List of missions to Mars explained

This is a list of spacecraft missions (including unsuccessful ones) to the planet Mars, such as orbiters, landers, and rovers.

Missions

Mission Type Legend:

Mission		Spacecraft	Launch Date	Operator	Mission Type^[1]	Outcome^[2]	Remarks	Carrier rocket^[3]
1	1M No.1	1M No.1		OKB-1	Flyby		Failed to achieve Earth orbit	Molniya
2	1M No.2	1M No.2		OKB-1	Flyby		Failed to achieve Earth orbit	Molniya
3	2MV-4 No.1	2MV-4 No.1			Flyby		Booster stage ("Block L") disintegrated in LEO	Molniya
4	Mars 1	Mars 1 (2MV-4 No.2)			Flyby		Communications lost before first flyby	Molniya
5	2MV-3 No.1				Lander		Never left LEO	Molniya
6	Mariner 3	Mariner 3		NASA	Flyby		Payload fairing failed to separate	Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
7	Mariner 4	Mariner 4		NASA	Flyby		First successful flyby of Mars on 15 July 1965	Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
8	Zond 2	Zond 2 (3MV-4A No.2)			Flyby		Communications lost before flyby	Molniya
9	Mariner 6	Mariner 6		NASA	Flyby			Centaur-D
10	2M No.521	2M No.521(1969A)^[4]			Orbiter		Failed to achieve Earth orbit	Proton-K/D
11	Mariner 7	Mariner 7		NASA	Flyby			Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
12	2M No.522	2M No.522(1969B)			Orbiter		Failed to achieve Earth orbit	Proton-K/D
13	Mariner 8	Mariner 8		NASA	Orbiter		Failed to achieve Earth orbit	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
14	Kosmos 419	Kosmos 419 (3MS No.170)			Orbiter		Never left LEO; booster stage burn timer set incorrectly	Proton-K/D
15	Mars 2	Mars 2 (4M No.171)			Orbiter		On November 27 it became in short sequence the second spacecraft to orbit another planet.^[5] Operated for 362 orbits^[6]	Proton-K/D
		Mars 2 lander (SA 4M No.171)			Lander		First lander to impact Mars. Deployed from Mars 2, failed to land during attempt on 27 November 1971.^[7]
		PrOP-M			Rover		First rover launched to Mars. Lost when the Mars 2 lander crashed into the surface of Mars.
16	Mars 3	Mars 3 (4M No.172)			Orbiter		On December 2 it became in short sequence the third spacecraft to orbit another planet. Operated for 20 orbits^[8] ^[9]	Proton-K/D
		Mars 3 lander (SA 4M No.172)			Lander	^[10] ^[11]	First lander to make a soft landing on Mars. Landed on 2 December 1971. First partial image (70 lines) transmitted showing "gray background with no details". Contact lost 20 seconds after transmission started, 110 seconds after landing.^[12] ^[13]
		PrOP-M			Rover		First rover to make a soft landing on another planet. 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) rover connected to the Mars 3 lander by a tether. Deployment status unknown due to loss of communications with the Mars 3 lander.
17	Mariner 9	Mariner 9		NASA	Orbiter	^[14]	First spacecraft to orbit another planet, two weeks ahead of Mars 2 on November 14. Deactivated 516 days after entering orbit.	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
18	Mars 4	Mars 4 (3MS No.52S)			Orbiter	^[15]	Failed to perform orbital insertion burn. Returned photographs of Mars during flyby.	Proton-K/D
19	Mars 5	Mars 5 (3MS No.53S)			Orbiter		Contact lost after 9 days in Mars orbit. Returned 180 frames	Proton-K/D
20	Mars 6	Mars 6 (3MP No.50P)			Flyby		Flyby bus collected data.^[16]	Proton-K/D
		Mars 6 lander			Lander		Contact lost upon landing, atmospheric data mostly unusable.
21	Mars 7	Mars 7 (3MP No.51P)			Flyby		Flyby bus collected data.	Proton-K/D
		Mars 7 lander			Lander		Separated from coast stage prematurely, failed to enter Martian atmosphere.
22	Viking 1	Viking 1 orbiter		NASA	Orbiter		Operated for 1385 orbits. Entered Mars orbit on 19 June 1976.	Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
		Viking 1 lander			Lander		First successful Mars lander. Deployed from Viking 1 orbiter. Landed on Mars on 20 July 1976. Operated for 2245 sols.
23	Viking 2	Viking 2 orbiter		NASA	Orbiter		Operated for 700 orbits. Entered Mars orbit on 7 August 1976.	Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
		Viking 2 lander			Lander		Deployed from Viking 2 orbiter. Landed on Mars in September 1976. Operated for 1281 sols (11 April 1980).
24	Phobos 1	Phobos 1 (1F No.101)			Orbiter		Communications lost before reaching Mars; failed to enter orbit
		DAS			Phobos lander		To have been deployed by Phobos 1
25	Phobos 2	Phobos 2 (1F No.102)			Orbiter		Orbital observations successful, communications lost before lander deployment.	Proton-K/D-2
		Prop-F			Phobos rover		To have been deployed by Phobos 2
		DAS			Phobos lander		To have been deployed by Phobos 2
26	Mars Observer	Mars Observer		NASA	Orbiter		Lost communications before orbital insertion	Commercial Titan III
27	Mars Global Surveyor	Mars Global Surveyor		NASA	Orbiter		Operated for ten years	Delta II 7925
28	Mars 96	Mars 96 (M1 No.520) (Mars-8)		Rosaviakosmos	Orbiter Penetrators		Never left LEO	Proton-K/D-2
		Mars 96 lander			Lander		Two Mars landers to have been deployed by Mars 96.
		Mars 96 lander			Lander
		Mars 96 penetrator			Penetrator		Two Mars Penetrators to have been deployed by Mars 96.
		Mars 96 penetrator			Penetrator
29	Mars Pathfinder	Mars Pathfinder		NASA	Lander		Landed at 19.13°N 33.22°W on 4 July 1997,^[17] Last contact on 27 September 1997	Delta II 7925
		Sojourner			Rover		First rover to operate on another planet. Operated for 84 days^[18]
30	Nozomi	Nozomi (PLANET-B)		ISAS	Orbiter		Performed a Mars flyby. Later contact lost due to loss of fuel. However provided crucial information about the deep space environment.^[19]	M-V
31	Mars Climate Orbiter	Mars Climate Orbiter		NASA	Orbiter		Approached Mars too closely during orbit insertion attempt due to a software interface bug involving different units for impulse and either burned up in the atmosphere or entered solar orbit	Delta II 7425
32	Mars Polar Lander /	Mars Polar Lander		NASA	Lander		Failed to function after landing	Delta II 7425
		Deep Space 2			Penetrator		No data transmitted after deployment from MPL.
		Deep Space 2			Penetrator
33	Mars Odyssey	Mars Odyssey		NASA	Orbiter		Expected to remain operational until 2025.	Delta II 7925
34	Mars Express	Mars Express		ESA <	-- please do not add EU flag here; ESA is not an EU body. Per Talk page discussion. -->	Orbiter		Enough fuel to remain operational until 2035	Soyuz-FG / Fregat
		Beagle 2			Lander		No communications received after release from Mars Express. Orbital images of landing site suggest a successful landing, but two solar panels failed to deploy, obstructing its communications.
35	Spirit	Spirit (MER-A)		NASA	Rover		Landed on 4 January 2004. Operated for 2208 sols^[20]	Delta II 7925
36	Opportunity	Opportunity (MER-B)		NASA	Rover		Landed on 25 January 2004. Operated for 5351 sols
–	Rosetta	Rosetta		ESA <	-- please do not add EU flag here; ESA is not an EU body. Per Talk page discussion. -->	Flyby(Gravity assist)		Flyby in February 2007 en route to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko^[21]	Ariane 5G+
		Philae			Flyby(Gravity assist)
37	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter		NASA	Orbiter		Entered orbit on 10 March 2006	Atlas V 401
38	Phoenix	Phoenix		NASA	Lander		Landed on 25 May 2008. End of mission 2 November 2008	Delta II 7925
–	Dawn	Dawn		NASA	Flyby(Gravity assist)		Flyby in February 2009 en route to 4 Vesta and Ceres	Delta II 7925H
39	Fobos-Grunt / Yinghuo-1	Fobos-Grunt		Roscosmos	Orbiter return		Never left LEO (intended to depart under own power)	Zenit-2M
		Yinghuo-1		CNSA	Orbiter		To have been deployed by Fobos-Grunt
40	Mars Science Laboratory	Curiosity (Mars Science Laboratory)		NASA	Rover		Landed on 6 August 2012	Atlas V 541
41	Mars Orbiter Mission	Mars Orbiter Mission		ISRO	Orbiter		Entered orbit on 24 September 2014. Mission extended to 2022, where the mission concluded on September 27, 2022 after contact was lost.^[22]	PSLV-XL
42	MAVEN	MAVEN		NASA	Orbiter		Orbit insertion on 22 September 2014^[23]	Atlas V 401
43	ExoMars 2016	ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter		ESA/Roscosmos ESA/	Orbiter		Entered orbit on 19 October 2016	Proton-M / Briz-M
		Schiaparelli EDM lander		ESA	Lander		Carried by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Although the lander crashed,^[24] ^[25] engineering data on the first five minutes of entry was successfully retrieved.^[26] ^[27]
44	InSight	InSight	^[28] ^[29]	NASA	Lander		Landed on 26 November 2018. Last contact 15 December 2022.^[30]	Atlas V 401
		MarCO A			Flyby		Flyby 26 November 2018. Last contact 29 December 2018.
		MarCO B			Flyby		Flyby 26 November 2018. Last contact 4 January 2019.
45	Emirates Mars Mission	Hope	^[31]	MBRSC	Orbiter		Entered orbit on 9 February 2021.^[32] ^[33] ^[34]	H-IIA
46	Tianwen-1	Tianwen-1 orbiter	^[35] ^[36]	CNSA	Orbiter		Entered orbit on 10 February 2021
		Tianwen-1 lander			Lander		Landed on 14 May 2021
		Zhurong rover			Rover		Landed on 14 May 2021^[37] Deployed by the Tianwen-1 lander on 22 May 2021. Became inactive on 20 May 2022.
		Tianwen-1 Remote Camera			Lander		Landed on 14 May 2021 Deployed by the Zhurong rover on 1 June 2021.^[38]
		Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2^[39]			Orbiter		Entered orbit on 10 February 2021, deployed 31 December 2021
47	Mars 2020	Perseverance	^[40]	NASA	Rover, helicopter	Rover		Landed on 18 February 2021^[41]	Atlas V 541
		Ingenuity			Helicopter		First aerodynamic flight on another planet. Landed with Perseverance rover on 18 February 2021.^[42] Deployed from rover on 3 April 2021. First flight achieved on April 19, 2021.^[43] Retired on 25 January 2024 due to sustained rotor blade damage.
–	Psyche	Psyche	13 October 2023	NASA	Flyby (Gravity assist)		Gravity assist en route to 16 Psyche in May 2026^[44]	Falcon Heavy
–	Hera	Hera	7 October 2024	ESA	Flyby (Gravity assist)		Gravity assist en route to 65803 Didymos in March 2025	Falcon 9
–	Europa Clipper	Europa Clipper	14 October 2024	NASA	Flyby (Gravity assist)		Gravity assist en route to Jupiter and Europa in February 2025	Falcon Heavy

Landing locations

In 1999, Mars Climate Orbiter accidentally entered Mars' atmosphere and either burnt up or left Mars' orbit on an unknown trajectory.

There are a number of derelict spacecraft orbiting Mars whose location is not known precisely. There is a proposal to use the Optical Navigation Camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to search for small moons, dust rings and old orbiters.^[45] As of 2016, there were believed to be eight derelict spacecraft in orbit around Mars (barring unforeseen event).^[46] The Viking 1 orbiter was not expected to decay until at least 2019.^[47] Mariner 9, which entered Mars orbit in 1971, was expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when it was projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up, or crash into the planet's surface.^[48]

See also: List of Mars orbiters.

Timeline

Missions to the moons of Mars

There have also have been proposed missions dedicated to explore the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. Many missions to Mars have also included dedicated observations of the moons, while this section is about missions focused solely on them. There have been three unsuccessful dedicated missions and many proposals. Because of the proximity of the Mars moons to Mars, any mission to them may also be considered a mission to Mars from some perspectives.

Past missionsThree missions to land on Phobos have been launched; the Soviet Phobos program in the late 1980s saw the launch of Phobos 1 and Phobos 2, while the Russian Fobos-Grunt sample return mission was launched in 2011. None of these missions were successful: Phobos 1 failed en route to Mars, Phobos 2 failed shortly before landing, and Fobos-Grunt never left low Earth orbit.

Launched mission	Target	Reference
	Phobos
	Phobos
	Phobos

Planned missionsIn Japan, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) is developing a sample return mission to Phobos.^{[49] [50]} This mission is called Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)^[51] and is a flagship Strategic Large Mission.^[52] MMX will build on the expertise the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) would gain through the Hayabusa2 and SLIM missions.^[53] As of December 2023, MMX is scheduled to launch in 2026.^[54]

Planned mission	Target	Reference
Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)	Phobos and Deimos

Past proposalsThere have been at least three proposals in the United States Discovery Program, including PADME, PANDORA, and MERLIN. The ESA has also considered a sample return mission, one of the latest known as Martian Moon Sample Return or MMSR, and it may use heritage from an asteroid sample return mission.^[55]

Osiris-Rex 2 was a proposal to make OR a double mission, with the other one collecting samples from the two Mars moons.^[56] In 2012, it was stated that this mission would be both the quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the Moons.

The 'Red Rocks Project,' a part of Lockheed Martin's "Stepping Stones to Mars" program, proposed to explore Mars robotically from Deimos.^{[57] [58]}

Proposal	Target	Reference
Aladdin	Phobos and Deimos	^[59]
	Phobos and Deimos	^[60]
DSR	Deimos	^[61]
Gulliver	Deimos	^[62]
Hall	Phobos and Deimos	^[63]
M-PADS		Phobos and Deimos	^[64]
Merlin	Phobos and Deimos	^[65]
MMSR (2011 ver.)	Phobos or Deimos
OSIRIS-REx 2	Phobos or Deimos	^[66]
Pandora	Phobos and Deimos	^[67]
PCROSS	Phobos	^[68]
	Phobos	^[69]
PRIME	Phobos	^[70]
	Phobos	^[71]
	Phobos	^[72] ^[73]
	Phobos and Deimos	^[74] ^[75]

Statistics

Mission milestone by country

Legend

† First to achieve

Mars missions!Country/Agency!Flyby!Orbit!Impact!Lander!Rover!Powered flight!Sample return!Crewed Landing

United States	Mariner 4, 1965 †	Mariner 9, 1971 †	Mars Polar Lander, 1999	Viking 1, 1976	Sojourner, 1997 †	Ingenuity, 2021 †	—	—
China	Tianwen-1, 2021	Tianwen-1, 2021	—	Tianwen-1, 2021	Zhurong, 2021	—	—	—
Soviet Union	Mars 2, 1971	Mars 2, 1971	Mars 2 Lander, 1971 †	Mars 3, 1971 †	PrOP-M, 1971	—	—	—
ESA	Mars Express, 2003	Mars Express, 2003	Schiaparelli EDM, 2016	Schiaparelli EDM, 2016	—	—	—	—
Russia	TGO, 2016	TGO, 2016	Mars 96, 1996	Mars 96, 1996	—	—	—	—
India	MOM, 2014	MOM, 2014	—	—	—	—	—	—
UAE	Hope, 2021	Hope, 2021	—	—	—	—	—	—
United Kingdom	Beagle 2, 2003	—	Beagle 2, 2003	Beagle 2, 2003	—	—	—	—
Japan	Nozomi, 1998	Nozomi, 1998	—	—	—	—	—	—

Phobos missions!Country/Agency!Impact!Lander!Rover!Sample return

Soviet Union	Phobos 1, 1988	Phobos 1, 1988	Phobos 1, 1988	—
Russia	Fobos-Grunt, 2011	Fobos-Grunt, 2011	—	Fobos-Grunt, 2011

Missions by organization/company

Country		Successful	Partial failure	Failure	Operational	Gravity assist	Total
United States	NASA	13	-	5	4	1	23
Soviet Union	Energia	1	6	10	-	-	17
Russia	Roscosmos	-	1	2	-	-	3
ESA	ESA	-	2	-	-	1	3
China	CNSA	1	-	1	1	-	2
India	ISRO	1	-	-	-	-	1
	UAESA	1	-	-	1	-	1
Japan	ISAS	-	-	1	-	-	1
United Kingdom	NSC	-	-	1	-	-	1

Future missions

Under development

Name	Proposed launch date	Type	Status	Reference
EscaPADE	NET Spring 2025	Two orbiters	under development	^[76]
Martian Moons eXploration	2026	Phobos sample return mission	under development
Tianwen-3	2028	Mars sample return mission	planned	^[77]
TEREX	Mid 2020s	Orbiter	planned	^[78]
Rosalind Franklin	2028	Rover	under development
Mars Lander Mission	2031	Orbiter, lander, rover, aircraft	planned	^[79]

Proposed missions

Mission	Organisation	Proposed launch	Type
First Commercial Mission to Mars	Relativity Space, Impulse Space	2026	Lander^[80]
SpaceX Uncrewed Landing	SpaceX	2026	Uncrewed lander^[81] (SpaceX Mars colonization program)
SpaceX First Crewed Landing	SpaceX	2028/2029	Crewed lander^[82]
NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return	NASA/ESA	NET 2030^[83] ^[84]	Orbiter/Lander/Return vehicle
Large Inflatable Fabric Environment	Sierra Nevada Corporation	TBD	Orbital habitat in Low Mars Orbit (LMO)^[85]
International Mars Ice Mapper Mission	NASA (withdrawn)^[86] Canadian Space Agency Italian Space Agency JAXA	2030s^[87]	Orbiter
Fobos-Grunt 2 and Mars-Grunt	Roscosmos	2030s^[88]	Orbiter, lander, ascent vehicle, sample-return
MAGGIE	NASA		Aircraft
M-MATISSE	ESA		Two orbiters^[89]

Unrealized concepts

1970s

• Mars 4NM and Mars 5NM – projects intended by the Soviet Union for heavy Marsokhod (in 1973 according to initial plan of 1970) and Mars sample return (planned for 1975). The missions were to be launched on the failed N1 rocket.^[90]
• Mars 5M (Mars-79) – double-launching Soviet sample return mission planned to 1979 but cancelled due to complexity and technical problems
• Voyager-Mars – USA, 1970s – Two orbiters and two landers, launched by a single Saturn V rocket.

1990s

• Vesta – the multiaimed Soviet mission, developed in cooperation with European countries for realisation in 1991–1994 but canceled due to the Soviet Union disbanding, included the flyby of Mars with delivering the aerostat and small landers or penetrators followed by flybys of 1 Ceres or 4 Vesta and some other asteroids with impact of penetrator on the one of them.
• Mars Aerostat – Russian/French balloon part for cancelled Vesta mission and then for failed Mars 96 mission,^[91] originally planned for the 1992 launch window, postponed to 1994 and then to 1996 before being cancelled.^[92]
• Mars Together, combined U.S. and Russian mission study in the 1990s. To be launched by a Molniya with possible U.S. orbiter or lander.^{[93] [94]}
• Mars Environmental Survey – set of 16 landers planned for 1999–2009
• Mars-98 – Russian mission including an orbiter, lander, and rover, planned for 1998 launch opportunity as repeat of failed Mars 96 mission; cancelled due to lack of funding.^[95]

2000s

• Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander – October 2001 – Mars lander (refurbished, became Phoenix lander)
• Kitty Hawk – Mars airplane micromission, proposed for 17 December 2003, the centennial of the Wright brothers' first flight.^[96] Its funding was eventually given to the 2003 Mars Network project.^[97]
• NetLander – 2007 or 2009 – Mars netlanders
• Beagle 3 – 2009 British lander mission meant to search for life, past or present.
• Mars Telecommunications Orbiter – September 2009 – Mars orbiter for telecommunications

2010s-2020s

• Mars One - announced in 2012, planned to land a demo lander on Mars by 2016, with a crewed landing to follow by 2023. These dates were delayed multiple times, and the project was eventually cancelled, with the company going bankrupt in 2019
• Sky-Sailor – 2014 – Plane developed by Switzerland to take detailed pictures of Mars surface
• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – 2018 rover concept, cancelled due to budget cuts in 2011. Sample cache goal later moved to Mars 2020 rover.^[98]
• Red Dragon – Derivative of a Dragon 2 capsule by SpaceX, designed to land by aerobraking and retropropulsion. Planned for 2018, then 2020. Canceled in favor of the Starship system.
• Tumbleweed rover, wind-propelled sphere^[99]

• MELOS, Japanese rover and aircraft concept
• Icebreaker Life, astrobiology lander concept
• Next Mars Orbiter, orbiter, communication satellite^[100]
• Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer, ESA concept of a mission to both moons
• Mars MetNet, atmospheric probes concept
• Mars Geyser Hopper, lander, mission to Mars geysers
• Mars Micro Orbiter, small satellites as part of SIMPLEx program
• Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment, NASA concept of mission to both moons
• Biological Oxidant and Life Detection, impactor
• SatRevolution, nanosatellite

See also

• Exploration of Mars
  • Mars flyby
  • Satellites of Mars
  • Mars landing
  • Mars rover
  • List of artificial objects on Mars
  • Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers
  • Human mission to Mars
• Timeline of Solar System exploration
  • List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces
  • List of missions to Venus
  • List of missions to the Moon
  • List of missions to minor planets
  • List of missions to the outer planets

Notes and References

1. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/chronology_mars.html Chronology of Mars Exploration
2. Web site: Pathfinder Rover Gets Its Name.
3. Web site: Russia's unmanned missions to Mars. 2021-02-12. www.russianspaceweb.com.
4. Chronology of Mars Missions . ResearchGate. en. 10.13140/rg.2.2.29797.65768 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20181210015825/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328715311_Chronology_of_Mars_Missions. 10 December 2018.
5. Web site: Smith . Kiona N. . The Mariner 9 Spacecraft And The Race To Orbit Mars . Forbes . 2017-05-30 . 2022-02-16.
6. Web site: Missions to Mars . The Planetary Society.
7. NASA Space Science Data Center, Mars 2 Lander. Retrieved 11 Feb. 2021.
8. Book: Perminov, V.G.. The Difficult Road to Mars - A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union. July 1999. NASA Headquarters History Division. 0-16-058859-6. 34–60.
9. Web site: Webster . Guy . NASA Mars Orbiter Images May Show 1971 Soviet Lander . 11 April 2013 . . 12 April 2013 .
10. News: Mars 3 Lander. Mars 3 was the first spacecraft to make a successful soft landing on Mars.. NASA.
11. News: The First Rover on Mars - The Soviets Did It in 1971. The Mars 2 and 3 rover, which landed on Mars in 1971.. Planetary Society.
12. Web site: Mars 3 Spacecraft and Subsystems, NSSDCA cat. February 11, 2021.
13. NASA Space Science Data Center, Mars 3 Lander. Retrieved 11 Feb. 2021.
14. Book: Pyle, Rod . Destination Mars . 2012 . Prometheus Books . 978-1-61614-589-7 . 73–78 . It was the first spacecraft to enter orbit around another world..
15. Web site: Soviet Mars Images. mentallandscape.com.
16. Web site: NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details.
17. Web site: Mars Pathfinder Science Results . NASA . 20 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120402035943/http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/science/geology.html . 2 April 2012 . dead .
18. Web site: 1 October 1997. Mars Pathfinder Welcome to Mars Sol 86 (1 October 1997) Images. 12 February 2021.
19. Web site: Nozomi - NASA Science . 2024-01-10 . science.nasa.gov . en.
20. A sol is the name for an Mars' day.
21. Web site: ESA - Beautiful new images from Rosetta's approach to Mars: OSIRIS UPDATE . Esa.int . 24 February 2007 . 16 January 2012.
22. News: Ray. Kalyan. 8 February 2017. Isro-Mars orbiter mission life extended up to 2020. Deccan Herald. 12 February 2021.
23. Web site: Brown . Dwayne . Neal-Jones . Nancy . Zubritsky . Elizabeth . NASA's Newest Mars Mission Spacecraft Enters Orbit around Red Planet . 21 September 2014 . . 22 September 2014 .
24. News: Clark . Stephen . Probe into crash of ESA lander recommends more checks on ExoMars descent craft . 24 May 2017 . Spaceflight Now . 21 November 2018.
25. News: Weak Simulations, Inadequate Software & Mismanagement caused Schiaparelli Crash Landing. 24 May 2017 . Spaceflight101 . 21 November 2018.
26. News: Chan . Sewell . No Signal From Mars Lander, but European Officials Declare Mission a Success . 20 October 2016 . . 20 October 2016.
27. News: Wall . Mike . ExoMars '96 Percent' Successful Despite Lander Crash: ESA . Space.com . 21 October 2016 . 21 October 2016 .
28. News: Clark . Stephen . InSight Mars lander escapes cancellation, aims for 2018 launch . Spaceflight Now . 9 March 2016 . 9 March 2016 .
29. News: Chang . Kenneth . NASA Reschedules Mars InSight Mission for May 2018 . 9 March 2016 . . 9 March 2016 .
30. Web site: NASA InSight – Dec. 19, 2022 – Mars InSight . 2022-12-20 . blogs.nasa.gov . 19 December 2022 . en-US.
31. Web site: Live coverage: Launch of Emirates Mars Mission rescheduled for Sunday. Spaceflight Now. 14 July 2020. 19 July 2020.
32. Web site: UAE's 'Hope' probe to be first in trio of Mars missions. Phys.Org. 7 February 2021. 8 February 2021.
33. Web site: 2021-02-09. UAE's Hope Probe on its Way to Glory. 2021-03-03. en-US.
34. Web site: The UAE's Hope Probe has successfully entered orbit around Mars. cnn.com. 9 February 2021. 9 February 2021.
35. News: Amos. Jonathan. 23 July 2020. China's Mars rover rockets away from Earth. en-GB. BBC News. 23 July 2020.
36. Web site: 天外送祝福，月圆迎华诞——天问一号以"自拍国旗"祝福祖国71华诞. 1 October 2020. Weixin Official Accounts Platform.
37. Web site: 14 May 2021. CGNT on twitter. 14 May 2021. China's Tianwen-1 probe lands on.
38. Web site: The scientific image map was unveiled, and it was a one-time tour! my country's first Mars exploration mission was a complete success. 6 June 2021. The picture of the "touring group photo" shows the rover traveling about 10 meters south of the landing platform, releasing the separate camera installed at the bottom of the vehicle, and then retreating to the vicinity of the landing platform..
39. Web site: 1 January 2022. New Year's Day greetings-China National Space Administration releases the images returned by the Tianwen-1 probe.
40. Web site: Nasa Mars rover: Perseverance launches from Florida. 30 July 2020. BBC News. 30 July 2020 . en-gb.
41. Web site: mars.nasa.gov. Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover. 30 July 2020. mars.nasa.gov. en.
42. Web site: Mars Helicopter. 30 July 2020. NASA Mars. A technology demonstration to test the first powered flight on Mars..
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