Dependent territory explained

A dependent territory, dependent area, or dependency (sometimes referred as an external territory) is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a sovereign state and remains politically outside the controlling state's integral area. As such, a dependent territory includes a range of non-integrated not fully to non-independent territory types, from associated states to non-self-governing territories (e.g. a colony).

A dependent territory is commonly distinguished from a country subdivision by being considered not to be a constituent part of a sovereign state. An administrative subdivision, instead, is understood to be a division of a state proper. A dependent territory, conversely, often maintains a great degree of autonomy from its controlling state. Historically, most colonies were considered to be dependent territories. Not all autonomous entities, though, are considered to be dependent territories.[1] Most inhabited, dependent territories have their own ISO 3166 country codes.

Some political entities inhabit a special position guaranteed by an international treaty or another agreement, thereby creating a certain level of autonomy (e.g. a difference in immigration rules). Those entities are sometimes considered to be, or are at least grouped with, dependent territories,[2] but are officially considered by their governing states to be an integral part of those states.[2] Such an example is Åland, an autonomous region of Finland.

Summary

The lists below include the following:

Dependent territories

Similar entities

Lists of dependent territories

This list includes all territories that have not been legally incorporated into their governing state, including several territories that are not on the list of non-self-governing territories of the General Assembly of the United Nations.[3] All claims in Antarctica are listed in italics.

New Zealand

See main article: Realm of New Zealand.

New Zealand has two self-governing associated states, one dependent territory, and a territorial claim in Antarctica.[4]

Associated state Administration ISO 3166 country code
Self-governing state in free association with New Zealand since 1965. Cook Islands' status is considered to be equivalent to independence for international law purposes, and the country exercises full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs.[5] Under the terms of the free association agreement, however, New Zealand retains some responsibility for the foreign relations and defence of the Cook Islands. These responsibilities confer no rights of control and are exercised only at the request of the Cook Islands Government. The government of New Zealand does not consider it appropriate for the Cook Islands to have a separate seat at the United Nations, due to its continued use of the right of Cook Islanders to have New Zealand citizenship.[6] CK
Self-governing state in free association with New Zealand since 1974. Niue's status is considered to be equivalent to independence for international law purposes, and the country exercises full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs. Under the terms of the free association agreement, however, New Zealand retains some responsibility for the foreign relations and defence of Niue. These responsibilities confer no rights of control and are exercised only at the request of the Government of Niue. The government of New Zealand does not consider it appropriate for the Niue to have a separate seat at the United Nations, due to its continued use of the right of Niueans to have New Zealand citizenship. NU
Dependent territory Administration ISO 3166 country code
Territory of New Zealand. A UN-sponsored referendum on self-governance in February 2006 did not produce the two-thirds supermajority necessary for changing the current political status. Another one was in October 2007, which failed to reach the two-thirds margin.[7] Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. TK
Dependent territory
(uninhabited, claimed)
Administration ISO 3166 country code
This is New Zealand's Antarctic claim. Unlike Tokelau and the associated states (Cook Islands and Niue), the Ross Dependency is, according to the New Zealand government, constitutionally part of New Zealand.[8]

Norway

See main article: Dependencies of Norway.

Norway has one dependent territory and two Antarctic claims. Norway also possesses the inhabited islands of Svalbard where Norwegian sovereignty is limited (see below).

Dependent territory
(uninhabited)
Administration ISO 3166 country code
Dependency administered from Oslo by the Polar Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice and the Police. BV
Dependent territory
(uninhabited, claimed)
Administration ISO 3166 country code
Dependencies (subject to the Antarctic Treaty System) administered from Oslo by the Polar Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice and the Police.

United Kingdom

See main article: British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.

The United Kingdom has three "Crown Dependencies", thirteen "Overseas Territories" (ten autonomous, two used primarily as military bases, and one uninhabited), and one Antarctic claim.

Crown Dependency Administration ISO 3166 country code
Responsibility for defence, international representation, and good government rests with the United Kingdom.[9] [10] [11] GG
IM
JE
Overseas Territory Administration ISO 3166 country code
House of Assembly of Anguilla handles domestic affairs. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. AI
Parliament of Bermuda handles domestic affairs and the territory is defined by the U.K. as self-governing. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. BM
VG
Parliament of the Cayman Islands handles domestic affairs. Almost complete internal self-government. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. KY
Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands handles domestic affairs. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. FK
Gibraltar Parliament handles domestic affairs. Almost complete internal self-government. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. GI
Legislative Council of Montserrat handles domestic affairs. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. MS
Island Council of the Pitcairn Islands handles some domestic affairs, however decisions are subject to approval by the Governor of the Pitcairn Islands, reporting to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. PN
Legislative Council of Saint Helena, Ascension Island Council and Tristan da Cunha Island Council handle domestic affairs. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. SH
House of Assembly of the Turks and Caicos Islands handles some domestic affairs. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. TC
Overseas Territory
(Sovereign Base Areas)
Administration ISO 3166 country code
Two sovereign base areas administered as a single British overseas territory by the Commander of British Forces Cyprus, reporting to the Ministry of Defence. Permanent Cypriot population, as well as British military personnel and their families.
Overseas Territory
(uninhabited)
Administration ISO 3166 country code
Administered by the Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory, reporting to the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. The Indigenous Chagossian population was removed between 1967 and 1973. Presently the territory is restricted to military personnel, principally at the joint U.K.-U.S. naval base on the atoll of Diego Garcia. IO
Administered by the Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (who is also the Governor of the Falkland Islands), reporting to the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. GS
Overseas Territory
(uninhabited, claimed)
Administration ISO 3166 country code
Administered by the Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory, reporting to the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. The UK's Antarctic claim.

United States

See main article: Territories of the United States.

The United States has 13 "unincorporated" dependent territories under its administration and two claimed territories outside its control.[12] The uninhabited Palmyra Atoll is administered similarly to some of these territories, and is usually included on lists of U.S. overseas territories, but it is excluded from this list because it is classified in U.S. law as an incorporated territory.[13] The U.S. Constitution does not apply in full to the insular areas.[14]

Unincorporated organized territory Administration ISO 3166 country code
Unincorporated organized territory of the U.S.; policy relations conducted through the Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories GU orUS-GU
Unincorporated organized territory of the U.S. with Commonwealth status; federal funding administered by the Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior MP orUS-MP
PR orUS-PR
Unincorporated organized territory of the U.S. Policy relations conducted by the Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories VI orUS-VI
Unincorporated unorganized territory Administration ISO 3166 country code
Unincorporated unorganized territory administered by the Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories AS orUS-AS
Unincorporated unorganized territory
(uninhabited)
Administration ISO 3166 country code
Unincorporated unorganized territories of the U.S. administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior UM-81
UM-84
UM-86
UM-67
UM-89
UM-71
Unincorporated unorganized territory of the U.S. administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior from the Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge in Cabo Rojo, Puerto RicoUM-76
Unincorporated unorganized territory of the U.S. administered by the U.S. Air Force under an agreement with the Department of the InteriorUM-79
Unincorporated unorganized territory
(uninhabited, claimed)
Administration ISO 3166 country code
Administered by Colombia. Claimed by the U.S. (under the Guano Islands Act) and Jamaica. A claim by Nicaragua was resolved in 2012 in favor of Colombia by the International Court of Justice (the U.S. is not a party nor recognises the court's jurisdiction).
Administered by Colombia. Site of a naval garrison. Claimed by the U.S. (since 1879 under the Guano Islands Act), Honduras, and Jamaica. A claim by Nicaragua was resolved in 2012 in favor of Colombia by the International Court of Justice (the U.S. is not a party nor recognises the court's jurisdiction).

Lists of similar entities

The following entities are, according to the law of their state, integral parts of the state but exhibit many characteristics of dependent territories. This list is generally limited to entities that are either subject to an international treaty on their status, uninhabited, or have a unique level of autonomy and are largely self-governing in matters other than international affairs. It generally does not include entities with no unique autonomy, such as the five overseas departments and regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion) of France; the BES islands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba) of the Netherlands; Jan Mayen of Norway; and Palmyra Atoll of the United States. However, Svalbard of Norway is included, as it has some restrictions according to Svalbard Treaty, despite not having autonomy. Entities with only limited unique autonomy, such as Barbuda of Antigua and Barbuda; Sabah and Sarawak of Malaysia; the two autonomous regions (the Azores and Madeira) of Portugal; Nevis of Saint Kitts and Nevis; the Canary Islands and the two autonomous cities (Ceuta and Melilla) of Spain; and entities with non-recognized unique autonomy, such as Kurdistan of Iraq; Wa of Myanmar; Gaza of Palestine; Galmudug and Puntland of Somalia; Rojava of Syria; and Zanzibar of Tanzania are also not included. All claims in Antarctica are listed in italics.

Australia

Australia has six external territories in its administration and one Antarctic claim.

Although all territories of Australia are considered to be fully integrated in its federal system, and the official status of an external territory does not differ largely from that of a mainland territory (except in regards to immigration law), debate remains as to whether the external territories are integral parts of Australia, due to their not being part of Australia in 1901, when its constituent states federated (with the exception of the Coral Sea Islands, which was a part of Queensland).[15] Norfolk Island was self-governing from 1979 to 2016.[16] The external territories are often grouped separately from Australia proper for statistical purposes.

External territory Administration ISO 3166 country code
Administered from Canberra by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts[17] CX
CC
NF
External territory
(uninhabited)
Administration ISO 3166 country code
Administered from Canberra by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts No unique ISO 3166 country codes
HM
External territory
(uninhabited, claimed)
Administration ISO 3166 country code
Administered from Canberra by the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment

China

See main article: Special administrative regions of China.

The People's Republic of China (PRC) has two special administrative regions (SARs) that are governed according to the constitution and respective basic laws. The SARs greatly differ from Mainland China in administrative, economic, legislative, and judicial terms including by currency, left-hand versus right-hand traffic, official languages, and immigration control. Although the PRC does claim sovereignty over Taiwan (governed by the Republic of China), it is not listed here as the PRC government does not have de facto control of the territory.

Special administrative region Administration ISO 3166 country code
Hong KongFormer British colony. Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China since 1997 according to the Sino-British Joint Declaration, an international treaty registered with the United Nations. The Hong Kong Basic Law purports to provide for the territory to enjoy a "high degree" of autonomy per the "one country, two systems" model under the central government of China. Although the territory is not part of mainland China, it is officially considered an integral part of the People's Republic of China.[18] [19] [20] HK orCN-HK
MacaoFormer Portuguese colony. Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China since 1999 according to the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration, an international treaty registered with the United Nations. The Macao Basic Law provides for the territory to enjoy a high degree of autonomy per the "one country, two systems" model under the central government of China. Although the territory is not part of mainland China, it is officially considered an integral part of the People's Republic of China.MO orCN-MO

Denmark

See main article: Danish Realm.

The Kingdom of Denmark contains two autonomous territories with their own governments and legislatures, and input into foreign affairs.[21]

Autonomous territory Administration ISO 3166 country code
Faroe IslandsAutonomous since 1948. A constituent part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but not of the European Union. Although it is not part of metropolitan Denmark, it is officially considered an integral part of the Kingdom of Denmark.FO
GreenlandAutonomous since 1979. A constituent part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but withdrew from the European Economic Community in 1985. Although it is not part of metropolitan Denmark, it is officially considered an integral part of the Kingdom of Denmark.GL

Finland

See main article: Regions of Finland.

Finland has one autonomous region that is also subject to international treaties.

France

See main article: Overseas France.

See also: Overseas country of France.

France has overseas six autonomous collectivities and two uninhabited territories (one of which includes an Antarctic claim). This does not include its "standard" overseas regions (which are also overseas departments) of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion. Although also located overseas, they have the same status as the regions of metropolitan France. Nonetheless, all of France's overseas territory is considered an integral part of the French Republic.

Overseas collectivity Administration ISO 3166 country code
Overseas collectivity since 2003; overseas country since 2004. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories PF orFR-PF
Seceded from Guadeloupe to become an overseas collectivity in 2007 BL orFR-BL
Seceded from Guadeloupe to become an overseas collectivity in 2007. It is the only overseas collectivity that is fully part of the European Union. MF orFR-MF
Territorial collectivity since 1985. Overseas collectivity since 2003 PM orFR-PM
Overseas territory since 1961. Overseas collectivity since 2003 WF orFR-WF
Sui generis collectivity Administration ISO 3166 country code
"Sui generis" collectivity[22] since 1998.[23] Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories NC orFR-NC
Overseas state private property
(uninhabited)
Administration ISO 3166 country code
The island is administered under the direct authority of the French government[24] by the French Minister of the Overseas. FR-CP
Overseas territory
(uninhabited)
Administration ISO 3166 country code
TAAF (Terres australes et antartiques françaises) is an overseas territory since 1955, administered from Paris by an Administrateur Supérieur. The territory includes the Antarctic claim of Adélie Land.[25] TF orFR-TF

Netherlands

See main article: Kingdom of the Netherlands.

The Kingdom of the Netherlands comprises three autonomous "constituent countries" in the Caribbean (listed below) and one constituent country, the Netherlands, with most of its area in Europe but also encompassing three overseas Caribbean municipalitiesBonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba (these three Caribbean municipalities are excluded here because they are directly administered by the Government of the Netherlands[26]). All citizens of the Dutch Kingdom share the same nationality and are thus citizens of the European Union, but only the European portion of the Kingdom is a part of the territory of the Union, the Customs Union, and the Eurozone while other areas have overseas countries and territory status.

Constituent country Administration ISO 3166 country code
ArubaDefined as a "country" ("land") within the Kingdom by the Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Aruba obtained full autonomy in internal affairs upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986. Part of the Kingdom but not in Europe, its citizenship nonetheless includes status as citizens of the European Union (the Kingdom government coincides almost exactly with the Government of the Netherlands, and is responsible for defence, foreign affairs, and nationality law).AW orNL-AW
Defined as a "country" ("land") within the Kingdom by the Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten were part of the Netherlands Antilles until it was dissolved in October 2010. Part of the Kingdom but not in Europe, their citizenship nonetheless includes status as citizens of the European Union (the Kingdom government coincides almost exactly with the Government of the Netherlands, and is responsible for defence, foreign affairs, and nationality law).CW orNL-CW
SX orNL-SX

Norway

See main article: List of possessions of Norway.

Norway has, in the Arctic, one inhabited archipelago with restrictions placed on Norwegian sovereignty — Svalbard.[27] [28] Unlike the country's dependent territory (Bouvet Island) and Antarctic claims (see above), Svalbard is a part of the Kingdom of Norway.[29]

Description

Three Crown Dependencies are in a form of association with the United Kingdom. They are independently administrated jurisdictions, although the British Government is solely responsible for defence and international representation and has ultimate responsibility for ensuring good government. They do not have diplomatic recognition as independent states, but neither are they integrated into the UK. The UK Parliament retains the ability to legislate for the crown dependencies even without the agreement of their legislatures. No crown dependency has representation in the UK Parliament.

Although they are British Overseas Territories, Bermuda and Gibraltar have similar relationships to the UK as do the Crown Dependencies. While Britain is officially responsible for their defence and international representation, these jurisdictions maintain their own militaries and have been granted limited diplomatic powers, in addition to having internal self-government.

New Zealand and its dependencies share the same governor-general and constitute one monarchic realm. The Cook Islands and Niue are officially termed associated states.

Puerto Rico (since 1952) and the Northern Mariana Islands (since 1986) are non-independent states freely associated with the United States. The mutually negotiated Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) in Political Union with the United States was approved in 1976. The covenant was fully implemented on November 3, 1986, under Presidential Proclamation no. 5564, which conferred U.S. citizenship on legally qualified CNMI residents.[30] Under the Constitution of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico is described as a Commonwealth and Puerto Ricans have a degree of administrative autonomy similar to that of a citizen of a U.S. state. Puerto Ricans "were collectively made U.S. citizens" in 1917, as a result of the Jones–Shafroth Act.[31] [32] The commonly used name in Spanish of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, literally "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico", which sounds similar to "free association" particularly when loosely used in Spanish, is sometimes erroneously interpreted to mean that Puerto Rico's relationship with the United States is based on a Compact of Free Association and at other times is erroneously held to mean that Puerto Rico's relationship with the U.S. is based on an Interstate compact. This is a constant source of ambiguity and confusion when trying to define, understand, and explain Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States. For various reasons Puerto Rico's political status differs from that of the Pacific Islands that entered into Compacts of Free Association with the United States. As sovereign states, these islands have the full right to conduct their foreign relations, while the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has territorial status subject to U.S. congressional authority under the Constitution's Territory Clause, "to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory… belonging to the United States."[33] Puerto Rico does not have the right to unilaterally declare independence, and at the last referendum (1998), the narrow majority voted for "none of the above", which was a formally undefined alternative used by commonwealth supporters to express their desire for an "enhanced commonwealth" option.[33]

This kind of relationship can also be found in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which is termed a federacy. The European continental part is organised like a unitary state. However, the status of its "constituent countries" in the Caribbean (Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten) can be considered akin to dependencies[34] [35] or "associated non-independent states."

The Kingdom of Denmark also operates similarly, akin to another federacy. The Faroe Islands and Greenland are two self-governing territories or regions within the Kingdom. The relationship between Denmark proper and these two territories is semi-officially termed the Rigsfællesskabet ("Unity of the Realm").

Overview of inhabited dependent territories

NamePopulation (2016)[36] Area (km2)[37] Area (mi2)width=80UN regionwidth=100UN subregionSovereign stateLegal status[38]
15,700 25498AsiaWestern AsiaOverseas territory
(Sovereign Base Areas)
29,013 1,580610EuropeNorthern EuropeAutonomous region
American Samoa54,19419977OceaniaPolynesiaUnincorporated unorganized territory
Anguilla15,1009135AmericasCaribbeanOverseas territory
Aruba113,648178.9169.08AmericasCaribbeanConstituent country
Bermuda70,53753.220.5AmericasNorthern AmericaOverseas territory
34,23215359AmericasCaribbeanOverseas territory
Cayman Islands57,268264101.9AmericasCaribbeanOverseas territory
Christmas Island2,20513552OceaniaAustralia and New ZealandExternal territory
Cocos (Keeling) Islands596145.4OceaniaAustralia and New ZealandExternal territory
Cook Islands18,10024093OceaniaPolynesiaAssociated state
158,986444171AmericasCaribbeanConstituent country
2,93112,1734,700AmericasSouth AmericaOverseas territory
Faroe Islands49,1884,167540EuropeNorthern EuropeAutonomous territory
French Polynesia285,7351,3991,609OceaniaPolynesiaOverseas collectivity
(Overseas country)
Gibraltar29,3286.52.5EuropeSouthern EuropeOverseas territory
Greenland56,4832,166,086836,330AmericasNorthern AmericaAutonomous territory
Guam162,742544210OceaniaMicronesiaUnincorporated organized territory
63,0266525EuropeNorthern EuropeCrown Dependency
Hong Kong7,374,0002,7551,064AsiaEastern AsiaSpecial administrative region
88,195572221EuropeNorthern EuropeCrown Dependency
98,069118.245.6EuropeNorthern EuropeCrown Dependency
Macao650,900115.344.5AsiaEastern AsiaSpecial administrative region
Montserrat5,26710139AmericasCaribbeanOverseas territory
New Caledonia275,35518,5767,172OceaniaMelanesiaSui generis collectivity
Niue1,190261.46100.95OceaniaPolynesiaAssociated state
Norfolk Island2,21034.613.4OceaniaAustralia and New ZealandExternal territory
Northern Mariana Islands53,467464179OceaniaMicronesiaUnincorporated organized territory
(Commonwealth)
574317OceaniaPolynesiaOverseas territory
Puerto Rico3,411,3079,1043,515AmericasCaribbeanUnincorporated organized territory
(Commonwealth)
7,209259.7AmericasCaribbeanOverseas collectivity
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha5,633394152AfricaWestern AfricaOverseas territory
31,94953.220.5AmericasCaribbeanOverseas collectivity
Saint Pierre and Miquelon5,59524293AmericasNorthern AmericaOverseas collectivity
41,4863714AmericasCaribbeanConstituent country
2,66761,02223,561EuropeNorthern EuropeUnincorporated area
Tokelau1,499103.9OceaniaPolynesiaDependent territory
Turks and Caicos Islands51,430430166AmericasCaribbeanOverseas territory
102,951346.36133.73AmericasCaribbeanUnincorporated organized territory
Wallis and Futuna15,66414255OceaniaPolynesiaOverseas collectivity

See also

References

Sources

Bibliography

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: United Nations General Assembly 15th Session – The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages:509–510). https://web.archive.org/web/20120320074502/http://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdf. dead. March 20, 2012.
  3. Web site: Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories (1945-1999) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170112191222/https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml . 12 Jan 2017 . 20 Jan 2023 . United Nations.
  4. Book: Salesa . Damon Ieremia . Island time : New Zealand's Pacific futures . 2017 . Bridget Williams Books . Wellington, New Zealand . 9781988533506 . 6–7 .
  5. Web site: Find a publication | New Zealand Ministry of Justice. 2013-11-14. 2016-04-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20160429042126/http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/publications-archived/2000/pacific-peoples-constitution-report-september-2000/documents/Bibliography.doc. dead.
  6. Web site: Pacific News Minute: Cook Islands Bid for UN Membership On Hold. Neal. Conan. Hawai'i Public Radio. 11 August 2015. 6 April 2019. 9 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181209114008/http://www.hpr2.org/post/pacific-news-minute-cook-islands-bid-un-membership-hold. dead.
  7. Book: Connell . John . Baldacchino . Godfrey . Milne . David . The case for non-sovereignty : lessons from sub-national island jurisdictions . 2009 . Routledge . 9780415455503 . 157–168 . ‘We are not ready’ : colonialism or autonomy in Tokelau.
  8. https://web.archive.org/web/20100522033422/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Antarctica/1-New-Zealand-and-Antarctica/index.php New Zealand and Antarctica
  9. Web site: Guernsey at the CIA's page. CIA. 2010-07-15. CIA. 2010-07-15.
  10. Web site: Jersey at the CIA's page. CIA. 2010-07-15. CIA. 2010-07-15.
  11. Web site: The Isle of Man at the CIA's page. CIA. 2010-07-15. CIA. 2010-07-15.
  12. Web site: U.S. Insular Areas Application of the U.S. Constitution . United States General Accounting Office . November 1997 . 24 November 2020 . 29 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200229153648/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf . dead .
  13. Web site: Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations . 12 June 2015 . U.S. Department of the Interior . 6 April 2019.
  14. Web site: U.S. Insular Areas Applicability of Relevant Provisions of the U.S. Constitution . United States General Accounting Office . Washington, D.C. . 4. June 20, 1991 . August 14, 2021.
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  16. News: The end of Norfolk Island's self-government . ABC . Phillips . Keri . 23 June 2016 . 11 November 2020.
  17. Web site: Territories of Australia . The Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications . 2020-02-28 . 2020-04-25 . The Australian Government, through the department, administers the Indian Ocean Territories of Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Norfolk Island, the Jervis Bay Territory, the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, and the Coral Sea Islands. The department also manages the Government's interests in the Australian Capital Territory, and the Northern Territory..
  18. http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2007-01/17/content_498423.htm 广电总局批准31个境外频道在涉外宾馆等申请接收
  19. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20110428_402722232.htm 2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报(第1号)
  20. http://big5.huaxia.com/sw/cjzx/jjdt/00265648.html 項懷誠:香港是社保基金境外投資的首選地之一
  21. Rakitskaya . Inna A. . Molchakov . Nikita Y. . Democratization of territorial constitution : current trends and the constitutional experience of Denmark . International Journal of Economics and Business Administration . 2019 . 7 . 1 . 166–172 . 11 November 2020 . Eleftherios Thalassinos . 2241-4754.
  22. Web site: Nouvelle-Calédonie Présentation. Outre-Mer.gouv.fr. Ministre des Outre-mer. fr. New Caledonia Presentation. https://web.archive.org/web/20130521094530/http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?presentation-nouvelle-caledonie.html&artpage=3-3. 21 May 2013. 24 November 2020. dmy-all.
  23. Web site: Field Listing :: Dependency Status. CIA.gov/Library/Publications/Resources/The-World-Factbook/. Central Intelligence Agency. 7 April 2019. dmy-all.
  24. Web site: Loi n° 55-1052 du 6 août 1955 portant statut des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises et de l'île de Clipperton. LegiFrance.gouv.fr. Légifrance. fr. Law n° 55-1052 of 6 August 1955 relating to the statute of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands and of the island of Clipperton. 6 August 1955. 24 November 2020. dmy-all.
  25. Web site: Antarctica :: French Southern and Antarctic Lands. CIA.gov/Library/Publications/The-World-Factbook. CIA. 20 May 2020. 3 June 2020. dmy-all.
  26. https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/inr/rls/10543.htm Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty
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  28. Web site: The Svalbard Treaty. Governor of Svalbard. 9 April 2008. 24 March 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110723003932/http://www.sysselmannen.no/hovedEnkel.aspx?m=45301. 23 July 2011. dmy-all.
  29. Book: Skagestad . Odd Gunnar . Skreslet . Stig . Jan Mayen Island in Scientific Focus . 2004 . Springer Netherlands . 978-1-4020-2955-4 . 272 . 15 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140104210815/http://www.ogskagestad.info/attachments/File/JanMayenSciFocus04.pdf . 4 January 2014 . The Scope for Norwegian Commitments Related to International Research on Jan Mayen Island.
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  31. The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898. By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. 2005. Page 166, 178. "U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico under the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971) (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)")
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