List of hyperaccumulators explained

This article covers known hyperaccumulators, accumulators or species tolerant to the following: Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Arsenic (As), Beryllium (Be), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Molybdenum (Mo), Naphthalene, Lead (Pb), Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn).

See also:

Hyperaccumulators table – 1

Accumulation rates (in mg/kg dry weight) Binomial name English name H-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-Tolerant Notes Sources
AlA- Agrostis castellana highland bentgrass As(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A) Origin: Portugal. [1]
Al1000 Hordeum vulgare 25 records of plants. [2]
AlHydrangea spp. Hydrangea (a.k.a. Hortensia)
AlAluminium concentrations in young leaves, mature leaves, old leaves, and roots were found to be 8.0, 9.2, 14.4, and 10.1 mg g1, respectively.[3] Melastoma malabathricum L. Blue Tongue, or Native Lassiandra P competes with Al and reduces uptake.[4]
AlSolidago hispida (Solidago canadensis L.) Hairy Goldenrod Origin Canada.
Al100 Vicia faba
Ag10-1200 Salix miyabeana Willow Ag(T) Seemed able to adapt to high concentrations on a long timeline [5]
AgBrassica napus Rapeseed plant Cr, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn Phytoextraction [6]
AgSalix spp. Osier spp. Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
AgAmanita strobiliformis European Pine Cone Lepidella Ag(H) Macrofungi, Basidiomycete. Known from Europe, prefers calcareous areas [9]
Ag10-1200 Brassica juncea Indian Mustard Ag(H) Can form alloys of silver-gold-copper [10]
As100 Agrostis capillaris L. Common Bent Grass, Browntop. (= A. tenuris) Al(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)
AsH- Agrostis castellana Highland Bent Grass Al(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A) Origin Portugal.
As1000 Agrostis tenerrima Trin. Colonial bentgrass 4 records of plants [11]
As2-1300 Cyanoboletus pulverulentusInk Stain Bolete contains dimethylarsinic acid Europe [12]
As27,000 (fronds)[13] Pteris vittata L. Ladder brake fern or Chinese brake fern 26% of As in the soil removed after 20 weeks' plantation, about 90% As accumulated in fronds.[14] Root extracts reduce arsenate to arsenite.[15]
As100-7000 Sarcosphaera coronaria pink crown, violet crown-cup, or violet star cup As(H) Ectomycorrhizal ascomycete, known from Europe [16] [17]
BeNo reports found for accumulation
Cr Azolla spp. mosquito fern, duckweed fern, fairy moss, water fern [18]
Cr H- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola Cd(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A) Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. [19]
Cr Brassica juncea L. Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H) Cultivated in agriculture. [20]
Cr Brassica napus Rapeseed plant Ag, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn Phytoextraction
Cr A- Vallisneria americana Tape Grass Cd(H), Pb(H) Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade.
Cr 1000 Dicoma niccolifera 35 records of plants
Cr roots naturally absorb pollutants, some organic compounds believed to be carcinogenic,[21] in concentrations 10,000 times that in the surrounding water.[22] Eichhornia crassipes Cd(H), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U,[23] and pesticides.[24] Pantropical/Subtropical. Plants sprayed with 2,4-D may accumulate lethal doses of nitrates.[25] 'The troublesome weed' – hence an excellent source of bioenergy.
Cr Helianthus annuus Sunflower
Cr A- Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla Cd(H), Hg(H), Pb(H)
Cr Medicago sativa Alfalfa [26]
Cr Pistia stratiotes Water lettuce Cd(T), Hg(H), Cr(H), Cu(T) [27]
Cr Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
Cr Salvinia molesta Kariba weeds or water ferns Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) [28]
Cr Spirodela polyrhiza Cd(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) Native to North America.
Cr100 Jamesbrittenia fodina Hilliard
Sutera fodina Wild 		[29] [30]
CrA- Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine Pennycress, Alpine Pennygrass Cd(H), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction. T. caerulescens may acidify its rhizosphere, which would affect metal uptake by increasing available metals[31] [32] [33] [34]
Cu 9000 Aeollanthus biformifolius [35]
Cu Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?) Cd(A), Pb(H), Zn(H) Origin Japan.
Cu A- Azolla filiculoides Pacific mosquitofern Ni(A), Pb(A), Mn(A) Origin Africa. Floating plant.
Cu H- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola Cd(H), Cr(H), Hg(A), Pb(A) Origin India. Aquatic emergent species.
Cu Brassica juncea L. Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H) cultivated
Cu H- Vallisneria americana Tape Grass Cd(H), Cr(A), Pb(H) Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade.
Cu Eichhornia crassipes Cd(H), Cr(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A), Also Cs, Sr, U, and pesticides. Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'.
Cu 1000 Haumaniastrum robertii
(Lamiaceae) 		Copper flower 27 records of plants. Origin Africa. This species' phanerogam has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be governed by cobalt rather than copper.[36]
Cu Helianthus annuus
Cu 1000 Larrea tridentata Creosote Bush 67 records of plants. Origin U.S.
Cu H- Lemna minor Pb(H), Cd(H), Zn(A) Native to North America and widespread worldwide.
Cu Ocimum centraliafricanum Copper plant Cu(T), Ni(T) Origin Southern Africa [37]
Cu T- Pistia stratiotes Water Lettuce Cd(T), Hg(H), Cr(H) Pantropical. Origin South U.S.A. Aquatic herb.
Cu Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine pennycress, Alpine Pennycress, Alpine Pennygrass Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction. Cu noticeably limits its growth.
Mn A- Agrostis castellana Highland Bent Grass Al(A), As(A), Pb(A), Zn(A) Origin Portugal.
Mn Azolla filiculoides Pacific mosquitofern Cu(A), Ni(A), Pb(A) Origin Africa. Floating plant.
Mn Brassica juncea L.
Mn 23,000 (maximum) 11,000 (average) leaf Chengiopanax sciadophylloides (Franch. & Sav.) C.B.Shang & J.Y.Huang koshiabura Origin Japan. Forest tree. [38]
Mn Helianthus annuus
Mn 1000 Macadamia neurophylla
(now Virotia neurophylla (Guillaumin) P. H. Weston & A. R. Mast) 		28 records of plants [39]
Mn 200
Hg A- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola Cd(H), Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A) Origin India. Aquatic emergent species.
Hg Brassica napus Rapeseed plant Ag, Cr, Pb, Se, Zn Phytoextraction
Hg Eichhornia crassipes Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Pb(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U, and pesticides. Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'.
Hg H- Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla Cd(H), Cr(A), Pb(H)
Hg 1000 Pistia stratiotes Water lettuce Cd(T), Cr(H), Cu(T) 35 records of plants [40]
Hg Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Cr, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
Mo 1500 Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) Alpine pennycress Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) phytoextraction
Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue Increases catabolic genes and the mineralization of naphthalene. [41]
Trifolium hirtum Pink clover, rose clover Decreases catabolic genes and the mineralization of naphthalene.
Pb A- Agrostis castellana Al(A), As(H), Mn(A), Zn(A) Origin Portugal.
Pb Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ragweed
Pb Armeria maritima Seapink Thrift
Pb Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?) Cd(A), Cu(H), Zn(H) Origin Japan.
Pb A- Azolla filiculoides Pacific mosquitofern Cu(A), Ni(A), Mn(A) Origin Africa. Floating plant.
Pb A- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola Cd(H), Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A) Origin India. Aquatic emergent species.
Pb H- Brassica juncea Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H) 79 recorded plants. Phytoextraction [42]
Pb Brassica napus Rapeseed plant Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Zn Phytoextraction
Pb Brassica oleracea Ornamental Kale and Cabbage, Broccoli
Pb H- Vallisneria americana Tape Grass Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(H) Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade.
Pb Eichhornia crassipes Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U, and pesticides. Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'.
Pb Festuca ovina Blue Sheep Fescue
Pb Ipomoea trifida
PbH- Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla Cd(H), Cr(A), Hg(H)
Pb H- Lemna minor Cd(H), Cu(H), Zn(H) Native to North America and widespread worldwide.
Pb Salix viminalis Cd, U, Zn, Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (S. spp.); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
Pb H- Salvinia molesta Kariba weeds or water ferns Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) Origin India.
Pb Spirodela polyrhiza Cd(H), Cr(H), Ni(H), Zn(A) Native to North America.
Pb Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) Alpine pennycress, Alpine pennygrass Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo(H), Ni(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction.
Pb Thlaspi rotundifolium Round-leaved Pennycress
Pb Triticum aestivum Common Wheat
Se .012-20 Amanita muscaria Cap contains higher concentrations than stalks[43]
Se Brassica juncea Rhizosphere bacteria enhance accumulation.[44]
Se Brassica napus Rapeseed plant Ag, Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn Phytoextraction.
Se Low rates of selenium volatilization from selenate-supplied Muskgrass (10-fold less than from selenite) may be due to a major rate limitation in the reduction of selenate to organic forms of selenium in Muskgrass. Chara canescens Desv. & Lois Muskgrass Muskgrass treated with selenite contains 91% of the total Se in organic forms (selenoethers and diselenides), compared with 47% in Muskgrass treated with selenate.[45] 1.9% of the total Se input is accumulated in its tissues; 0.5% is removed via biological volatilization.[46] [47]
Se Bassia scoparia
(a.k.a. Kochia scoparia) 		burningbush, ragweed, summer cypress, fireball, belvedere and Mexican firebrush, Mexican fireweedU, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ag, Zn Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). Phytoextraction.
Se Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Cr, Hg, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes).
Zn A- Agrostis castellana Highland Bent Grass Al(A), As(H), Mn(A), Pb(A) Origin Portugal.
Zn Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?) Cd(A), Cu(H), Pb(H) Origin Japan.
Zn Brassicaceae Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or cabbage family Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H) Phytoextraction
Zn Brassica juncea L. Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A). Larvae of Pieris brassicae do not even sample its high-Zn leaves. (Pollard and Baker, 1997)
Zn Brassica napus Rapeseed plant Ag, Cr, Hg, Pb, Se Phytoextraction
Zn Helianthus annuus
Zn Eichhornia crassipes Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H). Also Cs, Sr, U, and pesticides. Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'.
Zn Salix viminalis Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes).
Zn A- Salvinia molesta Kariba weeds or water ferns Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) Origin India.
Zn 1400 Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (Caryophyllaceae) Ernst et al. (1990)
Zn Spirodela polyrhiza Cd(H), Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H) Native to North America.
Zn H-10,000 Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) Alpine pennycress Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H) 48 records of plants. May acidify its own rhizosphere, which would facilitate absorption by solubilization of the metal
Zn Trifolium pratense Red Clover Nonmetal accumulator. Its rhizosphere is denser in bacteria than that of Thlaspi caerulescens, but T. caerulescens has relatively more metal-resistant bacteria.

Cs-137 activity was much smaller in leaves of larch and sycamore maple than of spruce: spruce > larch > sycamore maple.

Notes and References

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