7281132008Onagraceae
Oenothera glazioviana strain r/r-lamarckiana Sweden165,2251132008Onagraceae
Oenothera parviflora strain atrovirens Standard163,3651132008Onagraceae
Oryza sativa indica 93-11134,496[76] 2005Poaceae
Oryza sativa japonica Nipponbare134,551110[77] 1989Poaceae
Oryza sativa japonica PA64S134,5512005Poaceae
Osyris alba147,253101[78] 2015SantalaceaeHemiparasitic
Panax ginseng156,318[79] 2004Araliaceae
Pelargonium × hortorum217,942[80] 2006Geraniaceae
Petrosavia stellaris103,83558[81] 2014PetrosaviaceaeMycoheterotrophic
Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana148,964[82] 2006Orchidaceae
Phaseolus vulgaris 'Negro Jamapa'150,285[83] 2007Fabaceae
Pilostyles aethiopica11,3485[84] 2016ApodanthaceaeEndo-holoparasite
Pilostyles hamiltonii15,16752016ApodanthaceaeEndo-holoparasite
Piper cenocladum160,6241132006Piperaceae
Platanus occidentalis161,7912006Platanaceae
Populus alba156,505[85] 2006Salicaceae
Ranunculus macranthus155,1581172007Ranunculaceae
Rhizanthella gardneri59,19033[86] 2011OrchidaceaeSubterranean mycoheterotroph
Saccharum officinarum141,1821102010Poaceae
Sciaphila densiflora21,48528[87] 2015TriuridaceaeMycoheterotrophic
Solanum tuberosum155,298[88] 2006Solanaceae
Sorghum bicolor140,7541102010Poaceae
Spinacia oleracea150,725[89] 2001Amaranthaceae
Trachelium caeruleum162,321[90] 2008Campanulaceae
Trifolium subterraneum144,763111[91] 2008Fabaceae
Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring134,545110[92] [93] 2000Poaceae
Typha latifolia165,5721132010Typhaceae
Vaccinium macrocarpon176,045147[94] 2013Ericaceae
Viscum album128,921962015ViscaceaeHemiparasitic
Viscum minimum131,016992015ViscaceaeHemiparasitic
Vitis vinifera160,928[95] 2006Vitaceae
Yucca schidigera156,1582005Asparagaceae (sensu APG III)
Zea mays140,384110[96] 2010Poaceae
Sequenced plastomes without information about size, number of genes and / or references.!Species!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference!Year!Family!Notes
Acorus calamus153,821Acoraceae
Aethionema cordifoliumBrassicaceae
Aethionema grandiflorumBrassicaceae
Antirrhinum majus2010Plantaginaceae
Arabis hirsutaBrassicaceae
Aucuba japonica2010Garryaceae
Bambusa oldhamii139,350Poaceae
Barbarea vernaBrassicaceae
Berberidopsis corallina2010Berberidopsidaceae
Brassica rapaBrassicaceae
Bulnesia arborea2010Zygophyllaceae
Capsella bursa-pastorisBrassicaceae
Carica papayaCaricaceae
Ceratophyllum demersum[97] 2007Ceratophyllaceae
Cornus florida2010Cornaceae
Crucihimalya wallichiiBrassicaceae
Cuscuta obtusifloraConvolvulaceae
Cuscuta reflexaConvolvulaceae
Dendrocalamus latiflorus139,365Poaceae
Dillenia indica2010Dilleniaceae
Draba nemorosaBrassicaceae
Ehretia acuminata2010Boraginaceae
Elaeis oleifera2007Arecaceae
Euonymus americanus2010Celastraceae
Festuca arundinaceaPoaceae
Ficus sp.2010Moraceae
Guizotia abyssinicaAsteraceae
Gunnera manicata2010Gunneraceae
HedyosmumunpublishedChloranthaceae
Heuchera sanguinea2010Saxifragaceae
Ilex cornuta2010Aquifoliaceae
Lepidium virginicumBrassicaceae
Liquidambar styraciflua (syn. Altingia styraciflua)2010Altingiaceae
Lobularia maritimaBrassicaceae
Lotus corniculatusFabaceae
Medicago truncatulata124,033Fabaceae
Megaleranthis saniculifolia159,924Ranunculaceae
Meliosma cuneifolia2010Sabiaceae
Nasturtium officinaleBrassicaceae
Olimarabidopsis pumilaBrassicaceae
Phoenix dactyliferaArecaceae
Nerium oleander154,903Apocynaceae
Nicotiana sylvestris155,941Solanaceae
Nicotiana tomentosiformis155,745Solanaceae
Oryza nivara134,494Poaceae
Oxalis latifolia2010Oxalidaceae
Passiflora biflora2007Passifloraceae
Phoradendron leucarpum2010Viscaceae
Plumbago auriculata2010Plumbaginaceae
Populus trichocarpa[98] 2006Salicaceae
Quercus nigra2010Fagaceae
Rhododendron simsii2010Ericaceae
Scaevola aemula2007Goodeniaceae
Solanum bulbocastanum155,371Solanaceae
Solanum lycopersicum155,460Solanaceae
Staphylea colchica2010Staphyleaceae
Trithuria (syn. Hydatella)unpublishedHydatellaceae
Trochodendron aralioides2010Trochodendraceae
Ximenia americana2010Ximeniaceae[99]

Green algae

Sequenced Plastomes!Species!Variety!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference
Bryopsis plumosa106,859115[100]
Chaetosphaeridium globosum131,183124[101]
Chara vulgaris
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii203,39599
Chlorella vulgaris150,613209[102]
Chlorokybus atmophyticus201,76370[103]
Dunaliella salinaCCAP 19/18269,044102[104]
Emiliania huxleyi105,309150
Helicosporidium37,45454[105]
Leptosira terrestris195,081117[106]
Mesostigma viride42,424
Monomastix114,52894[107]
Nephroselmis olivacea200,799127[108]
Oedogonium cardiacum196,547103[109]
Oltmannsiellopsis viridis151,933105[110]
Ostreococcus tauri71,66686[111]
Pseudendoclonium akinetum195,867105[112]
Pycnococcus provasolii80,21198
Pyramimonas parkeae101,605110
Scenedesmus obliquus161,45296[113]
Staurastrum punctulatum[114]
Stigeoclonium helveticum223,90297[115]
Tydemania expeditionis105,200125
Ulva sp.UNA0007182899,983102 [116]
Volvox carteri420,65091[117]
Zygnema circumcarinatum

Red algae

Sequenced Plastomes!Species!Variety!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference!Year!Taxon!Notes
Ahnfeltia plicata190,451205 (coding)[118] 2016Ahnfeltiales
Apophlaea sinclairii182,437189 (coding)2016Hildenbrandiales
Asparagopsis taxiformis177,091203 (coding)2016
Bangiopsis subsimplex204,784194 (coding)2016
Calliarthron tuberculosum178,981238[119] 2013
Ceramium japonicum171,634199 (coding)2016
Chondrus crispus180,0862402013Gigartinales
Cyanidioschyzon merolae10D149,987243[120] 2003
Cyanidium caldariumRK1164,921230[121] 2000
Erythrotrichia carnea210,691191 (coding)2016
Galdieria sulphuraria074W167,741233[122] 2015
Gelidium elegans174,748234[123] 2016
Gelidium sinicolaUC276620177,095232[124] 2019May be synonymous with G. coulteri
Gelidium vagum179,8532342016
Gracilaria changii183,855231[125] 2018Gracilariales
Gracilaria chorda182,459201 (coding)2016Gracilariales
Gracilaria salicornia179,757235[126] 2014Gracilariales
Gracilaria tenuistipitatavar. liui183,883238[127] 2004Gracilariales
Gracilaria vermiculophylla180,254239unpublishedGracilariales
Grateloupia filicina195,990265unpublished
Grateloupia taiwanensis191,270266[128] 2013
Hildenbrandia rivularis189,725184 (coding)2016
Hildenbrandia rubra180,141190 (coding)2016
Kumanoa americana184,025234[129] 2018
Palmaria palmata192,9602452018
Plocamium cartilagineum171,392197 (coding)2016
Porphyra pulchra194,1752512016Bangiales
Porphyra purpurea191,028253[130] 1993Bangiales
Porphyra umbilicalis190,173250[131] 2017Bangiales
Porphyridium purpureumNIES 2140217,694260[132] 2014
Porphyridium sordidum259,4292272016
Pyropia fucicola187,282[133] 2015Partial genome
Pyropia haitanensisPH 38195,597254[134] 2013
Pyropia kanakaensis189,9312015Partial genome
Pyropia perforata189,7892472015
Pyropia yezoensis191,9522642013
Rhodochaete parvula221,665195 (coding)2016
Rhodymenia pseudopalmata194,153201 (coding)2016
Riquetophycus sp. 180,384202 (coding)2016
Schimmelmannia schousboei181,030202 (coding)2016
Schizymenia dubyi183,959204 (coding)2016
Sebdenia flabellata192,140205 (coding)2016
Sporolithon durum191,4642392016
Thorea hispida175,1932282018
Vertebrata lanosa167,158192[135] 2015Also assigned to genus Polysiphonia

Glaucophytes

Sequenced Plastomes!Species!Variety!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference
Cyanophora paradoxa[136]

Meta-algae and apicomplexans

Meta-algae are organisms with photosynthetic organelles of secondary or tertiary endosymbiotic origin, and their close non-photosynthetic, plastid-bearing, relatives. Apicomplexans are a secondarily non-photosynthetic group of chromalveoates which retain a reduced plastid organelle.

Photosynthetic chromalveolates

Dinoflagellate plastid genomes are not organised into a single circular DNA molecule like other plastid genomes, but into an array of mini-circles.

Sequenced Plastomes!Species!Variety!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference!Notes
Chromera velia
Chroomonas mesostigmaticaCCMP1168139,403189[137]
Chroomonas placoideaCCAP978/8139,432186Contains 3 annotated pseudogenes
Cryptomonas curvataCNUKR128,285182
Cryptomonas parameciumCCAP977/2a77,717115[138]
Emiliania huxleyiCCMP 373105,309154[139]
Guillardia theta121,524167[140]
Heterosigma akashiwoNIES 293159,370198[141]
Odontella sinensis119,704175[142]
Phaeodactylum tricornutum117,369170[143]
Rhodomonas salinaCCMP1319135,854183[144]
Storeatula sp.CCMP1868140,953187
Teleaulax amphioxeiaHACCP-CR01129,772179[145]
Thalassiosira pseudonana128,814180

Chlorarachniophytes

Sequenced Plastomes!Species!Variety!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference
Bigelowiella natans69,16698[146]
Gymnochlora stellataCCMP205367,45197[147]
Lotharella oceanicaCCMP62270,99794[148]
Lotharella vacuolataCCMP24071,55795
Partenskyella glossopodiaRCC36572,62099

Euglenophytes

Sequenced Plastomes!Species!Variety!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference
Astasia longa73.2kb84
Euglena gracilis143.2kb128[149]

Apicomplexans

Sequenced Plastomes!Species!Variety!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference
Chromera velia
Eimeria tenellaPenn State34.8kb65[150]
Plasmodium falciparum34.7kb68
Theileria parvaMugaga39.6kb71
Toxoplasma gondiiRH35.0kb65

Nucleomorph genomes

In some photosynthetic organisms that ability was acquired via symbiosis with a unicellular green alga (chlorophyte) or red alga (rhodophyte). In some such cases not only does the chloroplast of the former unicellular alga retain its own genome, but a remnant of the alga is also retained. When this retains a nucleus and a nuclear genome it is termed a nucleomorph.

Sequenced Nucleomorph Genomes!Species!Variety!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference
Amorphochlora amoebiformis373,958340[151]
Bigelowiella natansCCMP 621442,036426 (344 protein coding)[152] [153]
Chroomonas mesostigmaticaCCMP1168 702,852581 (505 protein coding)[154]
Cryptomonas paramecium487,066519 (466 protein coding)[155]
Guillardia theta672,788743 (632 protein coding)[156]
Hemiselmis andersenii571,872525 (471 protein coding)[157]
Lotharella oceanica612,592654 (608 protein coding)[158]
Lotharella vacuolata431,876359

Cyanelle genomes

The unicellular eukaryote Paulinella chromatophora possesses an organelle (the cyanelle) which represents an independent case of the acquisition of photosynthesis by cyanobacterial endosymbiosis. (Note: the term cyanelle is also applied to the plastids of glaucophytes.)

Sequenced Cyanelle Genomes!Species!Variety!Size (bp)!Genes!Reference
Paulinella chromatophora1.02Mb867[159]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Moore MJ, Soltis PS, Bell CD, Burleigh JG, Soltis DE . Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 107 . 10 . 4623–8 . March 2010 . 20176954 . 2842043 . 10.1073/pnas.0907801107 . 2010PNAS..107.4623M . free .
  2. Web site: Index of /refseq/release/plastid. ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2017-01-08.
  3. Wickett NJ, Zhang Y, Hansen SK, Roper JM, Kuehl JV, Plock SA, Wolf PG, DePamphilis CW, Boore JL, Goffinet B . Functional gene losses occur with minimal size reduction in the plastid genome of the parasitic liverwort Aneura mirabilis . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 25 . 2 . 393–401 . February 2008 . 18056074 . 10.1093/molbev/msm267 . free .
  4. https://search.proquest.com/docview/304864708 Plastid genome evolution of the non-photosynthetic liverwort Aneura mirabilis (Malmb.) Wickett & Goffinet (Aneuraceae)
  5. Kugita M, Kaneko A, Yamamoto Y, Takeya Y, Matsumoto T, Yoshinaga K . The complete nucleotide sequence of the hornwort (Anthoceros formosae) chloroplast genome: insight into the earliest land plants . Nucleic Acids Research . 31 . 2 . 716–21 . January 2003 . 12527781 . 140519 . 10.1093/nar/gkg155 .
  6. Nature. 322. 6079. 716–721 . 2003. K Ohyama. Chloroplast gene organization deduced from complete sequence of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast DNA. 10.1038/322572a0. vanc. Fukuzawa. H.. Kohchi. T.. Shirai. H.. Sano. T.. Chang. Zhen. Aota. Shin-Ichi. Inokuchi. Hachiro. Ozeki. Haruo. 1986Natur.322..572O. 4311952.
  7. Villarreal JC, Forrest LL, Wickett N, Goffinet B . The plastid genome of the hornwort Nothoceros aenigmaticus (Dendrocerotaceae): phylogenetic signal in inverted repeat expansion, pseudogenization, and intron gain . American Journal of Botany . 100 . 3 . 467–77 . March 2013 . 23416362 . 10.3732/ajb.1200429 .
  8. Grosche C, Funk HT, Maier UG, Zauner S . The chloroplast genome of Pellia endiviifolia: gene content, RNA-editing pattern, and the origin of chloroplast editing . Genome Biology and Evolution . 4 . 12 . 1349–57 . 2012 . 23221608 . 3542565 . 10.1093/gbe/evs114 .
  9. Sugiura C, Kobayashi Y, Aoki S, Sugita C, Sugita M . Complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the moss Physcomitrella patens: evidence for the loss and relocation of rpoA from the chloroplast to the nucleus . Nucleic Acids Research . 31 . 18 . 5324–31 . September 2003 . 12954768 . 203311 . 10.1093/nar/gkg726 .
  10. Deep sequencing of Ptilidium (Ptilidiaceae) suggests evolutionary stasis in liverwort plastid genome structure. Plant Ecology and Evolution. 144. 1. 29–43. 2011. Laura L. Forrest. Norman J. Wickett, Cymon J. Cox & Bernard Goffinet . 10.5091/plecevo.2011.535. 10400.1/5518. free.
  11. Oliver MJ, Murdock AG, Mishler BD, Kuehl JV, Boore JL, Mandoli DF, Everett KD, Wolf PG, Duffy AM, Karol KG . Chloroplast genome sequence of the moss Tortula ruralis: gene content, polymorphism, and structural arrangement relative to other green plant chloroplast genomes . BMC Genomics . 11 . 143 . February 2010 . 20187961 . 2841679 . 10.1186/1471-2164-11-143 . free .
  12. Wolf PG, Rowe CA, Sinclair RB, Hasebe M . Complete nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast genome from a leptosporangiate fern, Adiantum capillus-veneris L . DNA Research . 10 . 2 . 59–65 . April 2003 . 12755170 . 10.1093/dnares/10.2.59 . free .
  13. Gao L, Yi X, Yang YX, Su YJ, Wang T . Complete chloroplast genome sequence of a tree fern Alsophila spinulosa: insights into evolutionary changes in fern chloroplast genomes . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 9 . 130 . June 2009 . 1 . 19519899 . 2706227 . 10.1186/1471-2148-9-130 . free . 2009BMCEE...9..130G .
  14. Roper JM, Hansen SK, Wolf PG, Karol KG, Mandoli DF, Everett KD, Kuehl J, Boore JL . 2007 . The Complete Plastid Genome Sequence of Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst.) Hoffm. (Marattiaceae) . American Fern Journal . 97 . 2. 95–106 . 10.1640/0002-8444(2007)97[95:TCPGSO]2.0.CO;2 . free .
  15. Wolf PG, Karol KG, Mandoli DF, Kuehl J, Arumuganathan K, Ellis MW, Mishler BD, Kelch DG, Olmstead RG, Boore JL . The first complete chloroplast genome sequence of a lycophyte, Huperzia lucidula (Lycopodiaceae) . Gene . 350 . 2 . 117–28 . May 2005 . 15788152 . 10.1016/j.gene.2005.01.018 .
  16. Wakasugi, T. 1998 . Complete nucleotide sequence of the plastid genome from a fern, Psilotum nudum . Endocytobiology and Cell Research . 13 . Supplement . 147. See External links below.
  17. Tsuji S, Ueda K, Nishiyama T, Hasebe M, Yoshikawa S, Konagaya A, Nishiuchi T, Yamaguchi K . The chloroplast genome from a lycophyte (microphyllophyte), Selaginella uncinata, has a unique inversion, transpositions and many gene losses . Journal of Plant Research . 120 . 2 . 281–90 . March 2007 . 17297557 . 10.1007/s10265-006-0055-y . 2007JPlR..120..281T . 7691300 .
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