Leptomycin Explained

Leptomycins are secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces spp.

Leptomycin B (LMB) was originally discovered as a potent antifungal compound. ^[1] Leptomycin B was found to cause cell elongation of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Since then this elongation effect has been used for the bioassay of leptomycin. However, recent data shows that leptomycin causes G1 cell cycle arrest in mammalian cells and is a potent anti-tumor agent against murine experimental tumors in combination therapy.^[2]

Leptomycin B has been shown to be a potent and specific nuclear export inhibitor in humans^[3] and the fission yeast S. pombe.^[4] Leptomycin B alkylates and inhibits CRM1 (chromosomal region maintenance)/exportin 1, a protein required for nuclear export of proteins containing a nuclear export sequence (NES), by glycosylating a cysteine residue (cysteine 529 in S. pombe).^[5] In addition to antifungal and antibacterial activities, leptomycin B blocks the cell cycle and is a potent anti-tumor agent. At low nM concentrations, leptomycin B blocks the nuclear export of many proteins including HIV-1 Rev, MAPK/ERK, and NF-κB/IκB, and it inhibits the inactivation of p53.^[6] Leptomycin B also inhibits the export and translation of many RNAs, including COX-2 and c-Fos mRNAs, by inhibiting the export of ribonucleoproteins.

Leptomycin A (LPA) was discovered together with LMB. LMB is twice as potent as LPA.

See also

• Selective inhibitor of nuclear export

References

1. Hamamoto T, Seto H, Beppu T . Leptomycins A and B, new antifungal antibiotics. II. Structure elucidation . J. Antibiot. . 36 . 6 . 646–50 . 1983 . 6874586 . 10.7164/antibiotics.36.646. free .
2. Lu . Chuanwen . Changxia Shao . Everardo Cobos . Kamaleshwar P. Singh . Weimin Gao . March 2012 . Chemotherapeutic Sensitization of Leptomycin B Resistant Lung Cancer Cells by Pretreatment with Doxorubicin . PLOS ONE . 7 . 3 . e32895 . United States. 1932-6203 . 22412944 . 3296751 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0032895 . 2012PLoSO...732895L . free .
3. Kudo N, Wolff B, Sekimoto T, etal . Leptomycin B inhibition of signal-mediated nuclear export by direct binding to CRM1 . Exp. Cell Res. . 242 . 2 . 540–7 . August 1998 . 9683540 . 10.1006/excr.1998.4136 .
4. Nishi K, Yoshida M, Fujiwara D, Nishikawa M, Horinouchi S, Beppu T . Leptomycin B targets a regulatory cascade of crm1, a fission yeast nuclear protein, involved in control of higher order chromosome structure and gene expression . J. Biol. Chem. . 269 . 9 . 6320–4 . March 1994 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37374-X . 8119981 . free .
5. Kudo N, Matsumori N, Taoka H, etal . Leptomycin B inactivates CRM1/exportin 1 by covalent modification at a cysteine residue in the central conserved region . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 96 . 16 . 9112–7 . August 1999 . 10430904 . 17741 . 10.1073/pnas.96.16.9112. 1999PNAS...96.9112K . free .
6. Hietanen S, Lain S, Krausz E, Blattner C, Lane DP . Activation of p53 in cervical carcinoma cells by small molecules. . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2000 . 97 . 15 . 8501–6 . 10900010 . 10.1073/pnas.97.15.8501. 26977 . 2000PNAS...97.8501H . free .

External links

Original data copied with permission from Leptomycin B manufacturer product page (Fermentek)