List of non-extant papal tombs explained

This is a list of non-extant papal tombs, which includes tombs not included on the list of extant papal tombs. Information about these tombs is generally incomplete and uncertain.

Chronologically, the main locations of destroyed or unknown papal tombs have been: the obscure tombs of the first two centuries of popes near Saint Peter, the repeated waves of translations from the Catacombs of Rome, the demolition of the papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica, and the 1306 and 1361 fires in the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran.

Papal tombs have also been destroyed by other instances of fire, remodeling, and war (most recently, World War II). Others are unknown due to creative or geographically remote methods of martyrdom, or—in the case of Pope Clement I—both. Burial in churches outside the Aurelian Walls of Rome (Italian: fuori le Mura)—in the basilicas of Paul or Lorenzo—have not generally survived.

Main locations

The main locations of destroyed or lost papal tombs include:

• Saint Peter's tomb, around which the following popes were traditionally believed to have been buried: Linus, Anacletus, Evaristus. Telesphorus, Hyginus, Pius I, Anicetus (later transferred to the Catacomb of Callixtus), Victor I.^[1] Epigraphic evidence exists only for Linus, with the discovery of a burial slab marked "Linus" in 1615; however, the slab is broken such that it could have once read "Aquilinius" or "Anullinus".^[2]
• The Catacombs of Rome, specifically the Catacomb of Callixtus, the Catacomb of Priscilla (and San Silvestro in Capite, built over the catacomb), the Catacomb of Balbina, the Catacomb of Calepodius, the Catacomb of Pontian, and the Catacomb of Felicitas, which were emptied by repeated translations by the ninth century^[3]
• Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica, which once numbered over 100 papal tombs, nearly all of which were destroyed during the sixteenth/seventeenth century demolition^[4]
• Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, where over a dozen tombs were destroyed in two fires (1308 and 1361)^[5]

Other destroyed or unknown tombs

2nd century

Pontificate	Portrait	Common English name	Tomb	Sculptor	Location	Notes
105/107–115/116		Alexander I Saint Alexander			Competing claims (involving translation):^[7] Santa Sabina (Rome) San Pelino at Valva (Sulmona) Paeligni Basilica Freising, Bavaria (Catholic Encyclopedia)
115/116–125		Sixtus I Saint Sixtus			Competing claims (involving translation and a finger):^[8] Alatri Cathedral Alife Cathedral Abbey of St. Michael (Lorraine)
174/175–189		Eleuterus Saint Eleutherus			Competing claims:^[9] Near Peter, on Vatican Hill San Giovanni della Pigna Santa Susanna (American Church in Rome)

5th century

Pontificate	Portrait	Common English name	Tomb	Sculptor	Location	Notes
31 July 432–March/August 440		Sixtus III Saint Sixtus			San Lorenzo fuori le Mura^[10]	Then called San Lorenzo al Verano; sarcophagus destroyed, possibly in 1943
19 November 461 – 29 February 468		Hilarius Saint Hilarius			San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, crypt^[11]	Then called San Lorenzo al Verano
13 March 483 – 1 March 492		Felix III (Felix II) Saint Felix			Either San Paolo fuori le Mura or the crypt of Santissima Concenzione near Piazza Barberini^[12]

6th century

Pontificate	Portrait	Common English name	Tomb	Sculptor	Location	Notes
1 June 536 – 11 November 537		Silverius Saint Silverius			Palmaria^[13]	Non-contemporary shrine extant on Ponza Island^[14]
29 March 537 – 7 June 555		Vigilius			Either San Marcello on the Via Salaria (Oxford Dictionary of Popes) or San Silvestre over the Catacomb of Priscilla on the Via Salaria (Catholic Encyclopedia)^[15]

10th century

Pontificate	Portrait	Common English name	Tomb	Sculptor	Location	Notes
July 903 – September 903		Leo V			Unknown but destroyed	Either cremated and thrown in the Tiber, buried (and thus destroyed) in Old Saint Peter's, or buried whole in Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran^[17]
1 October 965 – 6 September 972		John XIII			Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls	Destroyed^[18]

11th century

Pontificate	Portrait	Common English name	Tomb	Sculptor	Location	Notes
June 1003 – December 1003		John XVII			Unknown but destroyed	Either San Paolo fuori le Mura, Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran or Santa Sabina^[19]
25 December 1003 – July 1009		John XVIII			Unknown but destroyed	Either San Paolo fuori le Mura or Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran^[20]
1032–1044		Benedict IX			Abbey of Grottaferrata	Discovered on March 4, 1739; destroyed during World War II^[21]
1045		Sylvester III			Unknown^[22]
13 April 1055 – 28 July 1057		Victor II			Santa Maria Rotunda (Ravenna)	Destroyed; claimed reburied in San Reparata (Florence) unsupported by evidence^[23]
2 August 1057 – 29 March 1058		Stephen IX, O.S.B.			Santa Reparata (Florence)	Tomb discovered in 1357 during the laying of the foundation for the new Duomo
6 December 1058 – 27 July 1061		Nicholas II			Santa Reparata (Florence)	Possibly reburied in the outer left aisle of St. Peter's; no remains of tomb in either today
30 September 1061 – 21 April 1073		Alexander II			Unknown but lost	Either Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran or St. Peter's

13th century

Pontificate	Portrait	Common English name	Tomb	Sculptor	Location	Notes
18 July 1216 – 18 March 1227		Honorius III			Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore	No longer extant^[25]
12 December 1254 – 25 May 1261		Alexander IV			Viterbo Cathedral	Destroyed in 1490;^[26] no longer extant^[27]

References

• Reardon, Wendy J. 2004. The Deaths of the Popes. Macfarland & Company, Inc.

Notes and References

1. Reardon, 2004, pp. 23–26.
2. Reardon, 2004, p. 23.
3. Reardon, 2004, pp. 10–11.
4. Reardon, 2004, pp. 272–277.
5. Reardon, 2004, pp. 70–109.
6. Reardon, 2004, pp. 23–24.
7. Reardon, 2004, p. 24.
8. Reardon, 2004, pp. 24–25.
9. Reardon, 2005, p. 26.
10. Reardon, 2004, p. 40.
11. Reardon, 2004, p. 41.
12. Reardon, 2004, 41–42.
13. Reardon, 2004, p. 44.
14. Reardon, 2004, p. 270.
15. Reardon, 2004, p. 45.
16. Reardon, 2004, p. 61.
17. Reardon, 2004, p. 69.
18. Reardon, 2004, p. 73.
19. Reardon, 2004, p. 79.
20. Reardon, 2004, p. 80.
21. Reardon, 2004, p. 81.
22. Reardon, 2004, p. 82.
23. Reardon, 2004, p. 85.
24. Reardon, 2004, p. 98.
25. Reardon, 2004, p. 100.
26. Reardon, 2004, p. 103.
27. Frothingham, A. L., Jr. (1891). "Notes on Roman Artists of the Middle Ages. III. Two Tombs of the Popes at Viterbo by Vassallectus and Petrus Oderisi". The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts, 7(1/2): 38.