A national census in Germany (German: Volkszählung, pronounced as /de/) was held every five years from 1875 to 1910. After the World Wars, only a few full population censuses have been held, the last in 1987. The most recent census, though not a national census, was the 2011 European Union census.
Nuremberg in 1471[1] held a census, to be prepared in case of a siege. Brandenburg-Prussia in 1683 began to count its rural population. The first systematic population survey on the European continent was taken in 1719 in the Mark Brandenburg of the Kingdom of Prussia, in order to prepare the first general census of 1725.
In Habsburg ruled Austria, a population count had been introduced in 1754, but due to resistance by nobility and clerics, no full census was held after 1769. A century and many political changes later, census resumed in 1869, and were held also in 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910, in the same years as the German Empire census. Between the wars, census were held in 1920, 1923, 1934 and 1939, to be resumed in 1951 with a ten-year occurrence.
For 1806, a population of 24,241,000 for several Imperial Circles is quoted in the "Statistik des deutschen Reiches",[2] even though the old Holy Roman Empire had fallen apart, and a new German Empire did not exist yet as a political entity. By 1821, the population within the newly founded German Confederation had grown to over 30 million.[3]
When the German Confederation had been founded in 1815, some states had been anxious to prove they had a small population in order to contribute fewer soldiers to the Federal Army. On the other hand, when the first custom union between southern states were formed, they wanted to show they had a large population in order to claim a larger share of the custom revenue.[4] The German Customs Union, the Zollverein, conducted population counts from 1834 to 1867, every three years on 3 December, in order to share its revenue among the member states accordingly. The date of 3 December was chosen as most people of the „Zollabrechnungsbevölkerung“, the custom accounting population, were expected to be at home then. The Eastern parts of Prussia remained outside of the Confederation for most of the time, but the whole of Prussia was part of the Zollverein. While most states joined the Zollverein sooner or later, the Austrian Empire never did until the German Confederation and the Zollverein broke up in the civil war of 1866. The Zollverein regrouped and held another census in 1867, but the census of 1870 was postponed due to the ongoing Franco-German War and the foundation of the German Empire.
| Date | Area in km2 | Population | Pop. per km2 | Area changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 December 1834 | 420,301 | 23,478,120 | 56 | |
| 3 December 1837 | 439,420 | 26,008,973 | 59 | since 1835 including Land Baden and Herzogtum Nassau, since 1836 including Freie Stadt Frankfurt |
| 3 December 1840 | 439,420 | 27,142,116 | 62 | |
| 3 December 1843 | 447,507 | 28,498,136 | 64 | |
| 3 December 1846 | 447,507 | 29,461,381 | 66 | |
| 3 December 1849 | 447,507 | 29,800,063 | 67 | |
| 3 December 1852 | 447,507 | 30,492,792 | 68 | |
| 3 December 1855 | 492,621 | 32,721,344 | 66 | since 1854 including Königreich Hannover, Großherzogtum Olenburg and Schaumburg-Lippe |
| 3 December 1858 | 492,621 | 33,542,352 | 68 | |
| 3 December 1861 | 492,621 | 34,670,277 | 70 | |
| 3 December 1864 | 492,621 | 35,886,302 | 73 | |
| 3 December 1867 | 510,628 | 37,512,005 | 73 | |
Starting in 1871, the census resumed in the newly united German Empire, continuing every five years from 1875 to 1910. The first large-scale census in the German Empire took place in 1895 (see German census of 1895). The last pre-war census was held on 1 December 1910. The 1915 census was canceled, but two war censuses were held on 5 December 1916 and 1917 to organize the sharing of food. Regular censuses resumed during the Weimar Republic, being held on 8 October 1919 and 16 June 1925.
The 1930 census was delayed until 1933 by the Depression, and another one was carried out in 1939, with both being affected by the bias of the Nazi government. Initially planned for 1937, the 1939 census now also included the areas of Austria, Sudetenland and Memelland. About 750,000 counters covered 22 million households and roughly 80 million inhabitants. Made in an atmosphere of terror, attacks on members of the Polish minority, and the demolition of Polish businesses, the census resulted in many Poles living in Germany giving their nationality as German, out of fear of losing their lives or the well-being of their families being endangered.[5]
After the Second World War, the occupying powers started to count the population in their zones, first the Soviets on 1 December 1945, then the French on 26 January 1946. On 29 October 1946, a census was held in all four zones.
| Date | Area in km2 | Pop. | Pop. % Growth | Pop. per km2 | Area changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 December 1871 | 541,561 | 41,058,792 | N/A | 76 | |
| 1 December 1875 | 539,829 | 42,727,360 | 4.06% | 79 | |
| 1 December 1880 | 540,522 | 45,234,061 | 5.87% | 84 | |
| 1 December 1885 | 540,597 | 46,855,704 | 3.59% | 87 | |
| 1 December 1890 | 540,504 | 49,428,470 | 5.49% | 91 | |
| 540,658 | 52,279,901 | 5.768% | 97 | ||
| 1 December 1900 | 540,743 | 56,367,178 | 7.81% | 104 | |
| 1 December 1905 | 540,778 | 60,641,489 | 7.58% | 112 | |
| 1 December 1910 | 540,858 | 64,925,993 | 7.07% | 120 | |
| 1 December 1916 | 540,858 | 62,272,185 | -4.09% | 115 | |
| 5 December 1917 | 540,858 | 62,615,275 | 0.55% | 116 | |
| 8 October 1919 | 474,304 | 60,898,584 | -2.74% | 128 | since 1919 without Elsaß-Lothringen, Provinz Posen and Westpreußen |
| 16 June 1925 | 468,718 | 62,410,619 | 2.48% | 133 | since 1920 without Memelland, Nordschleswig, Ostbelgien and Saargebiet, since 1922 without Ostoberschlesien |
| 16 June 1933 | 468,787 | 65,362,115 | 4.73% | 139 | |
| 17 May 1939 | 583,370 | 79,375,281 | 21.44% | 136 | since 1935 with Saargebiet, since 1938 with Ostmark and Sudetenland, since March 1939 with Memelland |
| 27 May 1942 [6] | |||||
| 1 March 1943 [7] | |||||
| 29 October 1946 | 353,460 | 65,137,274 | -17.94% | 184 | since 1945 without Ostgebiete des Deutschen Reiches, since 1946 without Saarland |
According to the census of 1900, among the total population of 56,367,178 there were 51,883,131 with the German language as their first and only language, plus 252,918 bilingual Germans. The largest minority was the Polish, with 3,086,489 (not including 142,049 Masurians and 100,213 Kashubians).[9] The census results also listed the districts with a minority larger than 5%, including many districts in which German speakers were a minority.[10] Many of these areas would later become part of the Second Polish Republic as a result of German territorial losses in the Treaty of Versailles.
The German Democratic Republic held four census during its existence, of which only the 1964 results were published in full. Unlike most European countries, which saw a significant growth of their populations, the GDR suffered a drop. Until the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, over three million[11] Germans had defected from the GDR to West Germany. As many young adults had chosen to leave, this also affected the numbers of babies born in the following decades.
| Date | Area in km2 | Pop. | Pop. per km2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31 August 1950 | 107,862 | 18,388,172 | 170 |
| 31 December 1964 | 108,304 | 17,003,655 | 157 |
| 1 January 1971 | 108,178 | 17,068,318 | 158 |
| 31 December 1981 | 108,333 | 16,705,635 | 154 |
| Date | Area in km2 | Pop. | Pop. per km2 | Area changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13 September 1950 | 245,770 | 49,842,624 | 203 | since 1949 without East Germany, East Berlin and Saarland, with West Berlin |
| 25 September 1956 | 245,860 | 52,195,100 | 212 | |
| 6 June 1961 | 248,456 | 56,174,826 | 226 | since 1957 with Saarland |
| 27 May 1970 | 248,469 | 60,650,584 | 244 | |
| 25 May 1987 | 248,626 | 61,077,042 | 246 | |
| 9 May 2011 | 357,168 | 80,200,000[12] | 225 | since 1990 with East Germany and East Berlin |
In the 1980s, attempts at introducing a census in West Germany sparked strong popular resentment since some felt that the questions to be asked were quite personal. Comparisons to Orwell's 1984 were drawn. Some campaigned for a boycott, or for intentional false statements. The Constitutional Court stopped the census in 1983, and required a revision of the process. The modified census was eventually held in 1987.
For 1991 a concurrent census in both West and East Germany had been planned,[13] but it was canceled due to reunification, and replaced by a "micro census" population sample among 1 percent of house holds. Due to reunification and immigration from former Eastern Bloc states and the war-torn Balkans, the population has grown to c. 82 million in the 1990s, but no census has been held since 1987. As of July 2017 The CIA Factbook[14] estimates the population at 80,159,662, and ranks Germany as 19th [15] in the world.Former population censuses in Germany were complete enumerations obtained directly from the entire population in personal interviews or by questionnaire. For the 1987 population census, some 500 000 enumerators were required and for 2011, a change in methodology was planned, and the costs of the largely register-based census were expected to be only about one third of the expenditure of a traditional population census. Mainly the data already stored in the registers of the administrative authorities, in the population registers of the municipalities and the registers of the Federal Employment Agency was used. Additional data, like information on education, training and occupation, would be collected by an interview-based sample survey. The data on buildings and dwellings, for which there are no registers in Germany, would be collected by mail from all owners.[16]