List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes explained

A Category 5 Atlantic hurricane is a tropical cyclone that reaches Category 5 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, within the Atlantic Ocean to the north of the equator. They are among the strongest tropical cyclones that can form on Earth, having 1-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 137kn. The United States National Hurricane Center currently estimates that 11 tropical cyclones between 1851 (the first Atlantic hurricane season to be included in the official Atlantic tropical cyclone record) and 1959 peaked as Category 5 hurricanes. However, because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s, some such cyclones may have remained undetected. Since 1960, 30 Atlantic hurricanes have reached Category 5.

Background

Within the Atlantic Ocean to the north of the equator, hurricanes are officially monitored by the United States's National Hurricane Center (NHC), however, other meteorological services, such as Météo-France, the United Kingdom's Met Office and Environment Canada also monitor the basin. Within the region, a Category 5 hurricane is a tropical cyclone which reaches Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, that is, a tropical cyclone that has 1-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of 137kn or greater at 10m (30feet) above ground.[1]

A total of 41 tropical cyclones have been estimated to have peaked as Category 5 hurricanes on the SSHWS, with the first occurrence recorded in 1924. No Category 5 hurricanes were observed officially before 1924. It can be presumed that earlier storms reached Category 5 strength over open waters, but the strongest winds were not measured. Although anemometer, a device used for measuring wind speed, was invented in 1846, during major hurricane strikes the instruments were often blown away or damaged, leaving the hurricane's peak intensity unrecorded. For example, as the Great Beaufort Hurricane of 1879 struck North Carolina, the anemometer cups were blown away when indicating 138abbr=onNaNabbr=on.[2]

, a reanalysis of weather data was ongoing by researchers who may upgrade or downgrade Atlantic hurricanes.[3] For example, the 1825 Santa Ana hurricane is suspected to have reached Category 5 strength.[4] Furthermore, paleotempestological research aims to identify past major hurricanes by comparing sedimentary evidence of recent and past hurricane strikes. For example, a "giant hurricane" significantly more powerful than Hurricane Hattie (Category 5) has been identified in Belizean sediment, having struck the region sometime before 1500.[5]

Records

Officially, the decade with the most Category 5 hurricanes is 2000–2009, with eight Category 5 hurricanes having occurred: Isabel (2003), Ivan (2004), Emily (2005), Katrina (2005), Rita (2005), Wilma (2005), Dean (2007), and Felix (2007). The previous decades with the most Category 5 hurricanes were the 1930s and 1960s, with six occurring between 1930 and 1939. The most Category 5 hurricanes recorded in a single season is four, in 2005. The most consecutive years to feature at least one Category 5 hurricane each is four, from 2016 to 2019.[6]

Nine Atlantic hurricanes—Camille, Allen, Andrew, Isabel, Ivan, Dean, Felix, Irma, and Maria—reached Category 5 intensity on more than one occasion; that is, by reaching Category 5 intensity, weakening to a Category 4 status or lower, and then becoming a Category 5 hurricane again. Such hurricanes have their dates shown together. Camille, Andrew, Dean, Felix, Irma, and Maria each attained Category 5 status twice during their lifespans. Allen, Isabel, and Ivan reached Category 5 intensity on three separate occasions. The 1932 Cuba hurricane holds the record for the most time spent as a Category 5 hurricane (although it took place before satellite or aircraft reconnaissance, so this record may be somewhat suspect). Irma holds the record for the longest continuous span as a Category 5 storm in the satellite era.[7]

Of the 41 Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes on record, 2 have been recorded in July, 8 in August, 25 in September, 6 in October, and 1 in November. There have been no officially recorded June or off-season Category 5 hurricanes.

The July and August Category 5 hurricanes reached their high intensities in both the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. These are the areas most favorable for tropical cyclone development in those months.[8]

September sees the most Category 5 hurricanes, with over half of the total. This coincides with the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, which occurs in early September.[9] September Category 5s reached their strengths in any of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and open Atlantic. These places are where September tropical cyclones are likely to form.[8] Many of these hurricanes are either Cape Verde hurricanes, which develop their strength due to a long track over warm waters,[10] or else intensify over the warm Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico.

All but one of the Category 5 hurricanes in October and November (the exception being Michael) reached their intensities in the western Caribbean, a region that Atlantic hurricanes strongly gravitate toward late in the season.[8] This is due to the climatology of the area, which sometimes has a high-altitude anticyclone that promotes rapid intensification late in the season, as well as warm waters.

Systems

NameCategory 5 intensityPeak intensityAreas affectedDamage
(USD)		DeathsRefs
DatesDurationWind speedPressure
145kn 910hPa Central America, Mexico, Cuba
Florida, The Bahamas 		[11] [12]
140kn 929hPa Lesser Antilles, The Bahamas
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada 		[13]
140kn 921hPa The Bahamas, Northeastern United States [14]
150kn 915hPa Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, Cayman Islands
Cuba, The Bahamas, Bermuda 		[15]
140kn 930hPa The Bahamas, Cuba, Florida
Texas, Tamaulipas 		[16]
140kn 929hPa Jamaica, Yucatán Peninsula [17]
160kn 892hPa The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia
The Carolinas, Virginia 		[18]
140kn 940hPa Eastern United States, Southwestern Quebec [19]
140kn 918hPa Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada [20]
140kn 929hPa Bermuda, New England, Atlantic Canada [21]
150kn 914hPa Lesser Antilles, Central America [22]
140kn 919hPa East Coast of the United States [23]
145kn 914hPa Central America [24] [25]
145kn 927hPa Greater Antilles, Florida, Mexico [26]
140kn 921hPa The Caribbean, Mexico, Texas [27]
150kn 900hPa Cuba, United States Gulf Coast [28]
140kn 943hPa The Caribbean, Central America
Mexico, United States Gulf Coast 		[29]
150kn 926hPa Mexico [30]
150kn 924hPa The Caribbean, United States East coast [31]
165kn 899hPa The Caribbean, Yucatán Peninsula
Mexico, South Texas 		[32] [33]
160kn 888hPa Jamaica, Venezuela, Central America
Hispaniola, Mexico 		[34] [35]
140kn 918hPa The Caribbean, United States East Coast [36] [37]
150kn 922hPa The Bahamas, Florida, United States Gulf Coast [38]
155kn 905hPa Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, South Florida [39] [40] [41] [42]
145kn 915hPa Greater Antilles, Bahamas
Eastern United States, Ontario 		[43]
145kn 910hPa The Caribbean, Venezuela, United States Gulf Coast [44]
140kn 929hPa Windward Islands, Jamaica, Mexico, Texas [45]
150kn 902hPa Bahamas, United States Gulf Coast [46]
155kn 895hPa Cuba, United States Gulf Coast [47]
160kn 882hPa Greater Antilles, Central America, Mexico, Florida [48] [49] [50] [51]
150kn 905hPa The Caribbean, Central America [52] [53]
150kn 929hPa Nicaragua, Honduras [54] [55] [56]
145kn 934hPa Antilles, Venezuela, Colombia
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada 		[57]
155kn 914hPa Cape Verde, The Caribbean, Virgin Islands
Cuba, Florida 		[58]
150kn 908hPa Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico
Dominican Republic, Turks and Caicos Islands 		[59]
140kn 919hPa Central America, United States Gulf Coast [60]
160kn 910hPa The Caribbean, The Bahamas
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada, Greenland 		[61]
140kn 925hPa Cabo Verde, Azores, Western Europe [62]
140kn 937hPa Caribbean, Cuba, Florida, The Carolinas [63]
145kn 926hPa Bermuda, New England, Atlantic Canada[64]
145kn 934hPa Caribbean, Puerto Rico, Yucatan Peninsula, Texas+[65]

Other systems

The 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane and Hurricanes Dog (1950), Easy (1951), Cleo (1958), Donna (1960), Ethel (1960) and Carla (1961) were all originally estimated to have Category 5 sustained wind speeds. However, later systematic studies by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project found that the wind speeds associated with these systems were overestimated and downgraded them to either Category 4 or 3. Most recently, Hurricane Iota (2020) was operationally considered to be a category 5 hurricane, with estimated 1-minute sustained wind speeds of .[66] However, during their routine post-analysis best track process after the season, the NHC downgraded Iota to a Category 4 hurricane as a result of post season reanalysis, which suggested that there was a high bias in windspeeds derived from the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer instrument.[66]

Landfalls

Nearly all Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes have made landfall at some location while a tropical or subtropical cyclone. This is primarily because of their proximity to land in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, where the usual synoptic weather patterns carry them towards land, as opposed to the westward, oceanic mean track of Eastern Pacific hurricanes.[67] Nineteen of the storms made landfall at least once while at Category 5 intensity; 2007 and 2017 are the only years in which two storms made landfall at this intensity. All but five landfalling systems (the 1944 Great Atlantic hurricane, Carol, Esther, Mitch and Isabel) did so at major hurricane strength.

Many of these systems made landfall shortly after weakening from a Category 5 hurricane. This weakening can be caused by dry air near land, shallower waters due to shelving, interaction with land, eyewall replacement cycles, increased vertical wind shear, or cooler waters near shore.[46] The only Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes that did not make landfall while a tropical or subtropical cyclone were Hurricane Lee, which still made landfall as an extratropical cyclone in Nova Scotia, and Hurricane Lorenzo, which still brought hurricane-force winds to the Azores. These two storms are therefore not included in the table below.

The following table lists these hurricanes by landfall intensity.

NameYearbgcolor=# bgcolor=# bgcolor=# bgcolor=# bgcolor=# bgcolor=# bgcolor=# Refs
1924 [68]
1928
1932
1932
1933
1933 Mainland Mexico
1935
1938
1944
1953
1955 Mexico
1961 Canada
1961 Mexico
1966 Cuba
1967
1969
1971 Belize, Mexico
1977 Mexico
1979
1980
1988
1989
1992
1998
2003
2004 Alabama, Grenada
2005
2005
2005
2005
2007
2007
2016
2017
2017 [69]
2018
2019 Abaco Islands, Grand Bahama (2×)
2022 Florida (2x)
2024 CarriacouQuintana Roo

See also

External links

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586. Hudgins. James E.. 2000. National Weather Service Office Blacksburg, Virginia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://web.archive.org/web/20110611220124/http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/rnk/Research/NC_Tropical_Cyclone_History.pdf. June 11, 2011. dead. November 25, 2010.
  3. Web site: Current Hurricane Data Sets. Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory. June 8, 2010. Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. November 1, 2018. March 1, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120301210808/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/data_sub/re_anal.html. live.
  4. Donnelly. J. P.. 2005. Evidence of Past Intense Tropical Cyclones from Backbarrier Salt Pond Sediments: A Case Study from Isla de Culebrita, Puerto Rico, USA. Journal of Coastal Research. SI42. 201–210. 0749-0208. November 26, 2010. November 9, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131109112401/http://www.whoi.edu/science/GG/coastal/publications/pdfs/Donnelly%20JCR%202005-Hurricane.pdf. live.
  5. Mccloskey. T. A.. G. . Keller . 2009. 5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize. Quaternary International. 53–68. 1–2. 195. 1040-6182. 10.1016/j.quaint.2008.03.003. 2009QuInt.195...53M .
  6. Web site: Hurricane Dorian Becomes the 5th Atlantic Category 5 in 4 Years. The Weather Channel. 2019-09-01. September 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190901190107/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2019-09-01-hurricane-dorian-atlantic-hurricane-category-five-history. live.
  7. Web site: Addendum Hurricane Andrew. Rappaport. Edward N.. National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 21, 2007. October 23, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131023010151/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1992andrew_add.html. live.
  8. Web site: Tropical Cyclone Climatology. Staff writer. 2010. National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. November 30, 2010. December 13, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071213074803/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastprofile.shtml. dead.
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  10. Web site: Tropical Cyclone FAQ A2) What is a "Cape Verde" hurricane?. Landsea. Christopher W.. 2010-06-08. Hurricane Research Division — Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. November 30, 2010. March 27, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150327065541/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A2.html. live.
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  14. Web site: 1932 Major Hurricane Not Named (1932244N19296). International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. June 13, 2022. November 14, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221114164144/https://ncics.org/ibtracs/index.php?name=v04r00-1932244N19296. live.
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