List of companies of South Korea explained

South Korea is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Highly urbanized at 92%,[1] South Koreans lead a distinctive urban lifestyle; half of them live in high-rises[2] concentrated in the Seoul Capital Area with 25 million residents[3] and the world's sixth-leading global city[4] with the fourth-largest economy[5] and seventh-most sustainable city in the world.[6]

Driven by a highly educated and skilled workforce, it has the world's eighth-highest median household income, the highest in Asia, and its singles in particular earn more than all G7 nations. Globally, it ranks highly in personal safety,[7] job security, and healthcare quality, with the world's third-highest health adjusted life expectancy and fourth-most efficient healthcare system.[8] It is the world's largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science and engineering[9] and ranking third in the Youth Wellbeing Index.[10] Home of Samsung, LG and Hyundai-Kia, South Korea was named the world's most innovative country in the Bloomberg Innovation Index,[11] ranking first in business R&D intensity and patents filed per GDP. As of 2014, it has the world's fastest Internet speed and highest smartphone ownership, ranking first in ICT Development, e-Government[12] and 4G LTE coverage.

For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations, see "Business entities in South Korea".

Largest firms

See also: List of largest companies of South Korea. This list shows firms in the Fortune Global 500, which ranks firms by total revenues reported before March 31, 2017.[13] Only the top five firms (if available) are included as a sample.

RankImageName2016 Revenues (USD $M)EmployeesNotes
15Samsung$173,957325,000Multinational electronics conglomerate, and one of the world's largest information technology firms. Closely branded subsidiaries include Samsung Electronics, Samsung C&T Corporation, Samsung Electro-Mechanics, Samsung Heavy Industries, Samsung Life Insurance, and Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance.
78Hyundai Motor Company$80,701129,315Third-largest automotive manufacturer, including its Kia Motors and Genesis Motors brand divisions, and regional subsidiaries Hyundai Motor India Limited, Beijing Hyundai, Hyundai Motor America, and Hyundai Motor Europe GmbH.
95SK Group$72,57984,000Diversified conglomerate with more than 95 subsidiaries and affiliates, including SK Telecom (telecommunications), SK Hynix (semiconductors), and SK C&C (consulting).
177Korea Electric Power Corporation$51,50043,688Korea's largest electrical utility, majority-owned by the Korean state. The firm provides for generation, distribution, and major development projects.
201LG Electronics$47,71275,000Electronics and consumer devices engineering and the world's second-largest television manufacturer. The firm rejoined the list in 2011.

Notable firms

This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ced operations are included and noted as defunct.

Samsung Hyundai Group SK Group LG Group

Name (English)Name (Korean)GroupIndustrySectorHeadquartersFoundedNotes
5Rocks--TechnologySoftwareSeoul2010Mobile analytics
Aju Group아주그룹Aju GroupConglomerates-Seoul1960[14] Industrial conglomerate
AKOM애이콤프로덕션-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul1985Animation
Amorepacific Corporation아모레퍼시픽-Consumer goodsPersonal goodsSeoul1945Cosmetics
Asia Cement아세아시멘트-IndustrialsConstruction & materialsSeoul1965Cement
Asiana Airlines아시아나항공Kumho Asiana GroupConsumer servicesTravel & leisureSeoul1988Airline
BC Card비씨카드KT CorporationFinancialsFinancial servicesSeoul1982Payment processor
Bexel벡셀-IndustrialsElectronic & electrical equipmentSeoul1978Batteries
Binggrae빙그레-Consumer goodsFood & beverageSeoul1967Dairy
Busan Bank부산은행-FinancialsBanksBusan1967Bank
Busan Transportation Corporation부산교통공사-IndustrialsIndustrial transportationBusan2006Transit authority
CAS Corporation캐스-IndustrialsElectronic & electrical equipmentSeoul1983Electronic scales
Channel A채널에이The Dong-a Ilbo Media GroupConsumer servicesMediaSeoul2011Broadcasting
Cheil Industries제일모직Consumer goodsPersonal goodsSeoul1954
Chosun Broadcasting Company주식회사조선방송-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul2011Television broadcasting
CJ CGV씨제이 씨지브이CJ GroupConsumer servicesMediaSeoul1996Theater chain
CJ E&M Film DivisionCJ E&M 영화사업부문CJ GroupConsumer servicesMediaSeoul1995Film production
CJ GroupCJ그룹CJ GroupConglomerates-Seoul1953Holding company
Com2uS컴투스GamevilTechnologySoftwareSeoul1998Video games,
Cowon코원시스템-Consumer goodsPersonal goodsSeoul1995Consumer electronics
Crown Confectionery크라운제과Crown ConfectioneryConsumer goodsFood & beverageSeoul1947Confectionery
CT&T United씨티엔티-Consumer goodsAutomotiveSeoul2002Electric vehicles
Cuckoo Electronics쿠쿠전자-Consumer goodsPersonal goodsSeoul1978Consumer electronics
Cyworld싸이월드SK GroupTechnologyInternetSeoul1999Social network
Daehan Tire대한타이어-Consumer goodsAutomotiveSeoul1990Tires
Daelim대림산업DaelimConglomerates-Seoul1939Industrials, oil and gas, financials
Dongbu Group동부그룹Dongbu GroupConglomerates-Seoul1969Steel, financials, chemicals, industrials
Dongkuk Steel동국제강-Basic materialsBasic resourcesSeoul1954[15] Steel
Doosan Engineering & Construction두산건설IndustrialsConstruction & materialsSeoul[16] 1960Construction
Doosan Group두산그룹Conglomerates-Seoul1896Industrials, infrastructure
Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction두산중공업IndustrialsHeavy constructionChangwon1962Heavy industrial
Eastar Jet이스타 항공-Consumer servicesTravel & leisureSeoul2007Low-cost airline
E-Land Group이랜드그룹E-Land GroupConglomerates-Seoul1980Retail, travel & leisure
ESA주식회사 이에스에이-TechnologySoftwareSeoul1994Video games,
Eugene Basic Materials Company유진기초소재Eugene GroupBasic materialsChemicalsSeoul1999Chemicals
Eugene Concrete유진콘크리트Eugene GroupIndustrialsConstruction & materialsSeoul1979Cement, concrete
Eugene Group유진그룹Eugene GroupConglomerates-Seoul1954[17] Industrials, media, food & beverage
Eugene Koryeo Cement고려시멘트Eugene GroupIndustrialsConstruction & materialsGwangju1962Cement
FILA휠라-Consumer goodsPersonal goodsSeoul1911Sportswear
Game Park게임파크-TechnologySoftwareSeoul1996Video games, defunct 2007
Gamevil게임빌GamevilTechnologySoftwareSeoul2000Video games,
GM Korea한국지엠General Motors (USA)Consumer goodsAutomotiveIncheon1937Automotive
Gravity그라비티SoftBank Group (Japan)TechnologySoftwareSeoul2000Video games, (NASDAQ:)
GS CaltexGS칼텍스GS GroupOil & gasOil & gas producersSeoul1967Refiner
GS Group지에스홀딩스GS GroupConglomerates-Seoul2005Retail, construction, sports
Haitai해태제과식품Crown ConfectioneryConsumer goodsFood & beverageSeoul1945Instant foods
Halla Group한라그룹Halla GroupConglomerates-Seoul1962Automotive, construction
Hana Financial Group하나금융그룹-FinancialsFinancial servicesSeoul1971financial services
Hanjin한진 그룹HanjinIndustrialsIndustrial transportationSeoul1945
Hankook Ilbo한국일보-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul1954Publishing
Hankook한국타이어-Consumer goodsAutomotiveSeoul1941Tires
Hansol한솔HansolConglomerates-Seoul1965Construction, chemicals, telecom
Hanwha한화그룹HanwhaConglomerates-Seoul1952Industrials, chemicals, financials
Hanwha Life Insurance한화생명HanwhaFinancialsInsuranceSeoul1946Life insurance
Hanwha Total한화토탈HanwhaBasic materialsChemicalsSeoul1988Chemicals
HCT Co., Ltd.에이치시티-TechnologySemiconductorsIcheon2000Semiconductor
하이트맥주Consumer goodsFood & beverageSeoul1933Brewery,
HiteJinro하이트진로Consumer goodsFood & beverageSeoul1924Distillery
Hotel Shilla신라호텔Consumer servicesTravel & leisureSeoul1979Hotels
Humax휴맥스-Consumer goodsPersonal goodsSeoul1989Consumer electronics
Hybe Corporation주식회사 HYBE-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul2005Record label
Hyosung효성그룹HyosungConglomerates-Seoul1966Chemical, industrials, construction
Hyundai Amco엠코건설Hyundai Motor CompanyIndustrialsConstruction & materialsSeoul2002Construction and materials
Hyundai Asan현대아산Hyundai GroupFinancialsReal estateGoseong1998[18] Development
Hyundai Corporation현대종합상사Hyundai Heavy Industries GroupIndustrialsGeneral industriesSeoul1976Trading, logistics
Hyundai Department Store Group현대백화점그룹Hyundai Department Store GroupConsumer servicesRetailSeoul1971Retail holding company
Hyundai Engineering & Construction현대 건설Hyundai Motor GroupIndustrialsConstruction & materialsSeoul1947Engineering
Hyundai Glovis현대글로비스 주식회사Hyundai Motor GroupIndustrialsIndustrial transportationSeoul2001Logistics
Hyundai Group현대Hyundai GroupConglomerates-Seoul1947Construction, transportation, power
Hyundai Heavy Industries Group현대중공업그룹Hyundai Heavy Industries GroupConglomerates-Ulsan1972Industrials, transportation, oil & gas
Hyundai Heavy Industries현대중공업 (주)Hyundai Heavy Industries GroupIndustrialsHeavy constructionUlsan1972Shipyard, machinery
Hyundai Merchant Marine현대상선Hyundai GroupIndustrialsIndustrial transportationSeoul1976Marine transport
Hyundai Mobis현대모비스 주식회사Hyundai Motor GroupConsumer goodsAutomobiles & partsSeoul1977Parts and services
Hyundai Motor Company현대자동차Hyundai Motor GroupConsumer goodsAutomobilesSeoul1967Automotive manufacturer
Hyundai Motor Group현대자동차그룹Hyundai Motor GroupConglomerates-Seoul2000Holding group
Hyundai Oilbank현대오일뱅크Hyundai Heavy Industries GroupOil & gasOil & gas producerSeoul1964Refinery
Hyundai Rotem현대로템 주식회사Hyundai Motor GroupIndustrialsIndustrial engineeringSeoul1999Heavy vehicles
Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries현대삼호중공업Hyundai Heavy Industries GroupIndustrialsIndustrial engineeringYeongam1998Shipyard
Hyundai Steel현대제철Hyundai Motor GroupBasic materialsBasic resourcesIncheon1953Steel
Hyundai Wia현대위아Hyundai Motor GroupConsumer goodsAutomobiles & partsChangwon1976Parts
Iconix Entertainment㈜아이코닉스-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul1996Media company
INCA Internet잉카인터넷-TechnologySoftwareSeoul2000Software
Industrial Bank of Korea기업은행-FinancialsBanksSeoul1961Bank,
iriver아이리버SK GroupConsumer goodsPersonal goodsSeoul1999Consumer electronics
Isu Group이수 그룹Isu GroupConglomerates-Seoul1996Chemical, financials, oil & gas
Jeju Air제주항공-Consumer servicesTravel & leisureJeju City2005Airline
Jin Air진에어HanjinConsumer servicesTravel & leisureSeoul2008Airline
Jinwoo SMC진우에스엠씨-IndustrialsElectronic & electrical equipmentMuju1998Aerial work platforms
JoongAng Ilbo중앙일보-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul1965Publishing
JTBC제이티비씨-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul2011Broadcasting
JYP EntertainmentJYP 엔터테인먼트 or 제이와이피엔터테인먼트-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul1997Record label
Kakao카카오-TechnologySoftwareJeju City2014Software
KB Kookmin BankKB국민은행-FinancialsBanksSeoul1963Bank
KCC Corporation주식회사 케이씨씨-Basic materialsChemicalsSeoul1958Chemical
KG Mobility케이지모빌리티 주식회사KG GroupConsumer goodsAutomobilesSeoul1954Automobile manufacturer
KG SteelKG스틸 주식회사KG GroupBasic materialsBasic resourcesSeoul1982Steel
Kia Motors기아자동차Hyundai Motor GroupConsumer goodsAutomobilesSeoul1944Automobile manufacturer
Korea Development Bank한국산업은행-FinancialsBanksSeoul1954Bank
Korea Electric Power Corporation한국전력공사-UtilitiesElectricityNaju1961Electric utility
Korail코레일-Consumer servicesRail transportDaejeon1963Passenger rail
Korean Air대한항공HanjinConsumer servicesTravel & leisureSeoul1969Airline
Korean Broadcasting System한국방송공사-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul1927Television broadcasting
Koscom코스콤-FinancialsFinancial servicesSeoul1977Financial services technology
KOTRA코트라-IndustrialsSupport servicesSeoul1962Korea trade-investment promotion agency
KR MotorsKR모터스HyosungConsumer goodsAutomotiveChangwon1978Motorcycles
KT Corporation케이티 주식회사KT CorporationTelecommunicationsFixed line telecommunicationsSeongnam1885Telecommunications
Korea Tobacco & Ginseng Corporation한국담배인삼공사-Consumer goodsTobaccoDaejeon1899Tobacco products
Kumho Asiana Cultural Foundation금호아시아나문화재단Kumho Asiana GroupConsumer servicesTravel & leisureSeoul1977Entertainment
Kumho Asiana Group금호아시아나그룹Kumho Asiana GroupConglomerates-Seoul1946Airlines, tires, financials, leisure
Kumho Engineering and Construction금호건설Kumho Asiana GroupIndustrialsConstruction & materialsSeoul1967Engineering
CJ KIFT씨제이한국복합물류Kumho Asiana GroupIndustrialsIndustrial transportationGunpo1998Logistic
Kumho Tire금호타이어Kumho Asiana GroupConsumer goodsAutomobiles & partsGwangju1960Tires
Kyobo Book Centre교보문고Kyobo Life Insurance CompanyConsumer servicesRetailSeoul1980Bookseller
Kyobo Life Insurance Company교보생명Kyobo Life Insurance CompanyFinancialsInsuranceSeoul1958Life insurance
LG ChemLG화학LG CorporationBasic materialsChemicalsSeoul1947Chemicals
LG CNS엘지 씨엔에스LG CorporationTechnologyComputer servicesSeoul1987I/T consulting
LG Corporation주식회사 LGLG CorporationConglomerates-Seoul1947Electronics, chemicals, telecom
LG DisplayLG디스플레이LG CorporationIndustrialsElectronic & electrical equipmentSeoul1995LCD panels
LG ElectronicsLG전자LG CorporationIndustrialsElectronic & electrical equipmentSeoul1958Electronics
LG UplusLG유플러스LG CorporationTelecommunicationsMobile telecommunicationsSeoul1996Mobile provider
LOEN Entertainment로엔 엔터테인먼트LOEN EntertainmentConsumer servicesMediaSeoul1978Entertainment
Lotte Group롯데Lotte GroupConglomerates-Seoul1948Food & beverage, financials, industrials
Lotte Capital롯데캐피탈Lotte GroupFinancialsFinancial servicesSeoul1995Financial services
Lotte Card롯데카드Lotte GroupFinancialsFinancial servicesSeoul2002Credit cards
Lotte Cinema롯데쇼핑㈜롯데시네마Lotte GroupTourismEntertainment Seoul1999Cinemas
Lotte Chilsung롯데칠성음료Lotte GroupConsumer goodsFood & beverageSeoul1950Beverage
Lotte Confectionery롯데제과Lotte GroupConsumer goodsFood & beverageSeoul1967Confections
Lotte Department Store롯데백화점Lotte GroupConsumer servicesRetailSeoul1979Department stores
Lotte Global Logistics롯데글로벌로지스 and 롯데택배Lotte GroupIndustrialsIndustrial transportationSeoul1988Logistics
Lotte Hotels & Resorts롯데호텔앤리조트Lotte GroupConsumer servicesTravel & leisureSeoul1973Hotels
Lotte World롯데월드Lotte GroupConsumer servicesTravel & leisureSeoul1989Recreation complex
LS Cable & SystemLS전선, 엘에스전선LS GroupIndustrialsGeneral industriesAnyang1962Cables
LS GroupLS그룹LS GroupIndustrialsGeneral industriesAnyang1936Cables, industrial systems
Mando Corporation만도Halla GroupConsumer goodsAutomobiles & partsSeongnam1962OEM parts
Mirae Asset Group미래에셋금융그룹-FinancialsFinancial servicesSeoul1997Financial services
M-Pio엠피오-Consumer goodsPersonal goodsSeongnam1998Consumer electronics
MBC문화방송주식회사-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul1961Broadcasting
Namhae Chemical Corporation남해화학-Basic materialsChemicalsYeosu1974Chemicals
Naver Corporation네이버 주식회사-TechnologyInternetSeongnam1999Software
NCsoft엔씨소프트-TechnologySoftwarePangyo1997Video games
Netmarble Games넷마블게임즈-TechnologySoftwareSeoul2000Video games
Nexen Tire넥센타이어-Consumer goodsAutomotiveYangsan1942Tires
Nexon넥슨-TechnologySoftwareSeoul1994Video games
National Agricultural Cooperative Federation농협중앙회/농업협동조합NonghyupConglomerates-Seoul1961Co-op
Nongshim농심NongshimConsumer goodsFood & beverageSeoul1965Food and beverage conglomerate, processed food
On-Media온 미디어CJ GroupConsumer servicesMediaSeongnam2000broadcasting
Oriental Brewery오비맥주Anheuser-Busch InBev (Belgium)Consumer goodsFood & beverageSeoul1952Brewery
Orion Confectionery주식회사 오리온-Consumer goodsFood & beverageSeoul1956Confectionery
Ottogi주식회사 오뚜기OttogiConsumer goodsFood & beverageSeoul1969Instant food
Pantech주식회사 팬택-TelecommunicationsMobile telecommunicationsSeoul1991Mobile phones
Phantagram판타그램-TechnologySoftwareSeoul1994Video games
Pledis Entertainment플레디스 엔터테인먼트-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul2007Record label
POSCO주식회사 포스코-Basic materialsBasic resourcesPohang1968Steel
Proto Motors프로토자동차-Consumer goodsAutomotiveSeoul1997Automotive, defunct 2017
Renault Korea르노코리아Renault (France)Consumer goodsAutomotiveBusan1994Automotive manufacturer
S.M. EntertainmentSM엔터테인먼트-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul1989Record label
Samick삼익악기-Consumer goodsPersonal goodsEumseong County1958Musical instruments
Samsung삼성Conglomerates-Seoul1938Electronics, financials, retail, media
Samsung C&T Corporation삼성물산IndustrialsConstruction & materialsSeoul1938Construction and engineering
Samsung Card삼성카드FinancialsFinancial servicesSeoul1988Credit cards
Samsung Digital Imaging삼성디지털이미징IndustrialsElectronic equipmentSeoul2009Optoelectronics
Samsung Economic Research Institute삼성경제연구소IndustrialsSupport servicesSeoul1986Industrial think tank
Samsung Electro-Mechanics삼성전기IndustrialsElectronic equipmentSuwon1973Electronic components
Samsung Electronics삼성전자Consumer goodsConsumer electronicsSuwon1969Consumer electronics
Samsung Engineering삼성엔지니어링IndustrialsIndustrial engineeringSeoul1970Engineering
Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance삼성화재FinancialsInsuranceSeoul1952General insurance
Samsung Heavy Industries삼성중공업IndustrialsIndustrial engineeringSeoul1974Shipyard
Samsung Life Insurance삼성생명보험FinancialsInsuranceSeoul1957Life and health insurance
Samsung Medical Center삼성의료원Health careHealth care providersSeoul1994Hospital
Samsung SDS삼성에스디에스TechnologyComputer servicesSeoul1985I/T consulting
Samyang Food삼양식품Samyang FoodConsumer goodsFood & beverageSeoul1961Food and beverage conglomerate, processed food
Standard Chartered KoreaSC제일은행Standard Chartered (UK)FinancialsBanksSeoul1929Bank
Seoul Broadcasting System에스비에스-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul1991Broadcasting
Shinhan Bank신한은행-FinancialsBanksSeoul1897Bank
Shinsegae신세계ShinsegaeConsumer servicesRetailSeoul1955Department stores
SK BroadbandSK GroupTelecommunicationsFixed line telecommunicationsSeoul2008Acquired by SK Group in 2008
SK C&C에스케이씨앤씨TechnologyComputer servicesSeoul1991IT consulting
SK Group에스케이그룹Conglomerates-Seoul1953Energy, chemicals, telecom, semiconductors
SK Hynix에스케이하이닉스 주식회사TechnologySemiconductorsIcheon1983Semiconductor,
SK Telecom에스케이텔레콤TelecommunicationsMobile telecommunicationsSeoul1984Wireless
S-LCD에스 엘시디SamsungConsumer goodsPersonal goodsAsan2004Consumer electronics
S-Oil에쓰오일-Oil & gasOil & gas producersSeoul1977Refinery
Starship Entertainment스타쉽 엔터테인먼트LOEN EntertainmentConsumer servicesMediaSeoul2008Record label
STX Corporation에스티엑스STX CorporationConglomerates-Changwon1976Industrials, construction, financials
STX Offshore & ShipbuildingSTX조선해양STX CorporationIndustrialsIndustrial engineeringChangwon1962Shipbuilder
TaeguTec대구텍Berkshire Hathaway USBasic materialsBasic resourcesDaegu1916Metals
Taekwang Group태광그룹Taekwang GroupConglomerates-Seoul1950Clothing, chemicals, industrials, financials
Taekwang Industry태광산업Taekwang GroupConsumer goodsPersonal goodsSeoul1950Clothing
Tata Daewoo타타대우상용차Tata Motors (India)Consumer goodsAutomobilesGunsan2002Automobile manufacturer
The Chosun Ilbo조선일보-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul1920Publishing
The Dong-a Ilbo동아일보The Dong-a Ilbo Media GroupConsumer servicesMediaSeoul1920Newspaper
TmaxSoft티맥스소프트-TechnologySoftwareSeongnam1997Enterprise middleware
T'way Airlines티웨이항공-Consumer servicesTravel & leisureSeoul2010Airline
WeMade Entertainment위메이드 엔터테인먼트-TechnologySoftwareSeoul2000Video games,
Woollim Entertainment울림엔터테인먼트SM EntertainmentConsumer servicesMediaSeoul2003Record label
Woori Bank우리은행Woori BankFinancialsBanksSeoul1899Bank
NH Investment & SecuritiesNH투자증권, formerly 우리투자증권Woori BankFinancialsFinancial servicesSeoul1969Financial services
YG EntertainmentYG 엔터테인먼트-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul1996Record label
Young Chang영창뮤직-Consumer goodsPersonal goodsIncheon1956Musical instruments
YTN와이티엔-Consumer servicesMediaSeoul1993Broadcasting
Yuhan유한양행-Basic materialsChemicalsSeoul1926Chemicals

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1200 . ko:지표상세. Index.go.kr. July 24, 2015. June 20, 2016.
  2. http://news.donga.com/3/all/20160107/75770649/1 [수도권]‘응팔 아파트’ 만들기 서울시의 이색 도전 : 뉴스 : 동아닷컴]. News.donga.com (January 7, 2016). Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  3. Web site: Current population of the Seoul National Capital Area . Statistics Korea.
  4. Institute for Urban Strategies, The Mori Memorials Foundation (2015). Global Power City Index 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2016
  5. http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor Global Metro Monitor |Brookings Institution
  6. Web site: Sustainable City Index 2016 - Comparing cities. Arcadis.
  7. http://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp Crime Index by Country 2016
  8. Web site: U.S. Health-Care System Ranks as One of the Least-Efficient. Lisa Du lisadont Wei. Lu. September 29, 2016. Bloomberg.
  9. Web site: These are the 10 smartest countries in the world when it comes to science . Business Insider . December 4, 2015 . October 26, 2016.
  10. Web site: Archived copy . 2016-11-07 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140417031605/http://www.youthindex.org/reports/globalyouthwellbeingindex.pdf . 2014-04-17 .
  11. News: The Bloomberg Innovation Index. Bloomberg .
  12. http://unpan3.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2014 UN E-Government Survey 2014
  13. Web site: Scott. DeCarlo. The Fortune 2017 Global 500. Fortune. 20 July 2017.
  14. https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=52570473 AJU Group: Private Company Information - Bloomberg
  15. https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=879740 Dongkuk Steel Mill Co., Ltd.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg
  16. https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=13171483 Doosan Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg
  17. https://www.eugenes.co.kr/?page_id=1828 연혁 | EUGENE
  18. https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=5854032 Hyundai Asan Corporation: Private Company Information - Bloomberg