This article gives an overview of liberalism [1] and its related history in South Korea. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proven by having had a representation in parliament.
Historically, the liberal movement in the South Korean began as a moderate conservative movement against the far-right dictatorship, but in the current political structure of the South Korea, it has become a liberal movement against the conservative movement. The Democratic Party of Korea is a reformist-to-liberal party and is considered centrist.[2] However, in the Korean political context, it is classified as a center-left (or progressive), and there are studies by several experts that it promotes policies that are more right-wing than center-right parties in Western Europe, such as Germany's Christian Democratic Union.[3] Also, the Justice Party is considered a "centre-left to left-wing" party. The party is considered radical progressive or leftist in South Korea, but takes a more moderate stance than the centre-left parties of Western Europe.[4]
There are various political positions within South Korean liberals, but they tend to coalesce on certain stances: promoting harmony with North Korea, justice against Japan, and, wherever possible, autonomy from great power interference, including the United States.[5] South Korean liberalism is also based on a national liberalist-independence movement against China and Japan. South Korean liberals support the Sunshine Policy toward North Korea.[6] [7]
See also: Centrist reformism. The word "liberal" in South Korea is often used in its traditional sense.[8] In South Korea, conservatives also call themselves "liberal" and "liberal democracy" in a similar sense to economic liberalism and anti-communism.[9] [10] "Liberals" in the general sense often refer to themselves as "Democrats", "Ribeoreol" (the Korean pronunciation of the English "liberal") or "Democratic Camps" .[11] In South Korea, "liberal" and "progressive" are political forces with individual traditions,[12] but when translating "liberal" in the United States into Korean language, it is often translated into "progressive".[13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
In South Korea, the terms "liberal," "liberty," "libertarian," and "freedom" all tend to be translated into Jayu . For example, in South Korea, both Canada's "Liberal Party", Netherlands' "Party for Freedom" and the United States' "Libertarian Party" are read as Jayudang in Korean. Also, right-wing socially conservative media in South Korea regard the American tradition of right-libertarianism as progressive because it is culturally liberal.[23] [24] [25] [26]
The main diplomatic point that defines liberalism in South Korea is "independence" (독립). Modern South Korean liberals tend to be more negative on immigration than the conservatives.[27] South Korean liberals have a more nationalistic nature based on anti-imperialism in matters related to neighboring powers such as Japan. The anti-China Gaehwa Party / Independence Club at the end of the 19th century, and the anti-Japan Korean independence movement during the Japanese colonial era, formed Korea's early liberalism. On the other hand, Korea's conservative elites cooperated with neighboring powers such as Qing China and Japan for practical reasons. In modern South Korean politics, where socialism and anti-Americanism were thoroughly suppressed by conservatives with the support of the United States, liberals resent domestic interference by foreign powers. Thus, while they maintain cordial relations with the United States, they also seek to exercise strategic autonomy in its foreign policy. [28]
South Korean liberals have a contradictory standard on international human rights violations. South Korean liberals are less critical of North Korea than conservatives and oppose the 'North Korean Human Rights Law' (북한인권법).[29] However, South Korean liberals are more strongly opposed than conservatives to human rights violations in other authoritarian states (e.g., China, Myanmar, etc.) with the exception of North Korea. In 2021, Moon Jae-in government opposed Myanmar's military dictatorship and supported strong sanctions against Myanmar's military, but deliberately ignored North Korea's human rights violations. (This is related to the resistance-nationalist sentiment of South Korean liberals.)[30] [31] In 2022, the liberal Kyunghyang Shinmun newspaper criticized President Yoon Suk-yeol for ignoring the human rights issue of Xinjiang, considering only its economic interests with China.[32]
South Korean major liberals mainly criticize mainstream conservatives, clear their heritage during military dictatorship, insist on political reform, supports the foreign policy of reconciliation with North Korea. They are distinguished from progressives and cultural liberals. Therefore, South Korea liberals tend to be socially conservative in LGBT rights, Disability rights, abortion and minority rights issues. (The socially conservative tendency of South Korean liberals is not traditional conservatism based on Confucianism, but is more influenced by Christianity, which is part of Western culture.)[33] They also tend to distance themselves from the (Including social democracy) "socialism" or fundamental "left-wing". Modern South Korean liberals tend to be more negative on immigration than the conservatives. [34]
South Korean liberals have represented Korean victims of Japanese war crimes since the 1990s. They oppose any agreement with Japan until the terms satisfied the victims families demands.[35] [36] Moon Jae-in said the human rights of victims are more important than relations between countries.[37]
Domestically, they advocated the reform of the monopoly of the large industrial conglomerates known as chaebols. They also proposed the curtailing of investigative powers of the prosecutor's office, with such powers transferred to the police, as they viewed them as powerful political tools.[38]
During the colonial period, Marxist historian Paek Nam-un evaluated Silhak as "pioneer of early modern period liberalism," while Ahn Jae-hong, a liberal nationalist, evaluated Silhak and Silhak scholar Jeong Yak-yong as "the origin of late modern period liberalism by presenting elimination of (feudal) class and support for equality". Silhak criticized the existing Confucian conservatism and Sadaejuui, aiming for political reform and pragmatism, and also argued for the superiority of Western science and technology. Some Silhak scholar also believed in Christianity.[39]
Korea's first classical liberal and Enlightenmentists party was the Gaehwa Party, which appeared in 1874. They aimed for radical political and social reform, cut off unequal relations with the powerful Qing Dynasty and tried to create a completely independent Joseon Dynasty, and led by Seo Jae-pil in 1896 was a practical successor to the Gaehwa Party. Influenced by Japanese liberalism, they showed pro-Japanese tendencies, but at the same time insisted on independent and independent Korea. In the 1900s, classical liberals and Enlightenmentists in Korea were largely divided into two groups. Some became Chinilpa who cooperated with Japan, and others who devoted themselves to the Korean independence movement.[40]
During the colonial era, Korean liberalism is closely related to the Korean independence movement. South Korean historians say that the March 1st Movement, which took place in 1919, affected democracy and liberalism in South Korea as a movement involving many Koreans regardless of gender, religion, or occupation.[41] The Republic of Korean Provisional Government, established thanks to the value of the March 1st Movement, has established a modern national system in name and reality by introducing the separation of powers of government, parliament, and judiciary based on freedom and equality, and common elections including women. (However, since it was located in Shanghai, China, it was more of a Korean independence movement organization than a korean government.)[42]
After the end of Japanese colonial rule, with the inauguration of the Republic of Korea government, the word "liberal" has been used in South Korea for a while in a similar sense to anti-communism and anti-socialism. That is why not only ideological liberals but also hard-line conservatives and far-right anti-communists called themselves "liberal." A case in point was the "Liberal Party", a South Korean far-right national-conservative party influenced by Shōwa Statism, German and Italian fascism.[43] In particular, Syngman Rhee, the first president of the Liberal Party, committed authoritarian rule and election fraud based on Ilminism, an anti-liberal individual worship ideology from 1948 to 1960, and liberals and students who opposed it caused April Revolution. This was the first successful liberal revolution in South Korea.[44]
Due to the April Revolution (1960), Syngman Rhee stepped down from his presidency, the first liberal democratic government in South Korea was established, and the presidential system was converted to a parliamentary cabinet system. However, South Korean liberal democracy collapses in less than a year in a 1961 military coup caused by Major Park Chung Hee. Since then, South Korea has suffered from more than 20 years of military dictatorship. Until South Korea was fully democratized in 1988, there have been several democratization movements, including Bu-Ma Democratic Protests and Gwangju Uprising.
South Korea was democratized in 1987, but it was in 1998 that liberals changed their regime. Since the Kim Dae-jung administration in 1998, South Korean liberals are actively supporting the Sunshine Policy, to promote peace and reconciliation through economic aid and co-operation, or “South-North economic co-operation” (남북경협).[45]
The political party that once were ruling party are in bold.
In South Korea, South Korean's unique liberal and korean nationalist parties are often referred to as Minjudangkye parties . In South Korea, usually "liberal" political parties mean "Minjudangkye" parties.[46] [47] [48]
In South Korea, these political parties are not often referred to as general "liberal" in Korean language, but in an international context, they are clearly referred to as "liberal" political parties.
In South Korea, 'political liberalism' and 'non-political liberalism' are distinguished. Therefore, the groups listed below may not be directly related to a particular political party or political power.
South Korean libertarians define themselves as Jayujuuija (자유주의자). But South Korean center-left liberals also define themselves as Jayujuuija, so it is important in what context the South Korean political term is used
| Election | Total seats won | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election | Status | Election leader | Party Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1948 | 916,322 | 13.5% | 29 seats; Minority | in opposition | Kim Seong-su | Korea Democratic Party | |
| 1950 | 683,910 | 9.8% | 24 seats; Minority | in opposition | Shin Ik-hee | Democratic National Party | |
| 1954 | 593,499 | 7.9% | 9 seats; Minority | in opposition | Shin Ik-hee | Democratic National Party | |
| 1958 | 2,914,049 | 34.0% | 79 seats; Minority | in opposition | Chough Pyung-ok | Democratic Party (1955) | |
| 1960 | 3,786,401 | 41.7% | 96 seats; Majority | in government | Chough Pyung-ok | Democratic Party (1955) | |
| 1963 | 1,870,976 | 20.1% | 41 seats; Minority | in opposition | Yun Bo-seon | Civil Rule Party | |
| 1,264,285 | 13.6% | 14 seats; Minority | in opposition | Park Soon-cheon | Democratic Party (1963) | ||
| 822,000 | 8.8% | 2 seats; Minority | in opposition | Ho Chong | People's Party | ||
| 1967 | 3,554,224 | 32.7% | 45 seats; Minority | in opposition | Yu Jin-o | New Democratic Party | |
| 323,203 | 3.0% | 13 seats; extra-parliamentary | in opposition | Democratic Party (1963) | |||
| 1971 | 4,969,050 | 44.4% | 44 seats; Minority | in opposition | Kim Hong-il | New Democratic Party | |
| 454,257 | 4.1% | 1 seats; Minority | in opposition | Yun Po-sun | National Party | ||
| 1973 | 3,577,300 | 32.5% | 37 seats; Minority | in opposition | Yu Chin-san | New Democratic Party | |
| 3,577,300 | 10.4% | seats; Minority | in opposition | Yang Il-dong | Democratic Unification Party | ||
| 1978 | 4,861,204 | 32.8% | 9 seats; Minority | in opposition | Yi Cheol-seung | New Democratic Party | |
| 1,095,057 | 7.4% | 1 seats; Minority | in opposition | Yang Il-dong | Democratic Unification Party | ||
| 1981 | 3,495,829 | 21.6% | 81 seats; Minority | in opposition | Yu Chi-song | Democratic Korea Party | |
| 1,088,847 | 6.7% | 2 seats; Minority | in opposition | Civil Rights Party | |||
| 1985 | 5,843,827 | 29.3% | 67 seats; Minority | in opposition | Lee Min-woo | New Korean Democratic Party | |
| 3,930,966 | 19.7% | 46 seats; Minority | in opposition | Yu Chi-song | Democratic Korea Party | ||
| 3,930,966 | 19.7% | 1 seats; Minority | in opposition | Gap-jong Yu | New Democratic Party | ||
| 112,654 | 0.6% | 2 seats; extra-parliamentary | in opposition | Civil Rights Party | |||
| 1988 | 4,680,175 | 23.8% | 59 seats; in Coalition | in opposition | Kim Myeong-yun | Reunification Democratic Party | |
| 3,783,279 | 19.3% | 70 seats; in Coalition | in opposition | Park Yeong-suk | Peace Democratic Party | ||
| 0.4% | extra-parliamentary | in opposition | – | Others | |||
| 1992 | 6,004,577 | 29.2% | 97 seats; Minority | in opposition | Kim Dae-jung | Democratic Party (1991) | |
| 1996 | 4,971,961 | 25.3% | 79 seats; in Coalition | in opposition (1996-1998) | Kim Dae-jung | National Congress for New Politics | |
| in government (1998-2000) | |||||||
| 2,207,695 | 11.2% | 15 seats; Minority | in opposition | Chang Eul-byung | United Democratic Party | ||
| 2000 | 6,780,625 | 35.9% | 115 seats; in Coalition | in government | Kim Dae-jung | Millennium Democratic Party | |
| 2004 | 8,145,824 | 38.3% | 152 seats; Majority | in government | Chung Dong-young | Uri Party | |
| 1,510,178 | 7.1% | 53 seats; Minority | in government | Choug Soon-hyung | Millennium Democratic Party | ||
| 2008 | 4,313,111 | 25.1% | 81 seats; Minority | in opposition | Son Hak-gyu | United Democratic Party | |
| 651,993 | 3.8% | 3 seats; Minority | in opposition | Moon Kook-hyun | Creative Korea Party | ||
| 2012 | 7,777,123 | 36.5% | 127 seats; Minority | in opposition | Han Myeong-sook | Democratic United Party | |
| 91,935 | 0.4% | 3 seats; extra-parliamentary | in opposition | Moon Kook-hyun | Creative Korea Party | ||
| 48,648 | 0.2% | 0 seats; extra-parliamentary | in opposition | Han Kwang-ok | Real Democratic Party | ||
| 2016 | 6,069,744 | 25.5% | 123 seats; Plurality | in opposition (2016-2017) | Kim Chong-in | Democratic Party | |
| in government (2017-2020) | |||||||
| 6,355,572 | 26.7% | 38 seats; Minority | in opposition | Ahn Cheol-soo | People's Party | ||
| 1,719,891 (Party-list PR) | 7.23% (Party-list PR) | 6 seats; Minority | in opposition | Sim Sang-jung | Justice Party | ||
| 209,872 (Party-list PR) | 0.88% (Party-list PR) | extra-parliamentary | in opposition | Shin Ki-nam | Democratic Party | ||
| 2020 | 14,345,425 (Constituency) 9,307,112 (Party-list PR) | 49.9% (Constituency) 33.4% (Party-list PR) | 52 seats; Majority | in government | Lee Hae-chan | Democratic Party (Constituency) Platform Party (Party-list PR) | |
| 2,697,956 (Party-list PR) | 9.7% (Party-list PR) | 6 seats; Minority | in opposition | Sim Sang-jung | Justice Party | ||
| 1,896,719 (Party-list PR) | 6.8% (Party-list PR) | 3 seats; Minority | in opposition | Ahn Cheol-soo | People Party | ||
| 1,512,763 (Party-list PR) | 5.4% (Party-list PR) | 3 seats; Minority | in opposition | Lee Keun-shik | Open Democratic Party | ||
| 1.45% (Constituency) 2.98% (Party-list PR) | extra-parliamentary | in opposition | – | Others | |||
| 2024 | 14,758,083 (Constituency) 7,567,459 (Party-list PR) | 51.2% (Constituency) 26.7% (Party-list PR) | 5 seats; Majority | in opposition | Lee Jae-myung | Democratic Party (Constituency) Democratic Alliance (Party-list PR) | |
| 6,874,278 (Party-list PR) | 24.3% (Party-list PR) | 12 seats; Minority | in opposition | Cho Kuk | Rebuilding Korea Party | ||
| 609,313 (Party-list PR) | 2.1% (Party-list PR) | 6 seats; extra-parliamentary | in opposition | Sim Sang-jung | Green–Justice Party | ||
| 483,827 (Party-list PR) | 1.7% (Party-list PR) | 1 seats; Minority | in opposition | Lee Nak-yon | New Future Party | ||
| 0.07% (Constituency) 0.46% (Party-list PR) | extra-parliamentary | in opposition | – | Others |
| Election | Provincial legislature | Municipal mayor | Municipal legislature | Party Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | Democratic Party (1991) | |||||
| 1998 | National Congress for New Politics | |||||
| New People Party | ||||||
| 2002 | Millennium Democratic Party | |||||
| 2006 | Uri Party | |||||
| Democratic Party (2005) | ||||||
| 2010 | Democratic Party (2008) | |||||
| 2014 | New Politics Alliance for Democracy | |||||
| 2018 | Democratic Party of Korea | |||||
| 2022 | Democratic Party of Korea |