Leaf warbler explained

Leaf warblers are small insectivorous passerine birds belonging to the genus Phylloscopus.

Leaf warblers were formerly included in the Old World warbler family but are now considered to belong to the family Phylloscopidae, introduced in 2006. The family originally included the genus Seicercus, but all species have been moved to Phylloscopus in the most recent classification. Leaf warblers are active, constantly moving, often flicking their wings as they glean the foliage for insects along the branches of trees and bushes. They forage at various levels within forests, from the top canopy to the understorey. Most of the species are markedly territorial both in their summer and winter quarters. Most are greenish or brownish above and off-white or yellowish below. Compared to some other "warblers", their songs are very simple. Species breeding in temperate regions are usually strongly migratory.

Description

The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours, varying little or not at all with the seasons. The tails are not very long and contain 12 feathers (unlike the similar Abroscopus species, which have 10 tail feathers). Many species are more easily identified by their distinctive songs than their dull plumage.[1] These are very small passerines with adult body masses that can vary from 3.5to and in some cases, such as the Chinese leaf warbler, are among the lightest passerines anywhere. Several of the larger species are similar in size including the large-billed leaf warbler, Radde's warbler and the pale-legged leaf warbler.[2] Total length can vary from 9to.[3]

Distribution and habitat

Its members occur in Eurasia, ranging into Wallacea and Africa with one species, the Arctic warbler, breeding as far east as Alaska. Many of the species breed at temperate and high latitudes in Eurasia and migrate substantial distances to winter in southeastern Asia, India, or Africa. One example is Tickell's leaf warbler, which breeds in scrub at high elevation in the Himalayas and on the Tibetan Plateau and then moves down-slope and south to winter in the Himalayan foothills of India and Burma.[4] Most live in forest and scrub and many are canopy or sub-canopy dwellers.

Behavior and ecology

The family Phylloscopidae comprises many small tree-loving warbler species that feed by gleaning insects from leaves or catching food on the wing.[4]

Taxonomy

The genus Phylloscopus was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1826 to accommodate a single species, the willow warbler, which is therefore considered as the type species.[5] [6] The name combines the Ancient Greek phullon meaning "leaf" and skopos meaning "seeker" (from skopeo, "to watch").[7] Phylloscopus is the only genus placed in the family Phylloscopidae that was introduced in 2006 by the Swedish ornithologist Per Alström and coworkers.[8]

The genus contains 81 species:[9] Of these, eleven species were formerly placed in the genus Seicercus, but a 2018 molecular phylogeny study indicated that the genus Seicercus is a synonym of Phylloscopus, leaving the family Phylloscopidae with a single genus, Phylloscopus.[10]

Two birds were described in 2020 but have not yet been recognised as species by the International Ornithologists' Union.[9] [13]

The alpine leaf warbler, Phylloscopus occisinensis, was reclassified as conspecific with Tickell's leaf warbler (P. affinis) by the IOC, but other authorities such as eBird still consider it distinct.[14]

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Baker, Kevin. Warblers of Europe, Asia and North Africa. 2010-06-30. A&C Black. 9781408131701. 17. en.
  2. Book: CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses . 2nd . John B. Jr. . Dunning . CRC Press . 2008 . 978-1-4200-6444-5.
  3. Winkler, D. W., S. M. Billerman, and I.J. Lovette (2020). Leaf Warblers (Phylloscopidae), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
  4. Web site: Lead-Warblers Phylloscopidae. 25 May 2006. creagrus.home.montereybay.com. 2017-09-29.
  5. Book: Mayr . Ernst . Ernst Mayr . Cottrell . G. William . 1986 . Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 11 . 11 . Museum of Comparative Zoology . Cambridge, Massachusetts . 221 .
  6. Boie . Friedrich . Friedrich Boie . 1826 . Generalübersicht der ornithologischen Ordnungen Familien und Gattugen . Isis von Oken . 19 . col. 972 . de .
  7. Book: Jobling, James A. . 2010. The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm . London . 978-1-4081-2501-4 . 305.
  8. Alström . P. . Ericson . P.G.P. . Olsson . U. . Sundberg . P. . 2006 . Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 . 2 . 381–397 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015 . 16054402 .
  9. Web site: Gill . Frank . Frank Gill (ornithologist) . Donsker . David . Rasmussen . Pamela . Pamela Rasmussen . January 2022 . Bushtits, leaf warblers, reed warblers . IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 . International Ornithologists' Union . 7 June 2022 .
  10. Alström . P. . Rheindt . F.E. . Zhang . R. . Zhao . M. . Wang . J. . Zhu . X. . Gwee . C.Y. . Hao . Y. . Ohlson . J. . Jia . C. . Prawiradilaga . D.M. . Ericson . P.G.P. . Lei . F. . Olsson . U. . 2018 . Complete species-level phylogeny of the leaf warbler (Aves: Phylloscopidae) radiation . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 126 . 141–152 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.031. 29631054 . 4720300 .
  11. Ng. Nathaniel. S. R.. Prawiradilaga. Dewi. M.. Ng. Elize. Y. X.. Suparno. Ashari. Hidayat. Trainor. Colin. Verbelen. Philippe. Rheindt. Frank. E.. 2018 . A striking new species of leaf warbler from the Lesser Sundas as uncovered through morphology and genomics. Scientific Reports. 8. 1. 15646. 10.1038/s41598-018-34101-7. 30353148 . 6199301 . 2018NatSR...815646N . free.
  12. Web site: Species Updates – IOC World Bird List. 2021-05-28. en-US.
  13. Rheindt . F.E. . Prawiradilaga . D.M. . Ashari . H. . Suparno . Gwee . C.Y. . Lee . G.W.X. . Wu . M.Y. . Ng . N.S.R. . 2020 . A lost world in Wallacea: description of a montane archipelagic avifauna . Science . 367 . 6474 . 167–170 . 10.1126/science.aax2146. 31919216 . free . See supplement.
  14. Web site: Alpine Leaf Warbler - eBird. 2021-06-18. ebird.org. en.

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