States and union territories of India explained

States and union territories of India
Category:Federated states
Territory:Republic of India
Current Number:28 States
8 Union territories
Population Range:States: Sikkim – 610,577 (lowest)
Uttar Pradesh – 199,812,341 (highest)
Union Territories: Lakshadweep – 64,473 (lowest)
Delhi – 16,787,941 (highest)
Area Range:States: Goa – 3702km2 (smallest)
Rajasthan – 342269km2 (largest)
Union territories: Lakshadweep – 32km2 (smallest)
Ladakh – 59146NaN (largest)
Government:State Governments
Union Government (union territories)
Subdivision:Divisions
Districts

India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories, for a total of 36 entities.[1] The states and union territories are further subdivided into 806 districts and smaller administrative divisions.[2]

The states of India are self-governing administrative divisions, each having a state government. The governing powers of the states are shared between the state government and the union government. On the other hand, the union territories are directly governed by the union government.

History

1876–1919

The Indian Empire was a very complex political entity consisting of various imperial divisions and states and territories of varying autonomy. At the time of its establishment in 1876, it was made up of 584 constituent states and the directly ruled territories of the Crown. The entire empire was divided into provinces and agencies.

A province consisted of territory under the direct rule of the Emperor of India (who was also the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions) and a few minor states, ruled by Indian princes under the suzerainty of the Emperor. A Governor or Lieutenant-Governor acted as the representative of the Emperor to that province and head of government of the directly ruled territories in the province. The governor or lieutenant-governor also served as the Emperor's representative to the constituent states of the province. The first three of the lieutenant-governorships were territories annexed to India from other powers and temporarily governed by the erstwhile Bengal Presidency before being made into their own separate provinces. Agra and Bengal were still considered de jure parts of the defunct Bengal Presidency for judicial and legal purposes. Agra was finally separated in 1878 and merged with Oudh. The Bengal Presidency was re-established in 1912 as a governorship. All these provinces had their own legislatures established by the Indian Councils Acts and high courts established by Indian High Courts Acts. Laws passed by these legislatures needed the dual assent of the governor or lieutenant-governor of the province and the governor-general of India who functioned as the representative of the Emperor.

In addition to these, there were certain territories ruled directly by the Government of India through nominated chief commissioners. These were former independent states annexed to India and since ruled directly by the Supreme Government.

A vast majority of the Indian states in the late nineteenth century were, in terms of imperial divisions, organised within the provinces. However a good number of states were organised into imperial structures called agencies (or residencies). An Agent to the Governor-General (AGG) functioned as the Emperor's representative to all the states in the agency.

1919–1935

In 1919, the fourth Government of India was enacted by the Crown. This saw many major changes. The legislatures of the provinces were made elected ones rather than nominated ones. Some provinces were given bicameral legislatures. All provinces were elevated to governorships and all lieutenant governors were made governors. Burma was given a special status and made an autonomous province.

The Chamber of Princes was established by Emperor George V in 1920. One the major consequences of this was the creation of many more agencies from the states of the provinces, thus granting them direct relations with the Emperor instead of with the Governors.

This saw the separation of all the states from the provinces and addition to before-mentioned agencies. This left all the provinces with only territories under direct Crown rule.

1935–1947

The latter years of the Indian Empire saw the enactment of the last Government of India Act by the Crown. This act granted full autonomy to Indian provinces. Provincial laws no longer needed the assent of the governor-general. This act also created the office of a Premier in each province who functioned as the new head of government and was responsible to the provincial legislature. Bengal, Madras and Bombay which had been till now styled Presidencies, were now officially styled as provinces. The provinces of Orissa and Sind were created from Bihar and Bombay respectively. The Province of Burma which had previously functioned as an autonomous province of India was now separated from the Indian Empire and established as the Crown Colony of Burma.

In 1947, the last Act of the Crown was passed. The act dissolved the Indian Empire, the Imperial Legislative Council and the Chamber of Princes and the Union of India was consequently established from 9 former Indian provinces (East Punjab, United Provinces, Central Provinces, Madras, Bombay, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal and Assam) and 562 former Indian states.

1947–1950

See main article: Political integration of India, Instrument of Accession, Annexation of Junagadh and Annexation of Hyderabad. Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces and states, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Malwa Union, Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union, and Patiala and East Punjab States Union, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate states. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:[3]

States reorganisation (1951–1956)

See main article: Goa liberation movement, Andhra movement, Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and States Reorganisation Commission. Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State.[4]

The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry, comprising the former French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé, was transferred to India; this became a union territory in 1962.[5]

Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli, declaring the short-lived de facto state of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[6] [7] [8] [9]

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.[3]

As a result of this act:

Post-1956

See main article: Mahagujarat movement, Punjabi Suba movement, Annexation of Goa, 1967 Goa status referendum, 1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum, Uttarakhand movement and Telangana movement. Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.[10] The former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963.[11] The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh.[12] The act also designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.[13]

Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The north-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972.[14] Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished.[15] In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became a separate union territory as Daman and Diu.[16]

In November 2000, three new states were created, namely:

Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa was renamed Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh.[21]

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019.[22] Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, effective from 26 January 2020.[23] [24] [25]

Current proposals

See main article: Proposed states and union territories of India.

States and Union territories

See also: List of state and union territory capitals in India.

States

State! scope="col"
ISOVehicle
code
ZoneCapitalLargest cityStatehoodPopulation
(2011)[26] [27]
Area
(km2)
Official
languages[28]
Additional official
languages
Andhra PradeshIN-APAPSouthernVisakhapatnam1 November 195649,506,799162,975TeluguUrdu[29]
Arunachal PradeshIN-ARARNorth-EasternItanagar20 February 19871,383,72783,743English
AssamIN-ASASNorth-EasternDispurGuwahati26 January 195031,205,57678,438Assamese, BoroBengali
BiharIN-BRBREasternPatna26 January 1950104,099,45294,163HindiUrdu
ChhattisgarhIN-CGCGCentralRaipur1 November 200025,545,198135,194HindiChhattisgarhi
GoaIN-GAGAWesternPanajiVasco da Gama30 May 19871,458,5453,702KonkaniMarathi
GujaratIN-GJGJWesternGandhinagarAhmedabad1 May 196060,439,692196,024Gujarati, Hindi
HaryanaIN-HRHRNorthernChandigarhFaridabad1 November 196625,351,46244,212HindiPunjabi[30]
Himachal PradeshIN-HPHPNorthernShimla (Summer)
Dharamshala (Winter)[31]
Shimla25 January 19716,864,60255,673HindiSanskrit[32]
JharkhandIN-JHJHEasternRanchiJamshedpur15 November 200032,988,13479,714HindiAngika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Bhumij, Ho, Kharia, Khortha, Kurmali, Kurukh, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali, Urdu[33] [34]
KarnatakaIN-KAKASouthernBangalore1 November 195661,095,297191,791Kannada
KeralaIN-KLKLSouthernThiruvananthapuram1 November 195633,406,06138,863MalayalamEnglish[35]
Madhya PradeshIN-MPMPCentralBhopalIndore1 November 195672,626,809308,252Hindi
MaharashtraIN-MHMHWesternMumbai (Summer)
Nagpur (Winter)[36] [37]
Mumbai1 May 1960112,374,333307,713Marathi
ManipurIN-MNMNNorth-EasternImphal21 January 19722,855,79422,327MeiteiEnglish
MeghalayaIN-MLMLNorth-EasternShillong21 January 19722,966,88922,429English
MizoramIN-MZMZNorth-EasternAizawl20 February 19871,097,20621,081Mizo, English
NagalandIN-NLNLNorth-EasternKohimaDimapur1 December 19631,978,50216,579English
OdishaIN-ODODEasternBhubaneswar26 January 195041,974,218155,707Odia
PunjabIN-PBPBNorthernChandigarhLudhiana1 November 196627,743,33850,362Punjabi
RajasthanIN-RJRJNorthernJaipur26 January 195068,548,437342,239HindiEnglish
SikkimIN-SKSKNorth-EasternGangtok16 May 1975610,5777,096Nepali, Sikkimese, Lepcha, English[38] Gurung, Limbu, Magar, Mukhia, Newari, Rai, Sherpa, Tamang
Tamil NaduIN-TNTNSouthernChennai1 November 195672,147,030130,058TamilEnglish
Telangana<-- NOTE: All figures and facts for the newly formed Telangana state should be supported by verifiable and reliable sources per WP:VERIFY and WP:RELIABLE. Failure to do so, the unsourced information being removed to ensure neutrality. Also necessary changes may be made accordingly to Andhra Pradesh also conforming to guidelines-->IN-TSTG[39] SouthernHyderabad2 June 201435,193,978[40] 112,077TeluguUrdu[41]
TripuraIN-TRTRNorth-EasternAgartala21 January 19723,673,91710,491Bengali, English, Kokborok
Uttar PradeshIN-UPUPCentralLucknow26 January 1950199,812,341240,928HindiUrdu
UttarakhandIN-UKUKCentralBhararisain (Summer)
Dehradun (Winter)[42]
Dehradun9 November 200010,086,29253,483HindiSanskrit[43]
West BengalIN-WBWBEasternKolkata26 January 195091,276,11588,752Bengali, EnglishNepali, Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali, Telugu, Urdu, Kamatapuri, Rajbanshi, Kurmali, Kurukh

Union territories

Former states and union territories

Former states

MapStateCapitalYearsPresent-day state(s)
Ajmer StateAjmer1950–1956Rajasthan
Andhra StateKurnool1953–1956Andhra Pradesh
Bhopal StateBhopal1949–1956Madhya Pradesh
Bilaspur StateBilaspur1950–1954Himachal Pradesh
Bombay StateBombay1950–1960Maharashtra, Gujarat, and partially Karnataka
Coorg StateMadikeri1950–1956Karnataka
East PunjabShimla (1947–1953)
Chandigarh (1953–1966)
1947–1966Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh UT
Hyderabad StateHyderabad1948–1956Telangana, and partially Maharashtra and Karnataka
Jammu and KashmirSrinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter)
1952–2019Jammu and Kashmir UT andLadakh UT
Kutch StateBhuj1947–1956Gujarat
Madhya BharatIndore (Summer)
Gwalior (Winter)
1948–1956Madhya Pradesh
Madras StateMadras1950–1969Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and partially Karnataka and Kerala
Mysore StateBangalore1947–1973Karnataka
Patiala and East Punjab States UnionPatiala1948–1956Punjab and Haryana
SaurashtraRajkot1948–1956Gujarat
Travancore–CochinTrivandrum1949–1956Kerala and partially Tamil Nadu
Vindhya PradeshRewa1948–1956Madhya Pradesh

Former union territories

Responsibilities and authorities

See main article: Federalism in India, Union List, State List and Concurrent List. The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any state between the Union and that state.[44]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: States and Union Territories. https://web.archive.org/web/20170818054533/http://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/. dead. 18 August 2017. Know India Programme. 21 April 2020.
  2. Web site: 21 June 2024 . Local Government Directory, Government of India . 21 June 2024 . Government of India.
  3. Book: Constitution of India. Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. 2 April 2023. 17 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231017142432/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI...pdf. live.
  4. Andhra State Act, 1953. 1953. Parliament of India. 15 October 2023.
  5. Reorganisation of states. 15 October 1955. Economic Weekly. 31 December 2015. 18 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160218051214/http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf. live.
  6. News: Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day . . 2 August 2013 . 2 March 2020 . 29 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200229135807/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-celebrated-its-60th-liberation-day-1375437166-1 . live .
  7. News: Dasgupta . Reshmi R. . 10 August 2019 . Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession . . 2 March 2020 . 17 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200217155132/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms . live .
  8. Web site: When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli . The Better India. 28 March 2018 . 2 March 2020 . 21 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210321040227/https://www.thebetterindia.com/135865/ias-badlani-prime-minister-dadra-nagar-haveli-history-india/ . live .
  9. Web site: Constitutional Amendment . . 2 March 2020 . 29 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200229133903/https://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend10.htm . dead .
  10. Book: J.C. Aggarwal. S.P. Agrawal. Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future. Concept Publishing. New Delhi. 1995. 89–90.
  11. Web site: Nagaland History & Geography-Source. Government of India. 17 June 2013. 7 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110707032303/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_nagaland.php. live.
  12. Himachal Pradesh Tenth Five Year Plan . 17 June 2013 . 13 May 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140513070857/http://hpplanning.nic.in/mid%20term%20review%2010th%20five%20year%20plan.pdf . live .
  13. The Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966. Parliament of India. 1966. 17 June 2013. 19 January 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120119110225/http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf. live.
  14. Snapshot of North Eastern States. IBC India. 17 February 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091222052303/http://www.thaibicindia.org.in/study/north_east/Snapshot.pdf. 22 December 2009.
  15. Web site: About Sikkim. Government of Sikkim. 15 June 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090525171423/http://www.sikkim.gov.in/asp/Miscc/aboutsikkim.htm. 25 May 2009.
  16. Web site: Goa Chronology. Goa online. 17 February 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155540/http://www.goaonline.in/Profile/History/milestone.asp. 21 July 2011.
  17. Web site: Official Website of Government of Jharkhand . . 17 June 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130621084121/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/AboutState_fr.html . 21 June 2013.
  18. Web site: Chhattisgarh state – History . . 17 June 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100704202817/http://cg.gov.in/profile/corigin.htm . 4 July 2010 .
  19. News: Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand, BJP cries foul . https://web.archive.org/web/20130510141050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-02/india/27880083_1_bjp-cries-uttaranchal-assembly-polls . dead . 10 May 2013 . Chopra . Jasi Kiran. 2 January 2007. . 22 January 2013.
  20. Web site: About Us: Uttarakhand Government Portal, India . . 9 November 2000 . 17 June 2013 . 13 May 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120513025952/http://uk.gov.in/pages/display/115-about-us . live .
  21. News: Telangana bill passed by upper house. 20 February 2014. The Times of India. 20 February 2014 . 15 April 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220415053022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms. live.
  22. Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019 . . 5 August 2019 . 22 August 2019 . 8 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133456/https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ%26KReorganisationBill.pdf . live .
  23. News: There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu . 10 July 2019 . The Print . 22 August 2019 . Dutta, Amrita Nayak . New Delhi . 23 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211123171337/https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ . live .
  24. Web site: Govt plans to merge 2 UTs – Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Devdiscourse. 26 March 2020. 23 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211123171808/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli. live.
  25. The Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu (Merger Of Union Territories) Bill. Parliament of India. 2019. 15 December 2020. 24 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210224021105/http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf. live.
  26. List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 . 30 April 2023 . . 28 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181128124940/https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php . live .
  27. Web site: 14 October 2016 . Census 2011: Population in States and Union Territories of India . 30 April 2023 . . 30 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230430052117/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/census-2011-population-in-states-and-union-territories-of-india-1476439733-1 . live .
  28. Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) . . 14 January 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf . 8 July 2016 .
  29. News: 23 March 2022 . Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed . . 8 December 2022 . 0971-751X . 30 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221030054145/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece . live .
  30. News: Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi. https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231506/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/article1-502720.aspx. dead. 3 September 2015. Hindustan Times. 28 January 2010.
  31. News: 2 March 2017 . Dharamsala: Himachal Pradesh gets its second capital in Dharamsala . 26 July 2021 . . 26 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210726200910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms . live .
  32. News: Bill to make Sanskrit second official language of HP passed . 17 February 2019 . 18 February 2019 . . Pratibha Chauhan . Shimla . https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081810/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html . 18 February 2019 . live.
  33. News: Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali. UNI India. 24 January 2021. 14 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414042219/http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html. live.
  34. News: 5 January 2019 . Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language . The Avenue Mail . 20 April 2022 . 23 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220423064556/https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ . live .
  35. Kerala Official Languages Act, 1969 . 1969. . 20 April 2021 . 21 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210921082633/http://www.bareactslive.com/KER/ker095.htm . live .
  36. Web site: History District Nagpur,Government of Maharashtra India. 26 July 2021. en-US. 26 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210726182239/https://nagpur.gov.in/history/. live.
  37. News: Raghunatha . TN . Monsoon session to start in Maha's winter Capital Nagpur from July 4 . 20 April 2021 . Daily Pioneer . 2 June 2018 . 2 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011411/https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html . live .
  38. 1977 Sikkim government gazette . . 13 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722164022/https://www.sikkim.gov.in/stateportal/UsefulLinks/Gazette1977.pdf . 22 July 2018 . 188 .
  39. News: Centre gives nod; TG replaces TS as State code in Telangana vehicle registration plates. 13 March 2024. 1 May 2024. The Hindu. 20 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240320123749/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/centre-gives-nod-new-number-plates-in-telangana-to-have-tg/article67945989.ece. live.
  40. Web site: Telangana State Profile. Telangana government portal. 11 June 2014. 34. 5 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151205000643/http://www.telangana.gov.in/about/state-profile. live.
  41. News: 17 November 2017. Urdu is second official language now. The Hindu. 6 July 2020. 0971-751X. 27 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115604/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/urdu-is-second-official-language-now/article20493655.ece. live.
  42. News: Bhararisain declared as summer capital of Uttarakhand. 24 November 2021. Times Now. 8 June 2020. 24 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211124003056/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160. live.
  43. Web site: Sanskrit: reviving the language in today's India. Pallavi. Singh. 19 April 2010. mint. 16 December 2020. 29 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201029223744/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/RF9fH5Q1wNOBdI0R46SlkL/Sanskrit-reviving-the-language-in-today8217s-India.html. live.
  44. Web site: Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the Ramanaiah case that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is coextensive and coterminous with its respective legislative power. Territoriality of executive powers of states in India. https://web.archive.org/web/20091231013230/http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm . 31 December 2009. Balwant Singh Malik. Constitutional Law. 1998.