Light-second explained

Quantity:	length
Units1:	SI units
Units2:	astronomical units
Inunits2:	299792458m (983,571,056feet)  299792458m (983,571,056feet)  299792458m (983,571,056feet)
Units3:	imperial/US units
Inunits3:	299792458m (983,571,056feet)

The light-second is a unit of length useful in astronomy, telecommunications and relativistic physics. It is defined as the distance that light travels in free space in one second, and is equal to exactly (approximately or).

Just as the second forms the basis for other units of time, the light-second can form the basis for other units of length, ranging from the light-nanosecond (or just under one international foot) to the light-minute, light-hour and light-day, which are sometimes used in popular science publications. The more commonly used light-year is also currently defined to be equal to precisely, since the definition of a year is based on a Julian year (not the Gregorian year) of exactly, each of exactly .^[1]

Use in telecommunications

Communications signals on Earth rarely travel at precisely the speed of light in free space. Distances in fractions of a light-second are useful for planning telecommunications networks.

• One light-nanosecond is almost 300 millimetres (299.8 mm, 5 mm less than one foot^[2]), which limits the speed of data transfer between different parts of a computer.
• One light-microsecond is about 300 metres.
• The mean distance, over land, between opposite sides of the Earth is 66.8 light-milliseconds.
• Communications satellites are typically 1.337 light-milliseconds (low Earth orbit) to 119.4 light-milliseconds (geostationary orbit) from the surface of the Earth. Hence there will always be a delay of at least a quarter of a second in a communication via geostationary satellite (119.4 ms times 2); this delay is just perceptible in a transoceanic telephone conversation routed by satellite. The answer will also be delayed with a quarter of a second and this is clearly noticeable during interviews or discussions on TV when sent over satellite.

Use in astronomy

The light-second is a convenient unit for measuring distances in the inner Solar System, since it corresponds very closely to the radiometric data used to determine them. (The match is not exact for an Earth-based observer because of a very small correction for the effects of relativity.) The value of the astronomical unit (roughly the distance between Earth and the Sun) in light-seconds is a fundamental measurement for the calculation of modern ephemerides (tables of planetary positions). It is usually quoted as "light-time for unit distance" in tables of astronomical constants, and its currently accepted value is  s.^{[3] [4]}

• The mean diameter of Earth is about 0.0425 light-seconds.
• The average distance between Earth and the Moon (the lunar distance) is about 1.282 light-seconds.
• The diameter of the Sun is about 4.643 light-seconds.
• The average distance between Earth and the Sun (the astronomical unit) is 499.0 light-seconds.

Multiples of the light-second can be defined, although apart from the light-year, they are more used in popular science publications than in research works. For example:

• A light-minute is 60 light-seconds, and so the average distance between Earth and the Sun is 8.317 light-minutes.
• The average distance between Pluto and the Sun (34.72 AU^[5]) is 4.81 light-hours.^[6]
• Humanity's most distant artificial object, Voyager 1, has an interstellar velocity of 3.57 AU per year,^[7] or 29.7 light-minutes per year.^[8] As of 2023 the probe, launched in 1977, is over 22 light-hours from Earth and the Sun, and is expected to reach a distance of one light-day around November 2026 – February 2027.

Unit	Definition	Equivalent distance in			Example
		Meters	Kilometers	Miles
light-second	1 light-second				Average distance from the Earth to the Moon is about 1.282 light-seconds
light-minute	60 light-seconds = light-minute				Average distance from the Earth to the Sun is 8.317 light-minutes
light-hour	60 light-minutes = light-seconds				The perihelion of Saturn's orbit is about 1.25 light-hours
light-day	24 light-hours = light-seconds				Voyager 1 is about 0.94 light-days from the Sun (as of April 2024)
light-week	7 light-days = light-seconds				The Oort cloud is thought to extend between 41 and 82 light-weeks out from the Sun
light-year	365.25 light-days = light-seconds				Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to the Sun, about 4.24 light years away

See also

• 100 megametres
• Geometrized unit system
• Light-year

Notes and References

1. http://www.iau.org/Units.234.0.html IAU Recommendations concerning Units
2. [David Mermin]
3. Web site: Standish . E. M. . 1998 . JPL Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides, DE405/LE405 . JPL IOM 312.F-98-048 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120220062549/http://iau-comm4.jpl.nasa.gov/de405iom/de405iom.pdf . 2012-02-20 . .
4. Book: McCarthy, Dennis D. . Petit, Gérard . 2004 . IERS Conventions (2003) . IERS Technical Note No. 32 . Frankfurt . Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie . 3-89888-884-3.
5. Web site: Pluto distance from sun - WolframAlpha . 2023-03-07 . www.wolframalpha.com . en.
6. Web site: Pluto distance from sun in light hours - WolframAlpha . 2023-03-07 . www.wolframalpha.com . en.
7. Web site: Voyager - Fast Facts . 2023-03-07 . voyager.jpl.nasa.gov . en.
8. Web site: 3.57 au/year in light-minutes/year - WolframAlpha . 2023-03-07 . www.wolframalpha.com . en.