List of medieval composers explained

Medieval music generally refers the music of Western Europe during the Middle Ages, from approximately the 6th to 15th centuries. The first and longest major era of Western classical music, medieval music includes composers of a variety of styles, often centered around a particular nationality or composition school. The lives of most medieval composers are generally little known, and some are so obscure that the only information available is what can be inferred from the contents and circumstances of their surviving music.

Composers of the Early Middle Ages (500–1000) almost exclusively concerned themselves with sacred music, writing in forms such as antiphons, hymns, masses, offices, sequences and tropes. Most composers were anonymous and the few whose names are known were monks or clergy. Of the known composers, the most significant are those from the Abbey of Saint Gall school, particularly Notker the Stammerer (Notker Balbulus); the Saint Martial school and its most prominent member, Adémar de Chabannes; and Wipo of Burgundy, to whom the well-known sequence "Victimae paschali laudes" is usually attributed.

In the High Middle Ages (1000–1250) sequences reached their peak with Adam of Saint Victor. By the late 11th century, the poet-composer troubadours of southern France became the first proponents of secular music to use musical notation; equivalent movements arose in the mid-12th century, with the Minnesang in Germany, trovadorismo in Galicia and Portugal, and the trouvères in northern France. Principal exponents of these traditions include troubadours Arnaut Daniel, Bertran de Born, Bernart de Ventadorn, William IX, Duke of Aquitaine; Minnesänger Gottfried von Strassburg, Hartmann von Aue, Reinmar von Hagenau and Walther von der Vogelweide; and trouvère Adam de la Halle, Blondel de Nesle and Chrétien de Troyes. Simultaneous with the spur of secular activity, Léonin and Pérotin of the religious Notre-Dame school (part of the broader Latin: [[Ars antiqua]]) developed polyphony in forms such as the clausula, conductus and organum. The nun Hildegard of Bingen was also a prolific sacred composer of this time.

During the Late Middle Ages (1250–1500) the age of secular national schools gradually faded away, in part due to the Albigensian Crusade. In France, the troubadours, trouvère and Latin: [[ars antiqua]] music was succeeded by the Latin: [[ars nova]] led by Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut. The music of the Trecento in Italy led by Francesco Landini is sometimes considered part of the Latin: ars nova style, but by the mid-14th century the movements had become too independent to warrant such a grouping. Part of this divergence was from the death of Machaut, where—after a brief continuance of the Latin: Ars nova style through the post-Machaut generation of F. Andrieu, Grimace, Jehan Vaillant and P. des Molins—there was a new rhythmically-complex style now known as Latin: [[ars subtilior]]. The major figures of Latin: ars subtilior included both composers from France and Italy; particularly Johannes Ciconia and Solage.

Medieval composers

See also: List of medieval music theorists.

Name! scope="col"

Lifetime	Nationality	Musical school	Surviving works
The Western Roman Empire falls in 476, ushering in the Middle Ages
(5th century) Early Middle Ages					High ↓
Notker the Stammerer (Notker Balbulus)	data-sort-value="840"	– 912	Frankish?	Abbey of Saint Gall	Three liturgical sequences, attribution not firm	^[1]
Tuotilo	data-sort-value="850"	– 915	Frankish	Abbey of Saint Gall	Five works	^[2]
Stephen of Liège	data-sort-value="850.1"	– 920	Belgian	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	Three works	^[3]
Hucbald	data-sort-value="850.2"	– 930	Frankish	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	Five works, none survive	^[4]
	data-sort-value="878"	– 942	French	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	15 works 3 hymns and 12 antiphons (?)	^[5]
Heriger of Lobbes (Herigerus)	data-sort-value="925"	– 1007	Belgian	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	Four works, none survive	^[6]
Odo of Arezzo (Abbot Oddo)	data-sort-value="0950"	10th century – 11th century	Italian	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	4 works antiphons from a tonary	^[7]
	data-sort-value="960"	– 1028	French	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	Three chants	^[8]
William of Volpiano (William of Dijon, William of Saint Benignus)	data-sort-value="962"	962 – 1031	Italian	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	One work? Office of St Benignus	^[9]
Notker Physicus (Notker II)	data-sort-value="975"	d. 975	Frankish	Abbey of Saint Gall	Three works	^[10]
	data-sort-value="988"	– 1034	French	Saint Martial school	Two works (?) One office and mass	^[11]
Wulfstan the Cantor (Wulfstan of Winchester)	data-sort-value="992"		English	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	Seven works; All uncertain attributions	^[12]
Wipo of Burgundy	data-sort-value="0995"	–	Frankish? (Arles/ Burgundy)	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	Victimae paschali laudes, attribution uncertain	^[13]
Guido of Arezzo	data-sort-value="0991"	–	Italian	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	Four works
(1000) High Middle Ages				Early ↑	Late ↓
Arnold of Saint Emmeram	data-sort-value="1000"	– 1050	Benedictine	Saint Emmeram's Abbey	60 works; over 40 antiphons and 20 responsories	^[14]
Otloh of Sankt Emmeram	data-sort-value="1000"		Benedictine	Saint Emmeram's Abbey	Exultemus in ista fratres, Kyrie O pater immense and chants	^[15]
Hermann of Reichenau Hermannus Contractus	data-sort-value="1013"	1013–1054	German	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	Two works	^[16]
	data-sort-value="1014"	before 1014 – 1048	German?	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	Two works, attribution uncertain	^[17]
The East–West Schism in 1054 separates the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
	data-sort-value="1069"	– 1170	English	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	Three songs	^[18]
	data-sort-value="1068"	– 1146	French	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	Four works	^[19]
William IX, Duke of Aquitaine (Guilhem de Peitieus; Guillaume d'Aquitaine)	data-sort-value="1071"	1071–1126	Occitan	Troubadour	One work; 11 poems total	^[20]
Peter Abelard	data-sort-value="1079"	1079–1142	French	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	Various chants, a hymn, three sequences and seven laments	^[21]
Udalscalcus of Maisach	data-sort-value="1080"	died in 1149 or 1151	German	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	Offices for St Ulrich and for St Conrad	^[22] ^[23]
	data-sort-value="1098"	1098–1179	German	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	72 works	^[24]
Jerusalem falls in 1099, during the First Crusade
	data-sort-value="1120"		Occitan	Troubadour	Four works; six poems total	^[25]
	data-sort-value="1129"		Occitan	Troubadour	Four works; 42 poems total	^[26]
Archpoet (Archipoeta)	data-sort-value="1130"	–	Western European probably French or German	Goliard	10 medieval Latin poems	^[27]
	data-sort-value="1130"	–	Occitan	Troubadour	19 (1 fragmentary) works; 45 poems total	^[28]
	data-sort-value="1140"	–	Occitan	Troubadour	Four works; 77 poems total	^[29]
Heinrich von Veldeke	data-sort-value="1140"	1140–1150 –	German	Minnesänger	No surviving works; 61 poems total	^[30]
"Vidame de Chartres" (probably Guillaume de Ferrières)	data-sort-value="1145"	– 1204	French	Trouvère	Six (nine?) works	^[31]
Albertus Parisiensis	data-sort-value="1146"		French	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	Congaudeant catholici	^[32]
	data-sort-value="1149"		Occitan	Troubadour	Two works; 24 poems total	^[33]
Dietmar von Aist		German	Minnesänger	No surviving music	^[34]
Friedrich von Hûsen (Friedrich von Hausen)	– 1190	German	Minnesänger	No music survives; 53 strophes	^[35]
	– 30 August 1196	Swiss	Minnesänger		^[36]
Léonin	–	French	Notre-Dame school (Latin: [[Ars antiqua]])		^[37]
	1150 – before 1215	Occitan	Troubadour	1 work; 40 poems total	^[38]
	–	Occitan	Troubadour	14 works; 68 poems total	^[39]
	–	Occitan	Troubadour	Two works; 18 poems total	^[40]
	– 1207	Occitan	Troubadour	Seven works; 35 poems total	^[41]
Folquet de Marselha (Folquet de Marseille)	– 1231	Occitan	Troubadour	13 works; 29 poems total	^[42]
		French	Trouvère		^[43]
	– 1219 /20	French	Trouvère	Seven works; eight poems total	^[44]
Der von Kürenberg		German	Minnesänger		^[45]
Hartmann von Aue	– after 1210	German	Minnesänger		^[46]
	– after 1213	French	Trouvère		^[47]
	– after 1221	Occitan	Troubadour	17 works; 34 poems total	^[48]
Philippe le Chancelier	– 1236	French	Notre-Dame school (Latin: [[Ars antiqua]])		^[49]
Raimbaut d'Aurenga		Occitan	Troubadour		^[50]
	– 1203	French	Trouvère	–	^[51]
	– after 1236	French	Trouvère		^[52]
		Occitan	Troubadour		^[53]
	–	German	Minnesänger		^[54]
	–	Occitan	Troubadour	Six works; 50 poems total	^[55]
	1177/8 – 1236	French	Trouvère	Eight surviving poems with music	^[56]
		French	Trouvère		^[57]
	1180–1278	Occitan	Troubadour	Three works; 90 poems total	^[58]
		Occitan	Troubadour	12 works; 50 poems total	^[59]
		Occitan	Troubadour	22 works; 48 poems total	^[60]
Reinmar von Hagenau (Reinmar der Alte)		German	Minnesänger		^[61]
		French	Trouvère		^[62]
Comtessa de Dia (Beatriz de Dia)		Occitan	Trobairitz		^[63]
	– after 1236	German	Minnesänger		^[64]
	– 1245	French	Trouvère		^[65]
Pérotin (Perotinus)		French	Notre-Dame school (Latin: [[Ars antiqua]])		^[66]
	c. 1180 – c. 1209	German	Minnesänger
		French	Trouvère	12 works; seven with surviving music	^[67]
	1200–10 – 1258/9	French	Trouvère		^[68]
	–	German	Minnesänger	–	^[69]
	– after 1262	Polish	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–		^[70]
		Occitan	Trobairitz	No surviving music; three poems	^[71]
	– 1272	French	Trouvère		^[72]
	1210–1215 – 1270	French	Trouvère		^[73]
		French	Trouvère		^[74]
		French	Trouvère	Four works; 17 poems total	^[75]
		French	Trouvère		^[76]
Heinrich von Morungen	d. 1222	German	Minnesänger	33 Minnelieder survive, only one with melody.	^[77]
	— before 1269	Italian	Troubadour		^[78]
Gautier d'Épinal	before 1220 – before 1272	French	Trouvère		^[79]
	– 1287	German	Minnesänger	23 songs	^[80]
	–	Occitan	Troubadour	48 works; 49 poems total	^[81]
		Spanish (Galician)	Galician-Portuguese lyric	Six songs; one know to be lost	^[82]
	1245–50 – 1285–8/after 1306	French	Trouvère	78 works	^[83]
(1250) Late Middle Ages					High ↑
Tannhäuser		German	Minnesänger		^[84]
Cerverí de Girona		Catalan	Troubadour	No music survives; 114 lyric poems	^[85]
	– 29 November 1318	German	Minnesänger		^[86]
Der wilde Alexander (Meister Alexander)		German	Minnesänger	27 works; 24 Spruch strophes, two Minnelieder and one Leich	^[87]
		French	Latin: [[Ars antiqua]]		^[88]
		English	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–		^[89]
	1291–1361	French	Latin: [[Ars nova]]	13 works at least	^[90]
Casella	died before 1300	Italian	data-sort-value="ZZZZ"	–	No surviving works	^[91]
Jehan de Lescurel		French	Latin: [[Ars nova]]	34 works all monophonic except one	^[92]
	– 1377	French	Latin: [[Ars nova]]	143 works	^[93]
		Italian	Trecento	–	^[94]
	– 1362/1363	Italian	Trecento	18 works	^[95]
	– 1397	Italian	Trecento		^[96]
Lorenzo da Firenze	– 1372/1373	Italian	Trecento	21 works	^[97]
The Hundred Years' War conflict between England and France begins in 1337
		English	English ars nova	Sub Arturo plebs, and maybe four others	^[98]
		Italian	Trecento	Eight works	^[99]
Giovanni da Cascia		Italian	Trecento	19 works	^[100]
		Italian	Trecento	34 works	^[101]
		Italian	Trecento	Four madrigals and two Cacce	^[102]
		Italian	Trecento		^[103]
Matheus de Sancto Johanne (Mayshuet de Joan)	died 1391	French	Latin: [[Ars subtilior]]		^[104]
		Italian	Trecento		^[105]
Magister Franciscus		French	Latin: [[Ars nova]]?	Two works both three part ballades	^[106]
Philippus de Caserta		Italian?	Latin: [[Ars subtilior]]	6 ballades	^[107]
Mönch von Salzburg (Monk of Salzburg)		German	–		^[108]
F. Andrieu		French	Latin: [[Ars nova]]	One work a ballade for Machaut's death	^[109]
		French	Latin: [[Ars subtilior]]		^[110]
Petrus de Goscalch		French?	Latin: [[Ars subtilior]]		^[111]
P. des Molins<	-- not the Trouvere Pierre de Molins -->		French	Latin: [[Ars nova]]	Two works among the most popular pieces of their time	^[112]
	2nd half of the 14th century	Italian	Trecento		^[113]
		French	Latin: [[Ars subtilior]]		^[114]
		French	Latin: [[Ars subtilior]]		^[115]
	1348 – 1400	Bohemian	–	40 works	^[116]
	— after 1413	Italian	Trecento	Very prolific in a variety of genres	^[117]
Andrea da Firenze		Italian	Trecento	–	^[118]
Paolo da Firenze	– 1436	Italian	Trecento	Possibly up to 61 works	^[119]
	1357 – 1423	German	Minnesänger		^[120]
Grazioso da Padova		Italian	Trecento	Mass movements, ballata	^[121]
Jehan Vaillant		French	Latin: [[Ars nova]]	Five (six?) works	^[122]
Giovanni Mazzuoli	– 1426	Italian	Trecento	Ballata	^[123]
		French	Latin: [[Ars subtilior]]		^[124]
		French	Latin: [[Ars subtilior]]		^[125]
Borlet		French	Latin: [[Ars subtilior]]	One work; a four-voice virelai	^[126]
	– 1412	Franco-Flemish	Trecento Latin: [[Ars subtilior]]		^[127]
	– 1445	English	Old Hall Manuscript	Mass movements and other Latin settings	^[128]
Johannes Tapissier	– before 1410	French	Burgundian School	Mass movements, motet	^[129]
Johannes Cuvelier		French	Latin: [[Ars subtilior]]	Four works	^[130]
		French	Latin: [[Ars nova]]	Five (Seven?) Works	^[131]
		Italian	Trecento	Ballades, Rondeaux, Virelai, Ballatas	^[132]
	– 1456	French	Burgundian School		^[133]
	– 1445	German		Lieder	^[134]
		French		Ballades, Rondeaux	^[135]
John Dunstaple (John Dunstable)	– 1453	English	Contenance angloise	Mass movements and isorhythmic motets	^[136]
	died in 1400	North Netherlandish			^[137]
		English	Old Hall Manuscript	Mass movements	^[138]
		Flemish	Latin: [[Ars subtilior]]	3 works	^[139]
		English	Old Hall Manuscript	Mass movements	^[140]
Andrea Stefani		Italian	Trecento	Ballate	^[141]
		Franco-Flemish			^[142]
		Italian	Trecento		^[143]
		French	Latin: [[Ars subtilior]]		^[144]
Nicolaus Ricci de Nucella Campli		Italian	Trecento	Ballata	^[145]
		Italian	Trecento	Mass movements, ballate	^[146]
		Franco-Flemish			^[147]
		French		Motet, ballades, rondeaux	^[148]
Conradus de Pistoria		Italian	Latin: [[Ars subtilior]]	Ballades	^[149]
Roy Henry		English	Old Hall Manuscript	Mass movements	^[150]
		English	Old Hall Manuscript	Mass movements	^[151]
Byttering		English	Old Hall Manuscript	Mass movements	^[152]
Antonio da Cividale		Italian	Trecento	Mass movements, motets, ballades, rondeaux, virelais	^[153]
	died 1418	French		Mass movements, ballades, rondeaux	^[154]
		French		Numerous mass movements	^[155]
		Flemish		Mass movements, motets, rondeaux	^[156]
	died before 1432	Flemish		Mass movements, ballades, rondeaux	^[157]
	1349 – 1405	Serbian		Composed tuzhbalice (laments)
For later composers see the List of Renaissance composers

References

Sources

• Book: Abraham . Gerald . Gerald Abraham . Hughes . Dom Anselm . 1960 . Ars Nova and the Renaissance 1300-1540 . The New Oxford History of Music . III . . Oxford . 978-0-19-316303-4 .
• Book: Fassler, Margot . Margot Fassler . Frisch . Walter . 2014 . Music in the Medieval West . Western Music in Context: A Norton History . 1st . . New York . 978-0-393-92915-7 .
• Book: Grier , James . Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-85628-7. The Musical World of a Medieval Monk: Adémar de Chabannes in Eleventh-century Aquitaine. Cambridge. 2006. 10.1017/CBO9780511481802.
• Book: Hoppin, Richard . Richard Hoppin . 1978 . Medieval Music . The Norton Introduction to Music History . 1st . . New York . 978-0-393-09090-1.
• Magnan . Robert . 1993 . Eustache Deschamps and his Double: Musique naturele and musique artificiele . Ars Lyrica . 7 . Brepols . New Haven . 47–64 . 1043-3848 . 2507-0398 .
• Book: Roche . Jerome . Jerome Roche . Roche . Elizabeth . 1981 . A Dictionary of Early Music From the Troubadours to Monteverdi . . Oxford . 978-0-19-520255-7 .
• Encyclopedia: Stevens . John . Butterfield . Ardis . Ardis Butterfield . Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Troubadours, trouvères . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28468 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
  • • • • Book: Strohm, Reinhard . Reinhard Strohm . 2005 . [{{google books|plainurl=y|id=8gwToY1HEoIC}} The Rise of European Music, 1380-1500 ]. . Cambridge . 978-0-521-61934-9 .
• Reaney . Gilbert . Gilbert Reaney . 1954 . The Manuscript Chantilly, Musée Condé 1047 . . 8 . 59–113 . 20531876 .
• Book: Reese, Gustave . Gustave Reese . 1940 . Music in the Middle Ages: With an Introduction on the Music of Ancient Times . . Lanham . 978-0-393-09750-4 .
• Encyclopedia: Wolinski . Mary . Borders . James . 26 February 2020 . Oxford Bibliographies

  Music

  . Medieval Music . . Oxford . 10.1093/OBO/9780199757824-0269 . 978-0-19-975782-4 . subscription.
• Book: Yudkin, Jeremy . 1989 . Music in Medieval Europe . 1st . . Upper Saddle River . 978-0-13-608192-0 .

Notes and References

1. Encyclopedia: Hiley . David . David Hiley . 2001 . . Notker . . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20128 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
2. Encyclopedia: Planchart . Alejandro Enrique . Alejandro Planchart . 2001 . . Tuotilo . . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28589 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
3. Encyclopedia: Huglo . Michel . 2001 . . Stephen of Liège . . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26706 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
4. Encyclopedia: Chartier . Yves . 2001 . . Hucbald of St Amand . . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13475 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
5. Encyclopedia: Brockett . Clyde . Huglo . Michel . 2001 . . Odo of Cluny . . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20255 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
6. Encyclopedia: Huglo . Michel . 2001 . . Herigerus . . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12853 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
7. Encyclopedia: Brockett . Clyde . Huglo . Michel . 2001 . . Odo of Arezzo . . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20255 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
8. Encyclopedia: Fassler . Margot E. . 2001 . . Fulbert of Chartres . . Oxford . 29 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10366 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
9. Encyclopedia: Huglo . Michel . 2001 . . Guillaume de Dijon . . Oxford . 19 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11982 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
10. Encyclopedia:

    de:Udo Kühne

    . Kühne . Udo . 2010 . . Notker der Arzt . Notker the doctor . Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences . Bern, Switzerland . de . 30 November 2020 .
11. Encyclopedia: Grier . James . 2001 . . Adémar de Chabannes . . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52477 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
12. Encyclopedia: Teviotdale . Elizabeth C. . 2001 . . Wulfstan [Wulstan, Wolstan] of Winchester ]. . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30612 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
13. Encyclopedia: Crocker . Richard L. . 2001 . . Wipo . . Oxford . 29 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30429 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
14. Encyclopedia: 2001 . . Arnold of St Emmeram . . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52832 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
15. Encyclopedia: Hiley . David . David Hiley . 2001 . . Otloh of St Emmeram . . Oxford . 20 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52834 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
16. Encyclopedia: Gushee . Lawrence . Lawrence Gushee . 2001 . . Hermannus Contractus . . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12864 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
17. Encyclopedia: Gushee . Lawrence . Lawrence Gushee . Revised by Dolores Pesce . 2001 . . Berno of Reichenau . . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02878 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
18. Encyclopedia: Trowell . Brian . Brian Trowell . 2001 . . Godric . . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11345 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
19. Encyclopedia: Fassler . Margot E. . 2001 . . Adam of St Victor . . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00166 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
20. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . Revised by John Haines . 2001 . . Guillaume IX, Duke of Aquitaine and 7th Count of Poitiers . . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11979 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
21. Encyclopedia: Weinrich . Lorenz . Lorenz Weinrich . 2001 . . Abelard, Peter . . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00036 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
22. Encyclopedia: Gushee . Lawrence . Lawrence Gushee . . 2001 . . Udalscalcus [Udalschalk, Uodalscalc] of Maisach ]. . Oxford . 4 September 2022 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28695 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
23. Encyclopedia: Vogt . Wilhelm . 2001 . . Udalschalk (Uodalscalcus) . . Munich . 4 September 2022 .
24. Encyclopedia: Bent . Ian D. . Ian Bent . Revised by Marianne Pfau . 2001 . . Hildegard of Bingen . . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13016 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
25. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . Revised by John Haines . 2001 . . Rudel [Rudelh, Rudel de Blaja], Jaufre ]. . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24076 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
26. Encyclopedia: Haynes . Stephen . 2001 . . Marcabru . . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17709 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
27. Encyclopedia: Anderson . Gordon A. . Revised by Thomas B. Payne . 2001 . . Archipoeta . . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01178 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
28. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . Revised by John Haines . 2001 . . Bernart de Ventadorn . . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02862 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
29. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . Revised by John Haines . 2001 . . Giraut [Girautz, Guiraut] de Bornelh ]. . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11208 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
30. Encyclopedia: Kippenberg . Burkhard . 2001 . . Hendrik [Heinrich, Heynrijck] van Veldeke ]. . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12786 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
31. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Vidame de Chartres . . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29310 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
32. Encyclopedia: Fuller . Sarah . 2001 . . Albertus Parisiensis . . Oxford . 1 September 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00457 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
33. Encyclopedia: Aubrey . Elizabeth . 2001 . . Peire d'Alvernhe . . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43519 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
34. Encyclopedia: Kippenberg . Burkhard . Revised by Lorenz Welker . 2001 . . Dietmar von Aist . . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.07768 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
35. Encyclopedia: Kippenberg . Burkhard . Revised by Lorenz Welker . 2001 . . Friedrich von [Fridrich] Hûsen ]. . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10274 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
36. Encyclopedia: Kippenberg . Burkhard . Revised by Lorenz Welker . 2001 . . Rudolf [Ruodolf] von Fenis-Neuenburg ]. . Oxford . 25 August 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24086 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
37. Encyclopedia: Roesner . Edward H. . 2001 . . Léonin . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40466 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
38. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . Revised by John Haines . 2001 . . Bertran de Born . . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02940 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
39. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . Revised by John Haines . 2001 . . Faidit, Gaucelm . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09234 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
40. Encyclopedia: Haines . John . 2001 . . Daniel [d'Aniels], Arnaut ]. . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.07168 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
41. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . 2001 . . Raimbaut de Vaqeiras . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50117 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
42. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . 2001 . . Folquet de Marseille family . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09936 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
43. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . 2001 . . Chrétien [Crétien] de Troyes ]. . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05698 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
44. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Conon [Quennon, Quenes] de Béthune ]. . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06298 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
45. Encyclopedia: 31 May 2007 . Der Kürenberger | Austrian minnesinger | Britannica . . . Chicago, Illinois . 30 November 2020 .
46. Encyclopedia: Kippenberg . Burkhard . 2001 . . Hartmann von Aue . . Oxford . 25 August 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12483 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
47. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Gace Brulé . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10463 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
48. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . 2001 . . Peirol . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21203 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
49. Encyclopedia: Payne . Thomas B. . 2001 . . Philip the Chancellor . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21561 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
50. Encyclopedia: Aubrey . Elizabeth . 2001 . . Raimbaut d'Aurenga . . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43520 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
51. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Chastelain de Couci . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05482 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
52. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Gautier de Dargies . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10763 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
53. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Arnaut de Mareuil . . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01281 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
54. Encyclopedia: Klaper . Michael . 2001 . . Walther von der Vogelweide . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29880 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
55. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Aimeric de Peguilhan . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00349 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
56. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . 2001 . . Gautier de Coincy . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10762 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
57. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Blondel de Nesle . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03303 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
58. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . 2001 . . Peire Cardenal . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21202 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
59. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Vidal, Peire . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29306 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
60. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Raimon de Miraval . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50119 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
61. Encyclopedia: Kippenberg . Burkhard . Revised by Lorenz Welker . 2001 . . Reinmar [Reimar] (der Alte) von Hagenau ]. . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23154 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
62. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Audefroi le Bastart . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01497 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
63. Encyclopedia: Aubrey . Elizabeth . 2001 . . Dia, Comtessa de . . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02423 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
64. Encyclopedia: Shields . Michael . 2001 . . Neidhart [Nîthart] 'von Reuental' ]. . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19697 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
65. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Le Vinier, Guillaume . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11985 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
66. Encyclopedia: Roesner . Edward H. . 2001 . . Pérotin . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40465 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
67. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . 2001 . . Muset, Colin . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19397 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
68. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Erart [Erars], Jehan ]. . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08905 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
69. Encyclopedia: Kippenberg . Burkhard . Revised by Lorenz Welker . 2001 . . Reinmar von Zweter . . Oxford . 30 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23155 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
70. Book: Berend . Nora . Urbańczyk . Przemysław . Wiszewski . Przemysław . 2013 . Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c. 1300 . . Cambridge, England . 978-0-521-78156-5 . 482 .
71. Encyclopedia: Coldwell . Maria V. . 2001 . . Castelloza . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.54014 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
72. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Bretel, Jehan . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03952 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
73. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Raoul de Soissons . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22896 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
74. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Moniot d'Arras . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18957 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
75. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Guiot de Dijon . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12002 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
76. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Gontier de Soignies . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11444 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
77. Encyclopedia: Kippenberg . Burkhard . Revised by Lorenz Welker . 2001 . . Heinrich von Morungen . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12700 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
78. Encyclopedia: 13 June 2018 . Sordello | Provençal troubadour | Britannica . . . Chicago . 18 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200626150037if_/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sordello-Provencal-troubadour . 26 June 2020 . live .
79. Encyclopedia: Karp . Theodore . Theodore Cyrus Karp . 2001 . . Gautier d'Espinal . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10765 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
80. Encyclopedia: Kippenberg . Burkhard . Revised by Lorenz Welker . 2001 . . Konrad von Würzburg . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.15337 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
81. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . Revised by John Haines . 2001 . . Riquier, Guiraut . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23510 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
82. Encyclopedia: Ferreira . Manuel Pedro . 2001 . . Codax [Codaz], Martin ]. . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06034 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
83. Encyclopedia: Falck . Robert . 2001 . . Adam de la Halle . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00163 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
84. Encyclopedia: Kippenberg . Burkhard . Revised by Lorenz Welker . 2001 . . Tannhäuser [Danhuser, Don heusser, Tanvser, Tanhûser], Der (German minnesinger) ]. . Oxford . 25 August 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27477 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
85. Encyclopedia: The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages . Cerverí de Girona . . Oxford . 31 October 2021 .
86. Encyclopedia: Shields . Michael . 2001 . . Frauenlob . . Oxford . 25 August 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10173 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
87. Encyclopedia: Kippenberg . Burkhard . Revised by Lorenz Welker . 2001 . . Alexander, Meister . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21491 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
88. Encyclopedia: Sanders . Ernest H. . Ernest H. Sanders . 2001 . . Petrus de Cruce . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21491 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
89. Encyclopedia: Sanders . Ernest H. . Ernest H. Sanders . 2001 . . Wycombe [Wicumbe, Whichbury, Winchecumbe], W. de ]. . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30632 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
90. Encyclopedia: Bent . Margaret . Margaret Bent . Revised by Andrew Wathey . Andrew . Wathey . 2001 . . Vitry, Philippe de . . Oxford . 10 October 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29535 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
91. Encyclopedia: Boyde . Patrick . Patrick Boyde . 2001 . . Casella . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05079 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
92. Encyclopedia:

    de:Wulf Arlt

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93. Encyclopedia:

    de:Wulf Arlt

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94. Encyclopedia: Herlinger . Jan . 2001 . . Marchetto da Padova . . Oxford . 2 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17738 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
95. Encyclopedia: von Fischer . Kurt . Kurt von Fischer . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino . 2001 . . Gherardello da Firenze . . Oxford . 31 October 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11019 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
96. Encyclopedia: von Fischer . Kurt . Kurt von Fischer . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino . 2001 . . Landini, Francesco . . Oxford . 19 February 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.15942 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
97. Encyclopedia: von Fischer . Kurt . Kurt von Fischer . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino . 2001 . . Lorenzo da Firenze . . Oxford . 31 October 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16998 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
98. Encyclopedia: Fallows . David . David Fallows . 2001 . . Alanus, Johannes . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00402 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
99. Encyclopedia: Fischer . Kurt von . Kurt von Fischer . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino . 2001 . . Piero . . Oxford . 31 October 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21713 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
100. Encyclopedia: von Fischer . Kurt . Kurt von Fischer . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino . 2001 . . Giovanni da Cascia . . Oxford . 19 February 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11183 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
101. Encyclopedia: von Fischer . Kurt . Kurt von Fischer . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino . Gianluca . d’Agostino . 2001 . . Jacopo da Bologna . . Oxford . 31 October 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14068 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
102. Encyclopedia: Fischer . Kurt von . Kurt von Fischer . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino . 2001 . . Vincenzo da Rimini . . Oxford . 8 May 2022 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29421 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
103. Encyclopedia: von Fischer . Kurt . Kurt von Fischer . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino . 2001 . . Bartolino da Padova . . Oxford . 31 October 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02168 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
104. Encyclopedia: Wathey . Andrew . 2001 . . Matheus de Sancto Johanne . . Oxford . 31 October 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18061 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
105. Encyclopedia: von Fischer . Kurt . Kurt von Fischer . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino . 2001 . . Donato da Cascia . . Oxford . 31 October 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.07991 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
106. Encyclopedia: Günther . Ursula . Ursula Günther . 2001a . . Franciscus, Magister . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10117 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
107. Encyclopedia: Reaney . Gilbert . Gilbert Reaney . 2001 . . Caserta, Philippus de . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43682 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
108. Encyclopedia: Spechtler . Franz Viktor . 2001 . . Lorenzo da Firenze . . Oxford . 31 October 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18966 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
109. Encyclopedia: Reaney . Gilbert . Gilbert Reaney . 2001a. . Andrieu, F. . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00904 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
110. Encyclopedia: Günther . Ursula . Ursula Günther . 2001 . . Hasprois [Asproys, de Haspre, de Haspra, de Aspre, Haprose], Johannes Symonis ]. . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12511 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
111. Encyclopedia: Günther . Ursula . Ursula Günther . 2001 . . Goscalch . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11496 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
112. Encyclopedia: Reaney . Gilbert . Gilbert Reaney . 2001 . . Molins, P(ierre) des . . Oxford . 10 October 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18887 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
113. Encyclopedia: von Fischer . Kurt . Kurt von Fischer . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino . 2001 . . Niccolò da Perugia . . Oxford . 1 November 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19860 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
114. Encyclopedia: Günther . Ursula . Ursula Günther . 2001 . . Susay [Suzoy], Jo(hannes) ]. . Oxford . 1 November 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27147 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
115. Encyclopedia: Plumley . Yolanda . 2001 . . Trebor . . Oxford . 1 November 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28294 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
116. Encyclopedia: Vlhová-Wörner . Hana . 2018 . . Jan z Jenštejna . . Oxford . 1 November 2021 . 10.1093/omo/9781561592630.013.3000000143 . 9781561592630 . subscription .
117. Encyclopedia: Fallows . David . David Fallows . 2012 . 2001 . . Zacara da Teramo, Antonio . . Oxford . 11 May 2022 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30762 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
118. Encyclopedia: von Fischer . Kurt . Kurt von Fischer . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino . 2001 . . Andreas de Florentia . . Oxford . 1 November 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00884 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
119. Encyclopedia: Fallows . David . David Fallows . 2001 . . Paolo [di Marco] da Firenze ]. . Oxford . 11 May 2022 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20842 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
120. Encyclopedia: Kippenberg . Burkhard . 2001 . . Hugo [Haug, Hugg] von Montfort ]. . Oxford . 20 May 2022 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13523 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
121. Encyclopedia: von Fischer . Kurt . Kurt von Fischer . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino . 2001 . . Grazioso da Padova . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11680 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
122. Encyclopedia: Günther . Ursula . Ursula Günther . 2001 . . Vaillant, Jehan . . Oxford . 10 October 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28894 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
123. Encyclopedia: D'Accone . Frank . Frank D'Accone . 2001 . . Mazzuoli, Giovanni [Giovanni degli Organi] ]. . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40516 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
124. Encyclopedia: Plumley . Yolanda . 2009 . 2001 . . Solage . . Oxford . 28 July 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26126 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
125. Encyclopedia: Günther . Ursula . Ursula Günther . Revised by . 2001 . . Senleches, Jaquemin de . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14040 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
126. Encyclopedia: Reaney . Gilbert . Gilbert Reaney . 2001 . . Borlet . . Oxford . 14 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03608 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
127. Encyclopedia: Bent . Margaret . Margaret Bent . Fallows . David . David Fallows . Giuliano Di Bacco . Nádas . John . John . Margaret . David . Nádas . Bent . Fallows . 2009 . 2001 . . Ciconia, Johannes . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40689 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
128. Encyclopedia: Bent . Margaret . Margaret Bent . 2001 . . Power, Leonel . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22217 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
129. Encyclopedia: Wright . Craig . 2001 . . Tapissier, Johannes . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27495 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
130. Encyclopedia: Günther . Ursula . Ursula Günther . 2001 . . Cuvelier, Jo(hannes) . . Oxford . 14 November 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06990 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
131. Encyclopedia: Günther . Ursula . Ursula Günther . 2001 . . Grimace . . Oxford . 10 October 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11784 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
132. Encyclopedia: Günther . Ursula . Ursula Günther . Revised by Anne Stone . 2001 . . Antonello [Anthonello, Anthonellus, (An)tonelus] da Caserta ]. . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43672 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
133. Encyclopedia: Wright . Craig . 2001 . . Grenon, Nicolas . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11744 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
134. Encyclopedia: Welker . Lorenz . 2001 . . Oswald von Wolkenstein . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20555 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
135. Encyclopedia: Wright . Craig . 2001 . . Fontaine, Pierre . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09944 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
136. Encyclopedia: Bent . Margaret . Margaret Bent . 2001 . . Dunstaple [Dunstable, Dunstapell, Dumstable, Donstaple, etc.], John ]. . Oxford . 8 May 2021 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08331 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
137. Encyclopedia: Reaney . Gilbert . Gilbert Reaney . 2001 . . Fabri, Martinus . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09181 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
138. Encyclopedia: Bent . Margaret . Margaret Bent . 2001 . . Aleyn . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00546 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
139. Encyclopedia: Nosow . Robert . 2001 . . Egardus . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08599 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
140. Encyclopedia: Bent . Margaret . Margaret Bent . 2001 . . Queldryk . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22679 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
141. Encyclopedia: von Fischer . Kurt . Kurt von Fischer . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino . 2001 . . Stefani, Andrea . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26598 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
142. Encyclopedia: Wright . Craig . 2001 . . Fabri, Thomas . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09185 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
143. Encyclopedia: Günther . Ursula . Ursula Günther . Stone . Anne . 2001 . . Matteo da Perugia . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18089 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
144. Encyclopedia: Reaney . Gilbert . Gilbert Reaney . 2001 . . Cordier, Baude . . Oxford . 8 May 2022 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06474 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
145. Encyclopedia: Giuliano Di Bacco . Nádas . John . 2001 . . Nucella . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20163 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
146. Encyclopedia: Schoop . Hans . 2001 . . Bartolomeo da Bologna . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02170 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
147. Encyclopedia: Wright . Craig . 2001 . . Vide, Jacobus . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29312 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
148. Encyclopedia: Ward . Tom R. . 2001 . . Cesaris, Johannes . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05327 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
149. Encyclopedia: Günther . Ursula . Ursula Günther . 2001 . . Conradus de Pistoria . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06304 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
150. Encyclopedia: Bent . Margaret . Margaret Bent . 2001 . . Roy Henry . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24019 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
151. Encyclopedia: Bent . Margaret . Margaret Bent . 2001 . . (1) Pycard [Picart] ]. . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21660 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
152. Encyclopedia: Bent . Margaret . Margaret Bent . 2001 . . Byttering . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04493 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
153. Encyclopedia: Schoop . Hans . Revised by Robert Nosow . 2014 . 2001 . . Antonius de Civitate Austrie . . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01061 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
154. Encyclopedia: Reaney . Gilbert . 2001 . . Loqueville, Richard . . Oxford . 3 December 2020 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16976 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
155. Encyclopedia: Wright . Craig . 2001 . . Grossin [Grossim], Estienn ]. . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11829 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
156. Encyclopedia: Schoop . Hans . Revised by J. Michael Allsen . 2009 . 2001 . . (5) Hugo [Hugho, Ugho, Ugo] de Lantins [Lantinis, Latinis] ]. . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16002 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .
157. Encyclopedia: Schoop . Hans . Revised by J. Michael Allsen . 2009 . 2001 . . (4) Arnold [Arnoldo, Arnoldus] de Lantins [Lantinis, Latinis] ]. . Oxford . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16002 . 978-1-56159-263-0 . subscription .