List of microorganisms tested in outer space explained

The survival of some microorganisms exposed to outer space has been studied using both simulated facilities and low Earth orbit exposures. Bacteria were some of the first organisms investigated, when in 1960 a Russian satellite carried Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, and Enterobacter aerogenes into orbit.[1] Many kinds of microorganisms have been selected for exposure experiments since, as listed in the table below.

Experiments of the adaption of microbes in space have yielded unpredictable results. While sometimes the microorganism may weaken, they can also increase in their disease-causing potency.

It is possible to classify these microorganisms into two groups, the human-borne and the extremophiles. Studying the human-borne microorganisms is significant for human welfare and future crewed missions in space, whilst the extremophiles are vital for studying the physiological requirements of survival in space.[2] NASA has pointed out that normal adults have ten times as many microbial cells as human cells in their bodies.[3] They are also nearly everywhere in the environment and, although normally invisible, can form slimy biofilms.[3]

Extremophiles have adapted to live in some of the most extreme environments on Earth. This includes hypersaline lakes, arid regions, deep sea, acidic sites, cold and dry polar regions and permafrost.[4] The existence of extremophiles has led to the speculation that microorganisms could survive the harsh conditions of extraterrestrial environments and be used as model organisms to understand the fate of biological systems in these environments. The focus of many experiments has been to investigate the possible survival of organisms inside rocks (lithopanspermia),[2] or their survival on Mars for understanding the likelihood of past or present life on that planet.[2] Because of their ubiquity and resistance to spacecraft decontamination, bacterial spores are considered likely potential forward contaminants on robotic missions to Mars. Measuring the resistance of such organisms to space conditions can be applied to develop adequate decontamination procedures.[5]

Research and testing of microorganisms in outer space could eventually be applied for directed panspermia or terraforming.

Table

OrganismLow Earth orbitImpact event and planetary ejectionAtmospheric reentrySimulated conditionsReferences
Actinomyces erythreus [6]
Aeromonas proteolytica
Anabaena cylindrica (akinetes) [7]
Azotobacter chroococcum [8]
Azotobacter vinelandii
Bacillus cereus [9]
Bacillus megaterium [10]
Bacillus mycoides [11]
Bacillus pumilus [12]
Bacillus subtilis [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
Bacillus thuringiensis [18]
Carnobacterium [19]
Chroococcidiopsis [20] [21] [22]
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium butyricum [23] [24]
Clostridium celatum
Clostridium mangenotii
Clostridium roseum
Deinococcus aerius [25]
Deinococcus aetherius [26]
Deinococcus geothermalis [27]
Deinococcus radiodurans [28] [29] [30] [31] [32]
Enterobacter aerogenes [33]
Escherichia coli [34] [35]
Gloeocapsa [36]
Gloeocapsopsis pleurocapsoides
Haloarcula-G
Hydrogenomonas eutropha
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Kocuria rosea [37]
Lactobacillus plantarum [38]
Leptolyngbya
Luteococcus japonicus [39]
Micrococcus luteus
Nostoc commune [40]
Nostoc microscopicum
Photobacterium
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Rhodococcus erythropolis [41]
Rhodospirillum rubrum [42]
Salmonella enterica [43]
Serratia marcescens
Serratia plymuthica [44]
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus mutans [45]
Streptomyces albus
Streptomyces coelicolor
Synechococcus (halite) [46] [47] [48]
Synechocystis [49]
Symploca
Tolypothrix byssoidea [50]
Halobacterium noricense [51] [52]
Halobacterium salinarum
Halococcus dombrowskii
Halorubrum chaoviatoris
Methanosarcina sp. SA-21/16 [53]
Methanobacterium MC-20
Methanosarcina barkeri
Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus oryzae
Aspergillus terreus [54]
Aspergillus versicolor [55]
Chaetomium globosum
Cladosporium herbarum [56]
Cryomyces antarcticus [57] [58]
Cryomyces minteri
Euglena gracilis [59] [60] [61] [62]
Mucor plumbeus
Nannochloropsis oculata [63] [64] [65]
Penicillium roqueforti
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
Sordaria fimicola [66]
Trebouxia [67]
Trichoderma koningii [68]
Trichoderma longibrachiatum [69]
Trichophyton terrestre
Ulocladium atrum
Aspicilia fruticulosa [70]
Buellia frigida [71]
Circinaria gyrosa [72]
Rhizocarpon geographicum [73]
Rosenvingiella
Xanthoria elegans [74] [75] [76] [77] [78]
Xanthoria parietina
T7 phage
Canine hepatitis
Influenza PR8
Tobacco mosaic virus [79]
Vaccinia virus
Rhodotorula rubra
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces ellipsoides
Zygosaccharomyces bailii
Caenorhabditis elegans
(nematode) 		[80] [81]
Hypsibius dujardini
(tardigrade) 		[82] [83]
Milnesium tardigradum
(tardigrade) 		[84] [85] [86]
Richtersius coronifer
(tardigrade) 		[87]
Mniobia russeola
(rotifer)

See also

Misc
Low Earth orbit missions:

Notes and References

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