List of largest snakes explained

The largest living snakes in the world, measured either by length or by weight, are various members of the Boidae and Pythonidae families. They include anacondas, pythons and boa constrictors, which are all non-venomousconstrictors. The longest venomous snake, with a length up to, is the king cobra,[1] while contesters for the heaviest title include the Gaboon viper and the Eastern diamondback rattlesnake. All of these three species reach a maximum mass in the range of .

There are fourteen or fifteen living snake species that clearly have a maximum mass of at least, as shown in the table below. Whether the number is fourteen or fifteen depends on whether a DNA analysis reported in 2024 results in the recognition of the northern green anaconda ("Eunectes akayima", listed in row 1b below) as a species distinct from the ordinary (southern) green anaconda (Eunectes murinus). These include all species that reach a length of at least . There are also two other species that reach nearly this length the Oenpelli python (binomial name Nyctophilopython oenpelliensis, Simalia oenpelliensis or Morelia oenpelliensis),[2] and the olive python (Liasis olivaceus). The information available about these two species is rather limited. The Oenpelli python, in particular, has been called the rarest python in the world.[3] [4] [5]

It is important to be aware that there is considerable variation in the maximum reported size of these species, and most measurements are not truly verifiable, so the sizes listed should not be considered definitive. In general, the reported lengths are likely to be somewhat overestimated. In spite of what has been, for many years, a standing offer of a large financial reward (initially $1,000 offered by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in the early 1900s,[6] later raised to $5,000, then $15,000 in 1978 and $50,000 in 1980) for a live, healthy snake over long by the New York Zoological Society (later renamed as the Wildlife Conservation Society), no attempt to claim the reward has ever been made.[7]

Although it is generally accepted that the reticulated python is the world's longest snake, most length estimates longer than have been called into question. It has been suggested that confident length records for the largest snakes must be established from a dead body soon after death, or alternatively from a heavily sedated snake, using a steel tape and in the presence of witnesses, and must be published (and preferably recorded on video). At least one reticulated python was measured under full anesthesia at, and somewhat less reliable scientific reports up to have appeared.[8]

Although weight is easier to measure reliably than length (e.g., by simply measuring the weight of a container with and without the snake inside it and subtracting one measurement from the other), a significant factor in the weight of a snake is whether it has been kept in captivity and provided an unusual abundance of food in conditions that also cause reduced levels of activity. Moreover, the weight of wild specimens is often reduced as a symptom of parasite infestations that are eliminated by veterinary care in captivity. Thus, the largest weights measured for captive specimens often greatly exceed the largest weights observed in the wild for the same species. This phenomenon may particularly affect the weight measurements for anaconda species that are especially difficult to keep in captivity due to their semi-aquatic nature, resulting in other species having larger weights measured in captivity. In particular, the green anaconda (Eunectes murinus) is an especially massive snake if only observations in the wild are considered.

Largest serpent species in the world

RankCommon name Scientific name Family Mass Image Length Range map
1Green anaconda (a.k.a. Southern green anaconda)Eunectes murinusBoidaeMay exceed,[9] measurement validity questionable
, reliable, maximum among 780 specimens caught over a seven-year period 1992–98[10]
Average among 45 specimens (1992–98)
Generally considered the heaviest in the wild (exceeded by P.bivittatus and M. reticulatus in captivity)

Some specimens may be of a distinct "northern green anaconda" species.
May exceed, not firmly verified
, somewhat reliable[11]
, somewhat reliable
, reliable, maximum among 780 specimens caught over a seven-year period 1992–98
Average among 45 specimens (1992–98)
Minimum adult length

Some specimens may be of a distinct "northern green anaconda" species.
1bNorthern green anaconda
(asserted distinct in 2024)
"Eunectes akayima"
(asserted distinct in 2024)
BoidaeSimilar in maximum weight to that listed above for the southern green anacondaSimilar in maximum length to that listed above for the southern green anaconda
Reportedly at least, from a newspaper report not firmly verified[12]

Specimens from light green circled locations
2Burmese pythonPython bivittatus
(now recognized as distinct from P. molurus)
Pythonidae, reliable, for "Baby" in 1998 (in captivity)[13]
, reliable, for the heaviest specimen found in the wild[14] [15] [16]
, reliable, for the biggest male in the wild<
-- Low-quality sourcing? -->[17] [18] [19] , reliable, for the longest specimen found in the wild July 10, 2023[20] [21] [22]
Minimum adult length
3Reticulated pythonMalayopython reticulatusPythonidaeUp to, somewhat reliable[23]
, somewhat reliable, for "Medusa" in 2011
About, somewhat reliable, for "Twinkie" in 2014[24]
, somewhat reliable, for "Fluffy" in 2010
133.7kg (294.8lb), reasonably reliable, for "Colossus" in 1954 (with an empty stomach)[25]
, somewhat reliable, for "Samantha" in 2002[26]
, somewhat reliable, for "Super Snake" in 2021[27] [28] [29]
, reliable, wild specimen in 1999 (after not eating for nearly 3 months)
,[30] not firmly verified
, somewhat reliable, for "Samantha" in 2002
, somewhat reliable, for "Medusa" in 2011[31]
, somewhat reliable, for "Fluffy" in 2010[32]
, somewhat reliable, for "Twinkie" in 2014[33]
, somewhat reliable, for "Super Snake" in 2021
, reliable, wild specimen in 1999
, reasonably reliable, for "Colossus" in 1963 (skeletal length)
Specimens longer than are rare
Minimum adult length
Generally considered the world's longest
4Central African rock pythonPython sebae
(now recognized as distinct from P. natalensis)
PythonidaeUp to,[34] not firmly verified
, reliable[35] [36] [37]
Up to,[38] not firmly verified
, reliable[39]
Minimum adult length

Range shown as green region
5Southern African rock pythonPython natalensis
(now recognized as distinct from P. sebae)
Pythonidae, somewhat reliable, for the largest specimen[40]
, reliable[41]
Of 75 specimens measured in South Africa, the longest female weighed .[42]
[43] not firmly verified
, reliable
Of 75 specimens measured in South Africa, the longest female was long.
Specimens longer than are rare.[44]
Typically [45]

Range shown as orange region
6Indian pythonPython molurus
(now recognized as distinct from P. bivittatus)
Pythonidae, not firmly verified
, reliable[46]
,[47] not firmly verified
, reliable
7Australian scrub pythonSimalia kinghorni
(now recognized as distinct from S. amethistina)
Pythonidae,[48] reliable
, reliable[49] [50]
Some reports up to or exceeding, not firmly verified
,[51] not firmly verified
In excess of [52]
, reliable
Typically
Minimum adult length
Little information about size is available[53]

Range shown as dark green region
8Amethystine pythonSimalia amethistina
(recently recognized as distinct from S. kinghorni)
PythonidaeAble to reach, and probably larger
Little information about size is available
Able to reach [54]
, reliable[55]
Little information about size is available

Range shown as dark orange and bright orange regions
9Yellow anacondaEunectes notaeusBoidaeThey commonly weigh, though large specimens can weigh or even more.[56] , reasonably reliable[57]
Typically
maximum among 86 specimens in a field study[58]
South America
10Red tailed boaBoa constrictorBoidaeMore than [59] Possibly up to [60]
A much larger report was debunked[61]
[62]
11Cuban boaChilabothrus anguliferBoidaeMaximum, reliable[63]
, reliable[64]
, for the largest specimen
Up to [65]
12 Beni anacondaEunectes beniensis
(now recognized as distinct from E. murinus and E. notaeus)
BoidaeLargest specimen,[66] relatively reliable
Typically up to,[67] [68] relatively reliable
Little information about size is available (known from only six specimens as of 2009)[69]
13Dark-spotted anacondaEunectes deschauenseei
(sometimes confused with E. notaeus)
Boidae,[70] [71] relatively reliable
14Papuan pythonApodora papuanaPythonidaeAverage reported as [72]
Little information about size is available
One reasonably reliable report of [73]
Average reported as
Often reaches
Most specimens
Little information about size is available

By families

Boas (Boidae)

Typical snakes (Colubridae)

Elapids (Elapidae)

Blind snakes (Leptotyphlopidae)

Lamprophids (Lamprophiidae)

Vipers (Viperidae)

Remarkable individual specimens

Individual specimens considered among largest measured for their respective species include the following:

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Mehrtens, John . Living Snakes of the World . registration . 1987 . Sterling . New York . 0-8069-6461-8.
  2. Web site: ITIS – Report: Simalia oenpelliensis. www.itis.gov.
  3. Rarest Python in the World . December 18, 2013 . SnakeBytesTV . 2016-02-04.
  4. Breeding plan aims to save snakes . March 29, 2012 . . 2016-02-04.
  5. News: Deborah . Smith . Snakes alive – if only he'd been seeing double . . June 20, 2012 . 2016-02-09.
  6. Gordon, David George, "The Search for the $50,000 Snake". MSN Encarta. Archived October 31, 2009.
  7. Book: Murphy . J. C. . Henderson . R. W. . 1997 . Tales of Giant Snakes: A Historical Natural History of Anacondas and Pythons . Krieger Pub. Co. . 0-89464-995-7 . 2, 19, 37, 42, 55–56 .
  8. Fredriksson, G. M. . Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo . Raffles Bulletin of Zoology . 53 . 1 . 2005 . 165–168 . 2016-02-04.
  9. Web site: Green anacondas: Eunectes murinus . https://web.archive.org/web/20100204214402/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/green-anaconda . dead . February 4, 2010 . . September 10, 2010 . 2016-02-04.
  10. Rivas, Jesús Antonio . 2000 . The life history of the green anaconda (Eunectes murinus), with emphasis on its reproductive Biology . . . 7, 36 (esp. Table 3-1), 74–80 (esp. Table 5-1), 111 . 2016-02-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202240/http://www.anacondas.org/diss/disser.pdf . 2016-03-03 . dead.
  11. Book: Wood, Gerald L.. The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. 3. London. Guinness Superlatives. 1982. 0-85112-235-3. .
  12. News: Sankaran . Vishwam . 23 February 2024 . Biggest snake species in the world discovered in Amazon rainforest . 28 February 2024 . en . The Independent . 28 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240228221241/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/biggest-anaconda-ever-found-26ft-northern-green-b2501077.html . live.
  13. Barker . David G. . Barten . Stephen L. . Ehrsam . Jonas P. . Daddono . Louis . 2012 . The Corrected Lengths of Two Well-known Giant Pythons and the Establishment of a new Maximum Length Record for Burmese Pythons, Python bivittatus . Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. . 47 . 1 . 1–6 . 2016-02-04.
  14. Web site: Florida nabs largest python ever found in state. . 23 June 2022. 2022-06-29.
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  16. Web site: Record-Breaking 215-Pound Burmese Python Captured In Florida. Kavi. Dolasia. Dogonews.com. 27 June 2022. 2022-06-29.
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  22. News: Huge python wrestled by hunters at 1 a.m. sets Florida record.. Mark. Price. July 15, 2023. Miami Herald.
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