List of home computers explained

Home computers were a class of microcomputer that existed from 1977 to about 1995. During this time it made economic sense for manufacturers to make microcomputers aimed at the home user. By simplifying the machines, and making use of household items such as television sets and cassette recorders instead of dedicated computer peripherals, the home computer allowed the consumer to own a computer at a fraction of the price of computers oriented to small business. Today, the price of microcomputers has dropped to the point where there's no advantage to building a separate, incompatible series just for home users.

While many office-type personal computers were used in homes, in this list a "home computer" is a factory-assembled mass-marketed consumer product, usually at significantly lower cost than contemporary business computers. It would have an alphabetic keyboard and a multi-line alphanumeric display, the ability to run both games software as well as application software and user-written programs, and some removable mass storage device (such as cassette tape or floppy disk).

This list excludes smartphones, personal digital assistants, pocket computers, laptop computers, programmable calculators and pure video game consoles. Single-board development or evaluation boards, intended to demonstrate a microprocessor, are excluded since these were not marketed to general consumers.

Pioneering kit and assembled hobby microcomputers which generally required electronics skills to build or operate are listed separately, as are computers intended primarily for use in schools. A hobby-type computer often would have required significant expansion of memory and peripherals to make it useful for the usual role of a factory-made home computer. School computers usually had facilities to share expensive peripherals such as disk drives and printers, and often had provision for central administration.

Attributes

Attributes are as typically advertised by the original manufacturer. Popular machines inspired third-party sources for adapters, add-on processors, mass storage, and other peripherals.

"Processor" indicates the microprocessor chip that ran the system. A few home computers had multiple processors, generally used for input/output devices. Processor speeds were not a competitive point among home computer manufacturers, and typically the processor ran either at its maximum rated speed (between 1 and 4 MHz for most processor types here), or at some fraction of the television color subcarrier signal, for economy of design. Since a crystal oscillator was necessary for stable color, it was often also used as the microprocessor clock source. Many processors were second-sourced, with different manufacturers making the same device under different part numbers. Variations of a basic part number might have been used to indicate minor variations in speed or transistor type, or might indicate fairly significant alterations to the prototype's capabilities. In the Eastern Bloc countries, manufacturers made functional duplicates of Western microprocessors under different part number series.

TV indicates the factory configuration produces composite video compatible with a home TV receiver. Some computers came with a built-in RF modulator to allow connection to the TV receiver antenna terminals; others output composite video for use with a free-standing monitor or external RF modulator. Still others had built-in or proprietary monitors. Often a composite video monitor (monochrome or color) would be substituted for the family TV. Some standard types of video controller ICs were popular, but see the very detailed List of home computers by video hardware for a discussion of video capabilities of different models. Memory and TV bandwidth restrictions meant that typical home computers had only a few color choices and perhaps 20 lines of 40 characters of text as an upper limit to their video capabilities. Where the same model was sold in countries using PAL or NTSC television standards, sometimes there would be minor variations in the speed of the processor, because NTSC and PAL use different frequencies for the color information and the crystal for the video system was often also used for the processor clock.

Base mass storage was whatever came in the basic configuration. Some machines had built-in cassette drives or optional external drives, others relied on the consumer to provide a cassette recorder. Cassette recorders had the primary virtue of being widely available as a consumer product at the time. Typically a home computer would generate audio tones to encode data, that could be stored on audio tape through a direct connection to the recorder. Re-loading the data required re-winding the tape. The home computer would contain some circuit such as a phase-locked loop to convert audio tones back into digital data. Since consumer cassette recorders were not made for remote control, the user would have to manually operate the recorder in response to prompts from the computer. Random access to data on a cassette was impossible, since the entire tape would have to be searched to retrieve any particular item. A few manufacturers integrated a cassette tape drive or cassette-like tape mechanism into the console, but these variants were made obsolete by the reduction in cost of floppy diskette drives.

Floppy disk drives were initially very costly compared to the system purchase price. Plug-in ROM cartridges containing game or application software were popular in earlier home computers since they were easier to use, faster, and more reliable than cassette tapes. Once diskette drives became available at low cost, cartridges declined in popularity since they were more expensive to manufacture than reproducing a diskette, and had comparatively small capacity compared to diskettes. A few cartridges contained battery-backed memory that allowed users to save data (for example, game high scores) between uses of the cartridge.

Typically there were several models or variants within a product line, especially to account for different international video standards and power supplies; see the linked articles for variants and consequences of variations. "Compatibility" indicates some measure of compatibility with a parent type, however, sometimes incompatibility existed even within a product family. A "clone" system has identical hardware and is functionally interchangeable with its prototype; a few clone systems relied on illicit copies of system ROMs to make them functional.

Manufacturers and models

Remarks! class="unsortable"
Ref
UK 1980 TV Cassette 6847 [1]
UKAcorn Computers 1981 TV, RGB, composite video Cassette, diskette option Optional processor boards; Several models, see article
UK Acorn Computers 1983 TV, RGB, composite video Cassette, cartridge option, diskette option Custom ULA "Aberdeen" BBC Micro
UKAcorn Computers 65SC121986TV, RGB, composite videoDiskette, cassette, cartridgeBBC MicroSeveral models, also sold as Olivetti Prodest PC128S
UKAcorn Computers ARM RISC1987RGB MonitorDiskette, hard drive several models
UKAcorn Computers ARM RISC1995RGB MonitorDiskette, hard driveAcorn Archimedes
UKZ801984dedicated mono or RGB monitorcassette, diskette6845 and custom LSI "Gate Array" Several models
UKZ801990dedicated mono or RGB monitorcassette, diskette, cartridgeCustom ASIC Amstrad CPC 464Several models
UKAmstrad Z801985dedicated integrated monochrome disketteSeveral successive models
UKAmstrad 80861986dedicated mono or RGB MonitorDiskette, hard driveIBM PC PC compatible aimed at the home market
ChinaTsinghua University and other departmentCEC-I Zhonghua teaching machine65021986TVcassette, 5.25-inch floppyApple64 KB RAM, 32 KB ROM (BASIC, LOGO)
USA1979TVCassette, optional floppy, cartridgeExpansion pack for a video game console that provided programmability
USA65021977Monitor, TVCassette, optional floppySeveral models, several descendants, and many third-party clones
USAApple Computer 65021983Monitor, TVCassette, optional floppyApple [2]
USAApple Computer 1984 Monitor, TVfloppy disk driveApple Portable, but not integrated like a modern laptop
USAApple Computer 1988Monitor, TVfloppy disk driveApple Portable, but not integrated like a modern laptop
USAApple Computer 65021979Monitor, TVfloppy disk driveApple
USAApple Computer 1986Monitor, TVfloppy disk, optional hard driveApple
USAApple ComputerApple Macintosh680001984Monitordiskette, optional CD ROM
UKApricot F11984Monitor floppy disk MS-DOS Ran MS-DOS but not IBM compatible; several descendant models
NetherlandsAster Computers 1982Monitor floppy disk TRS-80 Newdos-80 CP/M Videotex terminal, Various models
USA6502B, -- late 400/800s and XL/XEs use a Custom 6502 variant called "Sally" 1979–1987TV Cassette, optional floppy disk, cartridge ANTIC+CTIA/GTIA custom LSI Also used as cartridge video game consoles
USA1985Monitor, TV Floppy disk, optional hard disk Custom LSI Several related models [3]
USAAtari Corporation 1990Monitor Floppy disk, hard disk Custom LSI Atari STSeveral related models
USAAtari Corporation 1992Monitor, TVFloppy disk, hard diskCustom LSI Atari ST Compatibility modes Some models has been modified and sold under license with C-Lab brand
USABally Brain video game/home computer 1979TV Cassette, cartridge A video game console with programmability [4]
USA1977TV Cassette, cartridge A video game console with programmability, several models and revisions
RomaniaBrasov Computer CoBra 1986Monitor Cassette, diskette ZX SpectrumCP/M[5]
UKCamputers1983Monitor Cassette 6845 Several related models
VariousVarious manufacturers Various models 1983TV Cassette, optional floppy, cartridge TMS 9918 MSX standard
USA1983Monitor, TV Cassette (custom built-in), optional floppiesTMS9928A Colecovision console, Applesoft BASIC, Optional CP/M
USA1977 Built-in monochrome monitor Cassette Several 6502 descendants, more or less compatible
USACommodore 1980 TV Optional cassette, optional floppy, cartridge VIC custom LSI PET-style BASIC, extended
USACommodore 1982 TV Optional cassette, optional floppy, cartridge VIC II custom LSI Optional dual processor in cartridge could run CP/M plus version 3.0
USACommodore 1982 Built-in color monitor Built-in floppy, optional cassette, cartridge VIC II custom LSI Commodore 64Portable with keyboard that attached to cover monitor and disk drive
USACommodore 1982 TV Optional cassette, cartridge VIC II custom LSI VIC-20
USACommodore 8501 (6502) 1984 TV Optional cassette, optional floppy, cartridge TED custom LSI
USACommodore 8501 (6502) 1984 TV Optional cassette, optional floppy, cartridge TED custom LSI Commodore 16
USACommodore 1985 TV Optional cassette, optional 5.25-inch floppy, optional 3.5-inch floppy, cartridge VIC II and MOS 8563 custom LSI C64 compatibility mode Dual processor could run CP/M plus version 3.0
USACommodore 1985 Monitor, composite video Diskette, optional hard drive Custom LSI Several models with 680X0 family processors [6]
Hong KongComx World Operations 1983 TV Cassette, optional floppy disk CDP 1879
Belgium1980 TV Cassette, optional floppy disk Programmable Graphics Generator custom LSI
Hong KongVtechVTech Laser 2001985TV Cassette, optional floppy disk 6847 Also sold by Dick Smith as the VZ200 and by others under other names
Hong KongEACAVideo Genie family1980–1982 TV Cassette, optional floppy diskTRS 80 Model 1 (mostly) Rebadged and sold by others, see article
Hong KongEACAColour Genie1983 TV Cassette, optional floppy disk, cartridge6845 TRS 80 Model 1 (mostly) Rebadged and sold by others, see article
Hong KongRabbit1983 TV Cassette6847 GEM 1000 Rebadged and sold by others, see article
CzechoslovakiaDidaktikAlpha, Beta1986 TV Cassette, optional floppy diskPMD 85
CzechoslovakiaDidaktikGama1987 TV Cassette, optional floppy diskZX Spectrum Also M and portable variants, see article
UKDragon DataDragon 32/641982 TV, composite video Cassette, optional floppy disk6847 Radio Shack Color Computer
USSRDubnaDubna 48KZ80 (compatible) 1991 TV Cassette, optional floppy diskCustom LSI ZX Spectrum
USSRElektronikaBK-0010PDP 11 (compatible) 1985 TV Cassette, optional/homemade floppy diskCustom LSI
USSRAGATAGAT-9Native/Apple II compatible1984 TV/Monitor Floppy diskCustom LSI Agat computer Agat computer [7]
SerbiaElektronska Industrija NišPecom 32, Pecom 641985 TV Cassette CDP 1869 COMX-35
FranceExelvisionEXL 1001984 Monitor Cartridge, Cassette, Disquette optional TMS 3556 Used infrared connection for keyboard and joystick
USAExidyExidy Sorcerer1978 Monitor Cassette, optional 3rd party expansion to diskettes
UKLocurnals/Intelligent SoftwareEnterprise 64 and 1281985 TV, monitor Cassette, Custom ASIC "Nick"
Hong KongLambda ElectronicsLambda 83001985 TV Cassette, ZX80, ZX81 ZX81 compatible also sold as PC8300, Power 3000 and BASIC 2000
USAVarious manufacturersApple II clones1979 TV, monitor Cassette, optional diskette Apple II Many anonymous or obscure companies made copies of the Apple II, some illegally duplicating the Apple ROM contents
USAFranklin Computer CorporationFranklin ACE series1982 TV, monitor Diskette, cassette Apple II
JapanFujitsuFM Towns series80386SX 1989 Monitor CD ROM, optional hard drive Semi Windows compatible Almost a video game console
JapanFujitsuFM-7 series1982 TV Diskette Radio Shack Color Computer Several models
BelgiumGEM (Groupement européen d'études)GEM 1000 also known as GEM 1000 Junior Computer, and the French Charlemagne 9991985TV, monitor Cassette, cartridge 6847 French BASIC for the Charlemagne, but uses QWERTY
UKGrundy Business SystemsGrundy NewBrain1982 TV, monitor, built-in 1 line display Cassette, Floppy diskette Radio Shack Color Computer BASIC Several models
BrazilGradienteGradiente Expert1985 TV, RGB monitor Cassette, cartridge, diskette expansion availableMSX compatible Several models
USAHoneywellHoneywell 316#Kitchen ComputerDDP 16 Minicomputer 1969 Binary lights None offered (contemporary systems would have used paper tape) No video Honorary home computer, marketed but never sold. [8]
USAIBMIBM PC1981 Monitor Cassette, floppy diskette, Optional CD Rom CGA, EGA, VGA
USAIBMPCjr1984 Monitor, composite video Cassette, floppy diskette, cartridge VGA IBM PC
USAIBMIBM PS/11990 Monitor, Floppy diskette, hard drive IBM PC
USAInteractInteract Home Computer1979 TV Cassette
USAIntelligent Systems CorporationCompucolor II1977 TV Diskette (I: 8-track)
USSRIntercompexHobbitZ80 compatible 1990 TV, monitor Cassette, floppy drive ZX Spectrum Several models for export and home markets
USSRIskraIskra-10308086 compatible 1989floppy drive [9]
CroatiaIvasimIvel Ultra6502 compatible 1984 floppy drive Apple II [10]
CroatiaIvasimIvel Z36502 compatible 1983+Built-in monitorfloppy drive Apple IIe
UKJupiter CantabJupiter Ace1982 TV Cassette, 3rd party diskette custom ASIC FORTH instead of BASIC
SwedenLuxorABC 801978 TV Cassette, 3rd party diskette also made in Budapest, ABC 800 office versions had disk drives
USAMattelAquarius1983TV Cassette, cartridge
FranceMatraMatra Alice1983TV Cassette Radio Shack TRS 80 MC 10
UKMemotechMemotech MTX500, MTX512, RS1281983TV, monitor Cassette, diskette, hard drive, cartridge
AustraliaMicrobee SystemsMicroBee series1983TV, monitor Cassette, later models floppy diskette, 6545 Several models
BrazilComércio de Componentes EletrônicosCCE MC-10001985TV, monitor Cassette, cartridge 6847 GEM 1000 Probably based on Belgian GEM 1000 followed up by MC-4000
BrazilMicrodigital EletronicaTK82C series1985TV, monitor Cassette, cartridge ZX80, ZX81 TK90X Several models
FranceMicroniqueHector 11979 TV Cassette Interact Home Computer
UKMiles Gordon TechnologySAM Coupé1989Monitor, composite video Floppy diskette, Custom ASIC
TaiwanMultitechMicroprofessor III1983TV, Monitor Floppy diskette, cassette Apple IIe
USAMindset CorporationMindset1984Monitor Floppy diskette IBM PC semi-compatible
USAMontgomery WardCyberVision 20011978Monitor Cassette
JapanNECNEC PC-1001983Monitor Floppy diskette, MS-DOS Various models, many too costly for home market
JapanNEC Home ElectronicsPC-6000 series1981TV, Monitor Cassette, cartridge Several models [11]
JapanNECPC-8000 series1979RGB Monitor Cassette, later models with floppy diskettes,
JapanNECPC-8800 series1981RGB Monitor Cassette, later models with floppy diskettes, Several models, also called PC-88
JapanNECPC-9800 series80861982RGB Monitor floppy diskettes, diskettes, CD ROM optional Several models, also called PC-98
USARadio ShackTRS-80 Color Computer CoCo, Coco 2, Coco 31980Monitor Cassette, floppy diskette, cartridge Several models
USARadio ShackTRS-80 Model I1977Monitor (built in) Cassette, optional floppy diskette See List of TRS-80 clones. Later models aimed more at hobby/small business, but this one was priced like a home computer.
USARadio ShackTRS-80 MC-101983TVCassette, 6847 See also Matra Alice
USARadio ShackTandy 1000 series8088 (depends on model) 1987TV, Monitor Cassette, floppy diskette IBM PC Jr Several models in series
USARCACOSMAC VIP1977Monitor Cassette
GermanySchneider Computer DivisionEuro PC80881988MonitorFloppy disketteHercules, CGAIBM PC XTSeveral descendant models including 80286 and 80386SX processor and EGA, VGA adapters[12]
UKOric Int'l/TangerineOric-11983TV, Monitor Cassette, optional floppy drive semi-custom ASIC (ULA) [13]
UKOric Int'l/TangerineOric Atmos1984TV, Monitor Cassette, optional floppy drive semi-custom ASIC (ULA) Oric-1
UKOric Int'l/TangerineOric Telestrat1986TV, Monitor Cassette, optional floppy drive, ROM based Cartridge semi-custom ASIC (ULA) Oric-1
CroatiaPEL VaraždinGaleb1981TV, Monitor Cassette
CroatiaPEL VaraždinOrao1984TV, Monitor Cassette
NetherlandsPhilipsP20001980TV, Monitor Cassette, optional floppy diskette, cartridge Teletext chipSeveral models, disk models fairly costly by home computer standards
NetherlandsPhilipsG74801983TV Cassette, cartridge Home computer expansion module for G7400 game console
NetherlandsPhilipsVG50001986TV, Monitor Cassette
NetherlandsPhilips1985Monitor Floppy diskette IBM PC semi-compatible
BulgariaPravetzPravetz series 8, including -83, -83, -84, -8M/E/A/S.CM630 (6502 clone) 1985 TV, Monitor Cassette, floppy diskette Apple IISeveral models, company later made IBM PC compatibles. [14]
BulgariaPravetzPravetz 8D1982 TV, Monitor Cassette, floppy diskette Oric-1/Atmos[15]
BulgariaPravetzIMKO-11980 TV, Monitor Cassette, floppy diskette Apple IIHigh cost compared to later Western home computers
New ZealandProgeni Systems / PolycorpPoly-11981 Built-in colour monitor Floppy diskette [16] [17] [18]
BrazilPrológicaPrológica CP-4001984 TV, Monitor Cassette, floppy diskette Radio Shack Color Computer
East GermanyVEB RobotronKC 85Z80 compatible 1984 TV Cassette Theoretically available to consumers.
East GermanyVEB RobotronKC 87Z80 compatible 1987 TV Cassette, cartridge Theoretically available to consumers
East GermanyVEB RobotronZ1013Z80 compatible 1985 TV Cassette Order queue of one year and collection in person only.
South KoreaZ801983dedicated mono or RGB monitorcassette
JapanSegaSC-3000Z80 compatible 1983 TV Cassette, cartridge, optional floppy
JapanSegaAI Computer1986 TV cartridge
JapanSharpMZ seriesZ80 compatible 1979 TV Cassette, cartridge, optional floppy Many models in the series, escalating to small business systems
JapanSharpSharp X1Z80 compatible 1982 TV, dedicated monitor Cassette, cartridge, optional floppy Several models
JapanSharpSharp X680001987 Monitor Floppy diskette, optional hard disk Several models
UKSinclair ResearchZX801980 TV Cassette Custom ASIC Initially also available as a kit, and see MicroAce for an unlicensed knock-off
UKSinclair ResearchZX811981 TV Cassette Custom ASIC ZX80
UKSinclair ResearchZX Spectrum1982 TV Cassette, later models floppy diskette Custom ASIC
UKSinclair ResearchSinclair QL1984 TV, monitor "Microdrive" tape ZX8301 Custom ASIC
JapanSord M200 Smart Home Computer 1977 TV Floppy disk [19]
JapanSord Computer Corporation CGL Home Computers Sord M5 CGL M5 1982 TV Cassette, optional floppy disk
USASpectravideoSV-3181983 TV Cassette, floppy disk Custom ASIC
TaiwanZ801984dedicated monitorfloppy disk
New ZealandTechnosysAamber Pegasus1984 TV, monitor Cassette Educational network version made
USATexas InstrumentsTI-99/4, TI-99/4A1979 TV, monitor Cassette, optional floppy disk drive TMS9918 Several models, more common 4A in 1981; some compatibles made by others
CzechoslovakiaTeslaPMD 851985 TV, monitor Cassette
CzechoslovakiaŠtátny majetok Závadka š.p., Závadka nad HronomMAŤO1989 TV, monitor Cassette PMD 85 Also made as a kit [20]
FranceThomsonTO71982 TV, monitor Cassette, cartridge
FranceThomsonMO5 aka Olivetti Prodest PC1281984TV, monitor Cassette, cartridge Successor model MO6 in 1986, and others
USA/
UK/
Portugal		Timex SinclairTimex Sinclair 1000 and 15001982TV, monitor Cassette, optional cartridge ZX80, ZX81
USA/
UK/
Portugal		Timex SinclairTimex Sinclair 20481984 TV Cassette, cartridge ZX Spectrum
PortugalTimex SinclairTimex Computer 20481984 TV Cassette, cartridge Custom ULA ZX Spectrum
USA/
UK/
Portugal		Timex SinclairTimex Computer 20681983 TV Cassette, cartridge Custom ULA ZX Spectrum Several related models
Portugal/
Poland		Timex SinclairKomputer 20861986 TV Cassette, cartridge, optional floppy diskette Custom ULA Sinclair 2068
JapanTomyTomy Tutor (US) /Grandstand Tutor (UK)1986 TV Cassette, cartridge, optional floppy diskette TI-99/4A near-compatible
USSRVectorVector-06C8080 compatible 1987 TV Cassette, 3rd party cartridge and floppy diskette
USAVideobrainVideoBrain Family Computer1977 TV Cartridge, optional cassette
HungaryVideotonTVC1986 TV Cassette, floppy diskette [21]
NorwayWest Computer ASWest PC-8006502, Z801984 TV, monitor Cassette, floppy diskette Apple II, CP/M [22]
OriginManufacturerModelProcessorYearVideo TypeMass storageVideo Chip
(see list)		CompatibilityRemarksRef

List of hobby, kit, or trainer computers

See also: List of early microcomputers. This type of microcomputer required significant electronics skills to assemble or operate. They were sometimes sold in kit form that required the user to insert and solder components in a printed circuit board. They may have had just blinking lights and toggle switches, or a hexadecimal display and a numeric keypad. While some units were possibly expandable to the "checkbook balancing/homework typing" stage, most were intended more for education on the use and application of microprocessors. See also Microprocessor development board, Single-board computer.

School computers

These were aimed at the class room, not the living room. Some types were popular in the centrally planned economies of eastern Europe where Western computers were scarce, or in the early days of computer education in Western schools. Popular home computers of the period were fitted with various types of network interfaces to allow sharing of files, large disk drives, and printers, and often allowed a teacher to interact with a student, supervise the system usage, and carry out administrative tasks from a host computer.

Cardboard and demonstrator "computers"

Logic demonstrators illustrated some of the logical principles of computer circuits, but were incapable of automatic operation or non-trivial calculations. Some were literally cardboard, others used combinations of switches and lamps to show how logical operations worked. Some products demonstrated logical operations purely mechanically.

See also

References

  1. Survey of 150 computers, Computing Now, September 1984 pp. 8-31
  2. Survey of 200 computers, Computing Now ISSN 0823-6437, April 1985 pp. 14-44,
  3. Eric Jensen The Atari 520ST, BYTE Vol.11 No. 6 ISSN 0360-5280 pg. 233-238
  4. What's New, BYTE Magazine July 1979 pg. 240
  5. Web site: HCM: East-European Home-Computer .... Kerstin & Stefan. Walgenbach. www.homecomputer.de.
  6. Bill Markwick, The Amiga 500, Electronics and Technology Today February 1988 pp. 18-20
  7. Book: Rezun, Miron. Science, technology, and ecopolitics in the USSR. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1996. 71–72. 0-275-95383-1.
  8. https://web.archive.org/web/20140801120754/http://jdh.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/2/163.full.pdf
  9. Web site: Iskra 1030 retrieved 2012 Dec 4. 2012-12-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20120728100715/http://rk86.com/frolov/iskra-1030m.htm. 2012-07-28. dead.
  10. Web site: OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum. www.old-computers.com.
  11. 1981. ASCII EXPRESS : PC-8800・PC-6000 NECのニューマシン、遂にデビュー. ASCII. ja. 5. 11.
  12. Web site: Schneider EuroPC II - MCbx. www.oldcomputer.info.
  13. Web site: OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum. www.old-computers.com.
  14. Web site: OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum. www.old-computers.com.
  15. Web site: OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum. www.old-computers.com.
  16. http://www.cs.otago.ac.nz/homepages/andrew/poly/Poly.htm The Poly Preservation Project
  17. Web site: Kiwi Nuggets Forum: Poly 1 Educational Computer. www.creationz.co.nz.
  18. Web site: "Preserving our Heritage NZ-made Computers", Bob Doran, CS Dept. University of Auckland & Andrew Trotman, CS Dept. University of Otago.
  19. Web site: M200 Smart Home Computer Series-Computer Museum. Information Processing Society of. Japan. museum.ipsj.or.jp.
  20. Web site: OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum. www.old-computers.com.
  21. Web site: Videoton TV Computer. March 27, 2011.
  22. Gulbrandsen. Eirik . April–May 1985. West PC-800 en talentfull maskin. Mikrodata. Computerworld Norge. no. 0800-269X. 3. 3. 8–12.

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