List of Holocaust survivors explained

The people on this list are or were survivors of Nazi Germany's attempt to exterminate the Jewish people in Europe before and during World War II. A state-enforced persecution of Jewish people in Nazi-controlled Europe lasted from the introduction of the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 to Hitler's defeat in 1945. Although there were many victims of the Holocaust, the International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims (ICHEIC) defines a Holocaust survivor as, "Any Jew who lived for any period of time in a country that was ruled by the Nazis or their allies."[1] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) gives a broader definition: "The Museum honors as a survivor any person who was displaced, persecuted, and/or discriminated against by the racial, religious, ethnic, social, and/or political policies of the Nazis and their allies between 1933 and 1945. In addition to former inmates of concentration camps and ghettos, this includes refugees and people in hiding."[2] Most notably, as well as Jewish people, this includes Poles, Romani people, Jehovah's Witnesses and those who were persecuted for political reasons such as Communists, those who were persecuted for religious reasons (such as Pastor Niemoller), and homosexuals and those of other sexual orientations. It includes those who were actually in hiding in Nazi-occupied countries. The latter includes Hidden Children, who were hidden to escape the Nazis.

Most especially, in contrast to the ICHEIC definition, it includes refugees, who fled from their homeland to escape the Nazis, and never lived in a Nazi-controlled country.

The ICHEIC definition was created for the purpose of resolving some insurance claims. Over time, the classes of insurance claims have greatly expanded.

This list does not include refugees, since it is created on the basis of the restricted ICHEIC definition. Refugees include the unaccompanied children of the Kindertransport and the unaccompanied One Thousand Children.

Actors, actresses and directors

Living

NameSex BirthCountry
M18 August 1933Poland
F20 April 1933Poland

Deceased

NameSexBirthDeath (age)Country
Clary, RobertM1 March 1926France
Huber, LottiF16 October 1912Germany
Langhoff, WolfgangM6 October 1901Germany
Le Beau, BettinaF16 October 1912Belgium
Lowens, CurtM17 November 1925Poland
Lustig, BrankoM10 June 1932Croatia
Pitt, IngridF21 November 1937Poland
Pravda, Hana MariaF29 January 1916Czechoslovakia
Charles RegnierM22 July 1914Germany
Von Ruffin, KurtM1901Germany

Artists, painters, and photographers

Living

NameSexBirthCountry of Origin
Bacon, YehudaM28 July 1929Czech Republic
Bak, SamuelM12 August 1933Poland
Berman, HelenF6 April 1936Netherlands
Selinger, ShelomoM31 May 1928Poland/France

Deceased

NameSexBirthDeath (age)Country of Origin
Aron, KalmanM14 September 1924Latvia
Babbitt, DinaF21 January 1923Czechoslovakia
Breger, HelenF1918October 22, 2013 (aged 95)Austria
Bullaty, SonjaF17 October 1923Czechoslovakia
Galton, HertaF12 November 1914Austria
Koczy, RosemarieF5 March 1939Poland
Lieblich, IreneF20 April 1923Poland
Lok Cahana, AliceF7 February 1929Hungary
Mušič, ZoranM12 February 1909Slovenia/Yugoslavia
Nassy, JosefM19 January 1904Belgium/Netherlands/Suriname
Olère, DavidM19 January 1902Poland
Szapocznikow, AlinaF16 May 1926Poland
Tarkay, ItzchakMSerbia/Yugoslavia
Terna, FredMCzechoslovakia
Tibor, AlfredM10 February 1920Hungary

Humanities

Deceased

NameSexBirthDeath (age)Country
Aran, LydiaFLithuania
Bettelheim, BrunoM28 August 1903Austria
Buergenthal, ThomasM11 May 1934Czechoslovakia
Fackenheim, EmilM22 June 1916Germany
Feuerwerker, AntoinetteF24 November 1912Belgium
Klüger, RuthF30 October 1931Austria
Sendler, IrenaF15 February 1910Poland
Szondi, PéterM27 May 1929Hungary
Wahl, JeanM25 May 1888France

Literature, memoirs and publishing

Living

NameSexBirth (age)Country
Auerbacher, IngeF31 December 1934Germany
Balas, EdithF20 June 1929Romania
Begley, LouisM6 October 1933Ukraine/USSR
Ebert, LilyF29 December 1923Hungary
Hersh, ArekM13 September 1928Poland
Klíma, IvanM14 September 1931Czechoslovakia
Levitin, SoniaF18 August 1934Germany
Lobel, AnitaF2 June 1934Poland
Schloss, EvaF11 May 1929Austria
Zisblatt, IreneF28 December 1929Hungary

Deceased

NameSexBirthDeath (age)Country
Abraham, BenM11 December 1924Poland
Adler, H. G.M2 July 1910Czechoslovakia
Albreht, FranM17 November 1889Czechoslovakia
Albreht, VeraF11 February 1895Czechoslovakia
Appleman-Jurman, AliciaF9 May 1930Poland
Arendt, HannahF14 October 1906Germany
Auerbakh, RokhlF18 December 1903Poland
Beck, GadM30 June 1923Germany
Blatt, ThomasM15 April 1927Poland
Blumenthal-Weiss, IlseF14 October 1899Germany
Boom, Cornelia "Corrie" tenF15 April 1892Netherlands
Borowski, TadeuszM12 November 1922Ukraine/USSR
Brady, GeorgeM9 February 1928Czechoslovakia
Bretholz, Leo[3] M6 March 1921Austria
Celan, PaulM23 November 1920Romania
Chillag, JohnM20 April 1927Austria
Clare, GeorgeM21 December 1920Great Britain
Dagan, Bat-ShevaF8 September 1925Poland
d'Ayen, Solange[4] [5] F5 April 1898France
Debreczeni, József[6] M13 October 1905Hungary
De-Nur, YehielM16 May 1909Poland
Delbo, CharlotteF10 August 1913France
Deutschkron, IngeF23 August 1922Germany
Faber, DavidM25 August 1928[7] Poland
Feldhendler, LeonM1 June 1910Poland
Fénelon, FaniaF2 September 1908France
Frank, OttoM12 May 1889Germany
Frankl, VictorM26 March 1905Austria
Friedberg, BernardM19 December 1876Austria
Friedenson, JosephMApril 1922Poland
Frister, RomanM17 January 1928Poland
Glazar, RichardM29 November 1920Czechoslovakia
Golde, HenryM5 May 1929Poland
Goldman, YosefM[8] Hungary
Gray, MartinM27 April 1922[9] Poland
Heller, FanyaF14 October 1924Ukraine
Herzberger, MagdaF20 February 1926Romania
Heumann, MargotF17 February 1928Germany
Hollander, EugeneM14 December 1912Hungary
Jaranyi, ElizabethF19 February 1918Hungary/United States
Kertész, ImreM9 November 1929Hungary
Sonja Kiek Rosenstein CohenKiek Cohen, Sonja[10] F21 November 1922Netherlands
Klein, GerdaF8 May 1924Poland
Klemperer, VictorM9 October 1889Germany
Komski, JanM3 February 1915Poland
Korn, Abram[11] MPoland
Kosinski, JerzyM14 June 1933Poland
Kralj, VladimirM16 August 1901Slovenia/Yugoslavia
Lengyel, OlgaF19 October 1908Romania
Levi, PrimoM31 July 1919Italy
Lewis (Lezerkiewicz), Victor[12] M25 August 1919Poland
Leyson, LeonM15 September 1929Poland
Lustig, ArnoštM21 December 1926Czechoslovakia
Mannheimer, MaxM6 February 1920Czechoslovakia
Maxwell, RobertM10 June 1923Czechoslovakia
Müller, FilipM3 January 1922Czechoslovakia
Orenstein, HenryM13 October 1923Poland
M5 April 1912Hungary
Øverland, ArnulfM27 April 1889Norway
Pagis, DanM16 October 1930Romania
Pahor, BorisM26 August 1913Slovenia/Italy
Pick-Goslar, HannahF12 November 1928Netherlands
Półtawska, WandaF2 November 1921Poland
Prežihov, VorancM10 August 1893Slovenia/Yugoslavia
Rabinovici, Schoschana[13] F14 November 1932France
Radasky, SolomonM17 May 1910Poland
Reich-Ranicki, Marcel[14] M2 June 1920Germany
Roman, KenM12 May 1926Poland
Roth, EmerichM28 August 1924Czechoslovakia
Salier, EvaF1923August 12, 2014Germany
Schloss, Magda Riederman[15] M20 March 1920Hungary
Semprún, JorgeM10 December 1923Spain
Sobolewicz, TadeuszM25 March 1925[16] Poland
Spiegelman, VladekM11 October 1906Poland
Staner, MieczysławMPoland
Stenbock, Fanie[17] [18] F[19] Poland
Torkar, IgorM13 October 1913Czechoslovakia
Wachstein, SoniaF25 October 1907Austria
Winter, MiriamF2 June 1933Poland
Zoltan-Zinn, CollisMCzechoslovakia
Zsolt, BélaM1 August 1895Hungary

Mathematics and natural sciences

Living

NamesSexBirth (age)Country
Englert, FrançoisM6 November 1932Belgium
Hoffmann, RoaldM13 July 1937Poland
Reichental, TomiM[20] Czechoslovakia
Reisfeld, RenataFPoland
Wilchek, MeirM17 October 1935Poland

Deceased

NameSexBirthDeath (age)Country
Adelsberger, LucieF12 April 1895Germany
Charpak, GeorgesM1 August 1924France
Eitinger, LeoM12 December 1912Norway
Frank, OttoM12 May 1889Germany
Goldschmidt, VictorM27 January 1888Switzerland
Grothendieck, AlexanderM28 March 1928Germany
Kahneman, DanielM5 March 1934France
Kohn, WalterM9 March 1923[21] Austria
Levi-Montalcini, RitaF22 April 1909Italy
Librescu, LiviuM18 August 1930Romania
Mandel, ErnestM5 April 1923Germany
Morgentaler, HenryM19 March 1923Poland
Nussbaum, A. EdwardM10 January 1925Germany
Philippson, AlfredM1 January 1864Germany
Shahak, IsraelM28 April 1933Poland
Ślebodziński, WładysławM6 February 1884Poland
Tanay, EmanuelM5 March 1928Poland
Touschek, BrunoM3 February 1921Austria
Trachtenberg, JakowM17 June 1888Russia, USSR
Turán, PálM18 August 1910Hungary
Warfman, RoseF4 October 1916[22] Switzerland

Military

Deceased

NameSexBirthDeath (age)Country
Acevedo, AnthonyM31 July 1924United States
Egge, BjørnM19 August 1918Norway
Friedman, TuviahM23 January 1922Poland
Kowalski, Józef[23] M2 February 1900Poland
Pechersky, AlexanderM22 February 1909Ukraine, USSR
Pilecki, WitoldM13 May 1901Poland
Simjon RosenfeldM1 October 1922USSR
Rubin, TiborM18 June 1929Hungary
Shaltiel, DavidM16 January 1903Germany
Wiesenthal, SimonM31 December 1908Austria
Willner, EddieM15 August 1926Germany

Music

Living

NameSexBirth (age)Country
Ben-Or, NellyFPoland
Lasker-Wallfisch, AnitaF17 July 1925Germany

Deceased

NameSexBirthDeath (age)Country
Ančerl, KarelM11 April 1908Czechoslovakia
Arnič, BlažM31 January 1901Slovenia
Carmeli, BorisM23 April 1928Poland
Fénelon, FaniaF2 September 1908France
Filar, MarianM17 December 1917Poland
Graham, BillM8 January 1931Germany
Herz-Sommer, AliceF26 November 1903Czechoslovakia
Karp, NataliaF27 February 1911Poland
Reiner, KarelM27 June 1910Czechoslovakia
Roman, MartinM23 April 1910Germany
Růžičková, ZuzanaF14 January 1927Czechoslovakia
Schreyer, AlfredM8 May 1922Ukraine
Schumann, Heinz Jakob "Coco"M14 May 1924Germany
Béjarano, EstherF15 December 1924Germany
Szpilman, WładysławM5 December 1911Poland
Vogel, EricM1980 (aged 83–84)Czechoslovakia

Politics, activism, resistance

Living

NamesSexBirth (age)Country
Kozak, MarionFPoland/United Kingdom
Levy, Anne SkoreckiFPoland
Segre, LilianaF10 September 1930Italy
Zylbersztajn-Tzur, StellaF29 November 1925Poland

Deceased

NameSexBirthDeath (age)Country
Bartoszewski, WładysławM19 February 1922Poland
Blum, LéonM9 April 1872France
Bratteli, TrygveM11 January 1910Norway
Burack, ZahavaF14 December 1932Poland
Cyrankiewicz, JózefM23 April 1911Poland
Draxler, LudwigMAustria
Epstein, HedyF15 August 1924Germany/United States
Geremek, BronisławM6 March 1932Poland
Gerhardsen, EinarM10 May 1897Norway
Goldman, Alter MojzeM17 November 1909Poland, France
Heilman, AnnaF1 December 1928Poland
Kossak-Szczucka, ZofiaF10 August 1889Poland
Lantos, TomM1 February 1928Hungary
Nansen, OddM6 December 1901Norway
Nielsen, MartinM12 December 1900Denmark
Rogerie, AndréM25 December 1921France
Rubin, AnatolyM29 January 1927USSR, Israel
Schumacher, KurtM13 October 1895Germany
Šik, OtaM11 September 1919Czechoslovakia
Srebrnik, SimonM10 April 1930Poland
Veil, SimoneF13 July 1927France
Vrba, RudolfM9 November 1924Czechoslovakia
Weiss, ShevahM5 July 1935Poland
Wetzler, AlfrédM10 May 1918Czechoslovakia

Speakers and researchers of the Holocaust

Living

NameSexBirthCountry
Berger, Gusta (née Friedman)[24] F23 January 1923Poland
Eger, Edith[25] F29 September 1927Hungary
Friedländer, Margot[26] F5 November 1921Germany
Foxman, AbrahamM1 May 1940Belarus/USSR
Gotz, Elly[27] MLithuania
Hart-Moxon, KittyF1 December 1926Poland
Klarsfeld, SergeM17 September 1935Romania
Lindenbaum, Manfred[28] MGermany
Olsson, Eva[29] F28 October 1924Hungary
Pollack, Susan[30] F9 September 1930Hungary
Prochnik, Leon[31] M31 May 1933Poland
Wechsler, Hannah[32] FPoland

Deceased

NameSexBirthDeath (age)Country
Ban, NoémiF29 September 1922Hungary
Biterman, TaubaF10 September 1917Poland
Cohen, Sara Wilhelmina (Sonja)F21 November 1922[33] Netherlands
Evers-Emden, BloemeF26 July 1926Netherlands
Engel, ChaimM10 January 1916Poland
Selma Engel-WijnbergF15 May 1922Netherlands
Fainer, BenM28 November 1930[34] Poland
Fayerman, Severin[35] M18 March 1922Poland
Fischl, PeterM19 July 1930Hungary
Frankenthal, HansM15 July 1926Germany
Gelissen, RenaF24 August 1920Poland
Gorath, KarlM12 December 1912Germany
Greenman, LeonM18 September 1910Great Britain/Netherlands
Herskovic, WilliamMHungary
Kanitz, MiklosMHungary
Kramer, Clara[36] F9 April 1927[37] Poland
Mandelbaum, HenrykM15 December 1922Poland
Mandelbaum, JackM10 April 1927Poland
Perel, SolomonM21 April 1925Germany
Pfefferberg, LeopoldM20 March 1913Poland
Plywaski, WalterM10 August 1929Poland
Riteman, PhilipM14 February 1922Poland
Rosensaft, JosefM15 January 1911Poland
Rubin, TiborM18 June 1929[38] Hungary
Jules SchelvisM7 January 1921Netherlands
Seel, PierreM16 August 1923France
Shipper, Zigi[39] M18 January 1930Poland
Spiegel, PaulM31 December 1937Germany
Țucărman, Iancu[40] [41] M30 October 1922Romania
Wiesel, ElieM30 September 1928Romania
Wolanski, SabinaF8 June 1927Poland

Sports

Living

NameSexBirth (age)CountrySport
Keleti, ÁgnesF9 January 1921HungaryGymnastics
Ladany, ShaulM2 April 1936YugoslaviaRacewalking; 2-time Olympian; holds the world record in the 50-mile walk, and the Israeli national record in the 50-kilometer walk. He is former world champion in the 100-kilometer walk. 5 Maccabiah Games gold medals

Deceased

NameSexBirthDeath (age)CountrySport
Arouch, SalamoM1 January 1923Greece & IsraelBoxing; the Middleweight Champion of Greece
Epstein, KurtM21 January 1904CzechoslovakiaWater polo; Olympic player (1928 and 1936)
Erbstein, Ernő EgriM13 May 1898HungaryAssociation football; Serie A champion as manager of Torino F.C (1948–49)
Helfgott, BenM22 November 1929Poland/Great BritainWeightlifting; 3x British champion (lightweight) weightlifter, 3x Maccabiah champion
Kleinová, Gertrude "Traute"F13 August 1918CzechoslovakiaTable tennis; 3-time world champion
de Levie, ElkaF21 November 1905NetherlandsGymnastics; Olympic champion (1928)
Nakache, Alfred "Artem"M18 November 1915FranceSwimming; world record, one-third of French 2x world record
Sláma, MiroslavM3 August 1917CzechoslovakiaIce hockey; Olympic medalist (1948)
Guth, AlfredM27 July 1908Austria/United StatesAmerican water polo player; swimmer; Olympic modern pentathlete

Theology, spirituality, religion

Deceased

NameSexBirthDeath (age)Country
Avigdor, YaakovMPoland
Baeck, LeoM23 May 1873Germany/United Kingdom
Engleitner, LeopoldM23 July 1905Austria
Feuerwerker, DavidM2 October 1912Switzerland
Friediger, MaxM9 April 1884Denmark
Gajowniczek, FranciszekM15 November 1901Poland
Gold, Ben-Zion[42] M[43] Poland
Goldman, ChananyaMHungary
Halberstam, Yekusiel YehudahM10 January 1905Poland
Kozłowiecki, AdamM1 April 1911Poland
Liebman, GershonMFrance
Lustiger, Jean-MarieM17 September 1926France
Newmark, HelgaFGermany
Rosenbaum, TiborM2 November 1923Hungary/Switzerland
Rudolph, RichardM11 June 1911Germany
Sobolewski, SigmundM11 May 1923Poland
Taub, MenachemM1923April 28, 2019 (aged 95–96)Poland
Teitelbaum, JoelM1 January 1887Romania
Weissmandl, ChaimM25 October 1903Hungary
Wiechert, ErnstM18 May 1877Poland

Other

Living

NameSexBirth (age)Country
Bornstein, ReneeF10 February 1934France
Clarke, EvaF29 April 1945Czechoslovakia

Deceased

NameSexBirthDeath (age)Country
Arndt, ArthurM20 August 1893Germany
Bialowitz, PhilipM25 December 1925Poland
Bornstein, Ernst IsraelM26 November 1922Poland
Leon FelhendlerM19106 April 1945 (aged 34–35)Poland
Dobrowolski, AntoniM8 October 1904Poland
Eisen, HildaF25 April 1917Poland
Hela Felenbaum-WeissF2 January 1924Poland
Dov FreibergM15 May 1928Poland
Martin GreenfieldM9 August 1928Czechoslovakia
Goldstein, Kurt JuliusM3 November 1914Germany
Kleinfeld Schachter, HeddaF5 February 1924Austria
Kristal, YisraelM15 September 1903Poland/Israel
Lapid, TommyM27 December 1931Yugoslavia/Israel
Leiber, JudithF11 January 1921Hungary
FAugust 27, 1885October 13, 1964 (aged 79)Netherlands
Piasek, AbeM10 November 1928Poland/United States
Reichmann, Eva GabrieleF16 January 1897Germany/UK
Robert, RudolfM11 February 1922Germany
Rosensaft, HadassahF26 August 1912Poland
Joseph SerchukM1919Poland
Stanisław SzmajznerM13 March 1927Poland
Tramiel, JackM13 December 1928Poland
Wdowiński, Dawid[44] M26 May 1896Poland
Westheimer, RuthF4 June 1928Germany

See also

Documentaries about Holocaust survivors

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Barkat. Amiram. Who Counts as a Holocaust Survivor?. Haaretz. 21 July 2017. en. 18 April 2004.
  2. Web site: Office of Survivor Affairs — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. www.ushmm.org.
  3. Web site: Opposition to Maryland rail line bidder raises questions about accountability for Holocaust. Katherine Shaver. 9 March 2014. The Washington Post. 26 July 2015.
  4. Web site: 1976 . Fichier des personnes décédées - DE LABRIFFE Solange Marie Christine Louise Amiens 05/04/1898 - Paris 03/11/1976 . 2024-02-22 . matchID - Moteur de recherche des décès.
  5. Web site: Fleming . Mike Jr. . Kate Winslet Joined By Marion Cotillard, Jude Law, Andrea Riseborough & Josh O'Connor For Film On Model-Turned-WWII Photographer Lee Miller . . 22 August 2023 . 21 October 2021 . 21 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211021185235/https://deadline.com/2021/10/kate-winslet-lee-miller-wwii-film-marion-cotillard-jude-law-andrea-riseborough-josh-oconnor-1234859103/ . live.
  6. Web site: József Debreczeni, Bruner . mek.oszk.hu (Hungarian Biographical Lexicon) . 1 March 2024.
  7. Web site: David Faber Obituary. www.obitsforlife.com. 21 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094716/http://www.obitsforlife.com/obituary/1142823/Faber-David.php. 22 December 2015. 22 December 2015.
  8. Web site: Yosef Goldman, book dealer and author, died at 73. Obituary.
  9. News: Warsaw Ghetto author Martin Gray dies aged 93 in Belgium. BBC News. 25 April 2016.
  10. Book: Pelzman, Liliane. And No More Sorrow: The World War II Memoirs of Sonja Kiek Rosenstein Cohen. 2008. Cold Tree Press. 978-1-58385-256-9.
  11. Web site: Abe's Story - A Holocaust Memoir - Abram Korn from Lipno, Poland -. remember.org. 26 July 2015.
  12. Web site: What it took for one Jewish man to survive the Holocaust. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. 4 January 2014.
  13. Book: Schoschana Rabinovici . Thanks to My Mother . Puffin Books . 0-14-130596-7 . 001–246 . 1998 . registration .
  14. News: Marcel Reich-Ranicki, German 'Pope of Letters' Dies at 93. Catherine Hickley. 18 September 2013. Bloomberg.com. 26 July 2015.
  15. Web site: We Were Strangers: The Story of Magda Preiss (Chicago: bioGraph, 2020). 8 July 2020.
  16. Web site: Zmarł Tadeusz Sobolewicz, były więzień niemieckich obozów. 29 October 2015.
  17. Web site: Rapt pupils learn of the horrors of war. The London Free Press. 2009-06-06. 2009-08-09. Matyas. Joe.
  18. Book: Rising from the Holocaust: The Life of Fanny Goose. 9780978742843. 4 January 2014. Goose. Fanny. 2 February 2008.
  19. Web site: Fania "Fanny" Goose . lfpress.com . July 10, 2020.
  20. Web site: Tomi Reichental, Testimonies. 1 September 2014. www.hetireland.org. Holocaust Education Trust Ireland.
  21. Web site: Obituary: Nobel Laureate Walter Kohn -Mellon College of Science - Carnegie Mellon University. Carnegie Mellon. University. www.cmu.edu.
  22. Web site: BDE - Yeshiva World News.
  23. Web site: Pan Józef ma 107 lat i czuje się znakomicie. 2 February 2007. pl. Wirtualna Polska. 2007-03-16.
  24. Web site: The Human Element Project Gusta Berger. . December 19, 2021.
  25. Web site: THE CHOICE. 4 January 2017.
  26. Web site: Holocaust survivor Margot Friedländer turns 100.
  27. Web site: Mr. Elly Gotz Witness to History. December 19, 2021.
  28. Web site: Oral history interview with Manfred Lindenbaum. EHRI. December 19, 2021.
  29. Web site: Eva Olsson. December 19, 2021.
  30. Web site: Susan Pollack MBE. December 19, 2021.
  31. Web site: The Human Element Project Leon Prochnik. December 19, 2021.
  32. Web site: Holocaust Survivor, Hanna Wechsler, Speaking TUESDAY 8 PM. January 27, 2023.
  33. Web site: GENi Sara Wilhelmina (Sonja) Cohen. December 19, 2021.
  34. Web site: Ben Fainer, Holocaust survivor, dies at 85.
  35. Book: A Survivor's Story: Memoirs of Severin Fayerman. January 1999. 4 January 2014.
  36. Web site: Clara Kramer. Susanna Lea Associates. 4 January 2014.
  37. Web site: Clara Kramer Obituary - Livingston, NJ.
  38. Web site: CMOHS.org - Corporal RUBIN, TIBOR, U.S. Army. www.cmohs.org.
  39. News: Prince William and Kate Middleton Pay Tribute to Holocaust Survivor Zigi Shipper. Emily. Burack. Town&Country. 18 January 2023.
  40. News: A murit Iancu Țucărman, penultimul supraviețuitor al "trenurilor morții" din timpul Pogromului. Alex. Darvari. Newsweek România. 9 January 2021. ro.
  41. News: Iancu Țucărman, supraviețuitor al Pogromului de la Iași, a murit din cauza COVID-19. George Andrei. Cristescu. Adevărul. 8 January 2021. ro.
  42. Web site: The Life of Jews in Poland before the Holocaust. University of Nebraska. 4 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205557/http://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/product/Life-of-Jews-in-Poland-before-the-Holocaust-,671913.aspx. 4 January 2014. dead.
  43. Web site: Rabbi Ben-Zion Gold's Obituary on Boston Globe. Boston Globe.
  44. Book: David Wdowiński. And we are not saved. 1963. 222. Philosophical Library. New York. 0802224865.
  45. Web site: Courage: Guts, grit, spine, heart, and verve.. June 3, 2008. Radio National.

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