Lists of metalloids explained

This is a list of 194 sources that list elements classified as metalloids. The sources are listed in chronological order. Lists of metalloids differ since there is no rigorous widely accepted definition of metalloid (or its occasional alias, 'semi-metal'). Individual lists share common ground, with variations occurring at the margins. The elements most often regarded as metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium. Other sources may subtract from this list, add a varying number of other elements, or both.

Overview

ElementCitationsFrequency
  in n = 194
publications		194 = 100%
 
ArsenicAs191.599%
TelluriumTe190.598%
GermaniumGe184.595%
SiliconSi183.595%
AntimonySb169.587%
BoronB16686%
PoloniumPo94.549%
AstatineAt7740%
SeleniumSe4624%
AluminiumAl189.3%
CarbonC16.58.5%
BismuthBi11.55.9%
PhosphorusP105.2%
BerylliumBe7.53.9%
TinSn5.52.8%
SulfurS31.5%
LivermoriumLv31.5%
IodineI2.51.3%
FleroviumFl10.5%
GalliumGa10.5%
HydrogenH10.5%
LeadPb10.5%
MoscoviumMc10.5%
TennessineTs10.5%

Chronological list

This table shows which elements are included in each of 194 different lists of metalloids. A parenthesized symbol indicates an element whose inclusion in a particular metalloid list is qualified in some way by the author(s). The 'citations' rows show how many and what percentage of the authorities consider each element to be a metalloid, with qualified citations counted as one-half.

Citations as metalloid by element
ElementArsenicTelluriumGermaniumSiliconAntimonyBoronPoloniumAstatineSeleniumAluminiumCarbonBismuthPhosphorusBerylliumTinSulfurLivermoriumIodineOtherCount
AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtSeAlCBiPBeSnSLvI
Citations
*		191.5
190.5
184.5
183.5
169.5
166
94.5
77
46
18
16.5
11.5
10
7.5
5.5
3
3
2.5
6
'		7.15
 
99%98%95%95%87%86%49%40%24%9.3%8.5%5.9%5.2%3.9%2.8%1.5%1.5%1.3%3.1%
SourceYr
Simmons[1] 1947 As Te Sb Se   4
Pauling[2] 1949 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Szabó & Lakatos[3] 1954 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al Be   10
Dull, Metcalfe & Williams[4] 1958 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Frey[5] 1958 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Johnstone & Miller[6] 1960 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se C P   9
Edwards et al.[7] 1961 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se I   8
Bond[8] 1962 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Swift & Schaefer[9] 1962 As Ge Si Sb B Bi   6
Hoffman[10] 1963 As Te Ge Si Sb B Be   7
Nathans[11] 1963 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Bailar, Moeller & Kleinberg[12] 1965 As Te Ge Se   4
Selwood[13] 1965 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al Bi Sn 12
Bassett et al.[14] 1966 Te Ge Si Sb B Po Al Be   8
Hultgren[15] 1966 As Te Ge Si Sb Se C   7
Metcalfe, Williams & Castka[16] 1966 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po (Al)   7.5
Rochow[17] 1966 As Te Ge Si Sb B (Po) (At) (Se) (C) (Bi) (P)   9
Mahan[18] 1967 As Te Ge Si B   5
Paul, King & Farinholt[19] 1967 As Te Ge Si Sb Se   6
Siebring[20] 1967 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Al   8
Cotton & Lynch[21] 1968 As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se C   9
Dunstan[22] 1968 As Te (Ge) Sb Po Al Bi Be Sn 7.5
Tyrell & Warren[23] 1968 As Te (Ge) Si (Sb) B (Po) At (Se) (Al) (C) (P) (I)   9.5
Williams, Embree & DeBey[24] 1968 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Al   8
Chedd[25] 1969 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Hägg[26] 1969 As Te Ge Sb At Sn   6
Holum[27] 1969 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Hunter[28] 1969 As Te Si Sb Se   5
Moody[29] 1969 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al Be   10
Dickerson, Gray & Haight[30] 1970 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Hardwick & Knobler[31] 1970 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Williams, Embree & DeBay[32] 1970 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Al Be   9
Dickson[33] 1971 As Te Ge Si Sb Po   6
Emsley[34] 1971 As Te Ge Sb   4
Nitz & Dhonau[35] 1971 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Pimentel & Spratley[36] 1971 As Te Ge Si Sb B (Po) (At) Se C   9
Barrow[37] 1972 As Te Ge Si B   5
Choppin & Johnsen[38] 1972 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Horvath[39] 1973 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Pascoe[40] 1973 Te Ge Si B At Se C P   8
Seager & Stoker[41] 1973 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al Be   10
Allen & Keefer[42] 1974 As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se   8
Andrews[43] 1974 As Te Si B At   5
Day & Johnson[44] 1974 As Te Ge Si Sb Po At   7
Dickson[45] 1974 As Te Ge Si Sb Po At   7
Duffy[46] 1974 As Te Ge Sb Se   5
Fuller[47] 1974 As Te Ge Si B Se C   7
Nordmann[48] 1974 As Te Ge Si B Po At Se   8
O'Connor[49] 1974 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Rock & Gerhold[50] 1974 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Pauling & Pauling[51] 1975 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Hearst & Ifft[52] 1976 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Tyler Miller[53] 1976 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al 10
Waser, Trueblood & Knobler[54] 1976 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Bloomfield[55] 1977 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Ucko[56] 1977 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Hill & Holman[57] 1978 As Te Ge Si B (C)   5.5
Coxon, Fergusson & Phillips[58] 1980 As Te Ge Si (Sb) B At (Be)   7
Warrena & Geballe[59] 1981 As Te Si B At Se C P S   9
Walters[60] 1982 As Te Ge Si B   5
Edwards & Sienko[61] 1983 As Te Ge Sb Po (At)   5.5
Holtzclaw, Robinson & Nebergall[62] 1984 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Boikess & Edelson[63] 1985 As Te Ge Si B   5
Peters[64] 1986 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Hibbert & James[65] 1987 As Te Ge Si Sb Po Bi   7
Jones et al.[66] 1987 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
McQuarrie & Rock[67] 1987 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Wulfsberg[68] 1987 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Thayer[69] 1988 As Te Ge Si B P   6
Whitten, Gailey & Davis[70] 1988 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Bailar et al.[71] 1989 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Gill[72] 1989 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Malone[73] 1989 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Petrucci[74] 1989 As Te Ge Si Sb Po At   7
Puddephatt & Monaghan[75] 1989 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Scott[76] 1989 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Segal[77] 1989 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Oxtoby, Nachtrieb & Freeman[78] 1990 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Atkins & Beran[79] 1990 As Te Ge Si Sb Po   6
Ebbing & Wrighton[80] 1993 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Zumdahl[81] 1993 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Birk[82] 1994 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Smith[83] 1994 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
AAE[84] 1996 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Brady & Holum[85] 1996 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Harrison & de Mora[86] 1996 As Te Ge Si B   5
Hook & Post[87] 1996 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Atkins & Jones[88] 1997 As Te Ge Si Sb Po   6
Dayah[89] 1997 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Mingos[90] 1998 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Joesten & Wood[91] 1999 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Kremer[92] 1999 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Thompson[93] 1999 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Umland & Bellama[94] 1999 As Te Ge Si B At Se   7
Callister[95] 2000 As Te Ge Si B Se C   7
Enloe[96] 2000 As Te Si B At   5
Mann, Meek & Allen[97] 2000 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Bi   8
Phillips, Stozak & Wistrom[98] 2000 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Ryan[99] 2000 As Te Ge Si B   5
Hawkes[100] 2001 As Te Ge Sb Se Bi   6
Lewis & Evans[101] 2001 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Masterton & Hurley[102] 2001 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Barrett[103] 2002 (As) (Te) (Ge) (Si) (Sb) (B) (Se)   3.5
Chang[104] 2002 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Lv 10
Harding, Johnson & Janes[105] 2002 As Te Ge Si Sb   5
Johnson[106] 2002 As Te Ge Si Sb At   6
Rodgers[107] 2002 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Szefer[108] 2002 As Te Ge Si Sb Se   6
Woodgate[109] 2002 As Te Ge Sb Al   5
Wright & Welbourn[110] 2002 As Te Ge Si B   5
e-encyclopedia[111] 2003 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Gupta[112] 2003 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Hunt[113] 2003 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Myers[114] 2003 As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se   8
Williams[115] 2003 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Atkins[116] 2004 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Cox[117] 2004 As Te Ge Si Sb Se   6
Gilbert, Kirss & Davies[118] 2004 As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se   8
Reilly[119] 2004 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Se   9
Ebbing & Gammon[120] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Fry & Page[121] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Halliday, Resnick & Walker[122] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Holler & Selegue[123] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po (At)   7.5
Kotz, Treichel & Weaver[124] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Meyer[125] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Orchin[126] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Swenson[127] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Se C Bi   11
Baird[128] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Blei & Odian[129] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb Po At Lv   8
Brown & Holme[130] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Dashek & Harrison[131] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Finch et al.[132] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Goldfrank & Flomenbaum[133] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Hatt[134] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Hérold[135] 2006 As Ge Si B Po (At) Se C Bi P   9.5
McMonagle[136] 2006 As Te Ge Si B Lv 8
Rayner-Canham & Overton[137] 2006 As Te Ge Si B   5
Silberberg[138] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Slade[139] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Wertheim, Oxlade & Stockley[140] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se   8
Whitley[141] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
American Chemical Society[142] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Astruc[143] 2007 As Si B Se P S   6
Casper[144] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Crystal[145] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
DeGraff[146] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Joesten, Hogg & Castellion[147] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Lewis[148] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Se C P S   11
Petty[149] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Se C Bi P Sn   13
Rösler, Harders & Bäker[150] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B (Sn)   6.5
Saunders[151] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Saunders[152] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Shipman, Wilson & Tood[153] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Bauer, Birk & Sawyer[154] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Clugston & Flemming[155] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb Se   6
Encyclopedia Columbia[156] 2008 As Te Sb Se   4
Ham[157] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Kelter, Mosher & Scott[158] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Masterton & Hurley[159] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Merck[160] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Nicolaou & Montagnon[161] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At C   9
Řezanka & Sigler[162] 2008 As Te Si B At Se   6
Tro & Neu[163] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Vallero[164] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Brown et al.[165] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Burrows et al.[166] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Castor-Perry[167] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At I   9
Cracolice & Peters[168] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Economou[169] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Habashi[170] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Se Bi   9
Hein & Arena[171] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Leach[172] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Manning[173] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
McMurray & Fay[174] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Reger, Goode & Ball[175] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Schnepp[176] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Shubert & Leyba[177] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Whitten et al.[178] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Aldinger & Weberruss[179] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Banks et al.[180] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Fayer[181] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Gray[182] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Groysman[183] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb Po   6
Halka & Nordstrom[184] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Lombi E & Holm PE[185] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
NEST Association[186] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
RCCS[187] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Se C Bi P Sn   13
Senese[188] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb (B) Po At (Se) C   9
Weiner[189] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Barbalace[190] 2011 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Encyclopædia Britannica Online[191] 2011 As Te Ge Si Sb B (Po) (At)   7
Helmenstine[192] 2011 As Te Ge Si Sb B (Po)   6.5
Moore[193] 2011 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
QA International[194] 2011 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
ElementArsenicTelluriumGermaniumSiliconAntimonyBoronPoloniumAstatineSeleniumAluminiumCarbonBismuthPhosphorusBerylliumTinSulfurLivermoriumIodineOther

There is an average of 7.15 elements per metalloid list.

Appearance frequency clusters

Elements cited in the listed sources (as of August 2011; n = 194) have appearance frequencies that occur in clusters of comparable values. The diamonds in the graph mark the mean appearance frequency of each cluster.

The resulting geometric trend line has the formula y = 199.47e−0.7423x and an R2 value of 0.9962.

Elements regarded as metalloids

The elements commonly classified as metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium.The status of polonium and astatine is not settled. Most authors recognise one or the other, or both, as metalloids; Herman, Hoffmann and Ashcroft, on the basis of relativistic modelling, predict astatine will be a monatomic metal. One or more of carbon, aluminium, phosphorus, selenium, tin or bismuth, these being periodic table neighbours of the elements commonly classified as metalloids, are sometimes recognised as metalloids.Selenium, in particular, is commonly designated as a metalloid in environmental chemistry on account of similarities in its aquatic chemistry with that of arsenic and antimony. There are fewer references to beryllium, in spite of its periodic table position adjoining the dividing line between metals and nonmetals. Isolated references in the literature can also be found to the categorisation of other elements as metalloids. These elements include: hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, zinc, gallium, iodine, lead, and radon (citations are for references other than those listed above).

Notes and References

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