Late Ottoman genocides explained

The late Ottoman genocides is a historiographical theory which sees the concurrent Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian genocides^[1] that occurred during the 1910s–1920s as parts of a single event rather than separate events, which were initiated by the Young Turks.^[2] Although some sources, including The Thirty-Year Genocide (2019) written by the historians Benny Morris and Dror Ze'evi, characterize this event as a genocide of Christians,^{[1] [3] [4]} others such as those written by the historians Dominik J. Schaller and contend that such an approach "ignores the Young Turks' massive violence against non-Christians", in particular against Muslim Kurds.^{[5] [6] [7]}

Overview

Dutch–Turkish historian, professor of Genocide studies, and sociologist Uğur Ümit Üngör explains that the mass violence and enslavement which occurred in the late Ottoman Empire and its successor state includes, but is not limited to, the Adana massacre; the persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction; the Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian genocides; the 1921 Koçgiri massacres; "the mass violence against Kurds from the 1925 Sheikh Said conflict to the 1938 Dersim massacre"; the 1934 Thrace pogroms, through the 1955 Istanbul pogrom against Greek and Armenian Christians.^[8] Other scholars sometimes also include the earlier Hamidian massacres of Christian Armenians in the 1890s or the deportations of Kurds between 1916 and 1934.^[9]

According to the journalist Thomas de Waal, there is a lack of a work similar to historian Timothy Snyder's Bloodlands (2010) that attempts to cover all of the mass violence in Anatolia and the Caucasus between 1914 and 1921. De Waal suggests that while "the [Armenian] genocide of 1915–1916 would stand out as the biggest atrocity of this period... [such a work] would also establish a context that would allow others to come to terms with what happened and why, and also pay homage to the many Muslims who died tragically in this era".^[10]

See also

• 1915 genocide in Diyarbekir

General and cited references

• Book: Roshwald . Aviel . Aviel Roshwald . 2013 . Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945 . https://books.google.com/books?id=IlNoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 . Breuilly . John . The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism . . . 220–241 . 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011 . 9780191750304.
• Smith . Roger W. . Spring 2015 . Introduction: The Ottoman Genocides of Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks . Genocide Studies International . . . 9 . 1 . 1–9 . 10.3138/GSI.9.1.01 . 2291-1855 . 26986011 . 154145301.
• Book: Üngör . Uğur Ümit . Uğur Ümit Üngör . 2012 . Disastrous Decade: Armenians and Kurds in the Young Turk Era, 1915–25 . Jongerden . Joost . Verheij . Jelle . Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915 . . . Islamic History and Civilization . 51 . 267–295 . 10.1163/9789004232273_010 . 978-90-04-23227-3 . 1380-6076 . 130614294.

Notes and References

1. News: Morris . Benny . Benny Morris . Ze'evi . Dror . Dror Ze'evi . 4 November 2021 . Then Came the Chance the Turks Have Been Waiting For: To Get Rid of Christians Once and for All . live . . . https://web.archive.org/web/20211104172307/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT.MAGAZINE-then-came-the-chance-the-turks-have-been-waiting-for-to-get-rid-of-christians-1.10354739 . 4 November 2021 . 5 November 2021.
2. Book: Shirinian. George N.. Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923. 2017. Berghahn Books. 978-1-78533-433-7. en.
3. Book: Morris . Benny . Ze'evi . Dror . 2019 . The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924 . . . 978-0-674-24008-7 . 3–5.
4. Gutman, David. 2019. The thirty year genocide: Turkey's destruction of its Christian minorities, 1894–1924. Turkish Studies. Routledge. 21. 1–3. 10.1080/14683849.2019.1644170. 201424062.
5. Schaller. Dominik J.. Zimmerer. Jürgen. 2008. Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies—introduction. Journal of Genocide Research. 10. 1. 7–14. 10.1080/14623520801950820. 71515470.
6. Book: Late Ottoman Genocides: The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies. 2013. Routledge. 978-1-317-99045-1. Schaller. Dominik J.. en. Zimmerer. Jürgen.
7. Book: Akçam, Taner . . Princeton University Press . 2011.
8. Üngör . Uğur Ümit . Uğur Ümit Üngör . June 2008 . Seeing like a nation-state: Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey, 1913–50 . . . . 10 . 1 . 15–39 . 10.1080/14623520701850278 . 1469-9494 . 260038904 . 71551858.
9. Deringil . Selim . Adjemian . Boris . Nichanian . Mikaël . 2018 . Mass Violence in the Late Ottoman Empire: A Discussion . Études Arméniennes Contemporaines . . 11 . 95–104 . 10.4000/eac.1803 . free . 2425-1682 . 165468004.
10. Book: de Waal, Thomas . Thomas de Waal . 2015 . Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide . . . 978-0-19-935069-8 . 254.