List of languages by time of extinction explained

An extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes extinct upon the death of its last native speaker, the terminal speaker. A language like Latin is not extinct in this sense, because it evolved into the modern Romance languages; it is impossible to state when Latin became extinct because there is a diachronic continuum (compare synchronic continuum) between ancestors Late Latin and Vulgar Latin on the one hand and descendants like Old French and Old Italian on the other; any cutoff date for distinguishing ancestor from descendant is arbitrary. For many languages which have become extinct in recent centuries, attestation of usage is datable in the historical record, and sometimes the terminal speaker is identifiable. In other cases, historians and historical linguists may infer an estimated date of extinction from other events in the history of the sprachraum.

List

21st century

Date	Language	Language family	Region		Notes
2 May 2023	Columbia-Moses language	Salishan	Washington (state), United States	Pauline Stensgar^[1]
5 October 2022	Mednyj Aleut	Mixed Aleut–Russian	Commander Islands, Russia	Gennady Yakovlev^[2]
16 February 2022	Yahgan	Isolated	Magallanes, Chile	Cristina Calderón^[3]
25 September 2021	Wukchumni dialect of Tule-Kaweah Yokuts	Yok-Utian (proposed)	California, United States	Marie Wilcox^[4]
27 August 2021	Yuchi	Isolated	Tennessee (formerly), Oklahoma, United States	Maxine Wildcat Barnett^[5]
7 March 2021			Kamchatka Krai, Russia	Vera Timoshenko^[6]
2 February 2021			Rondônia, Brazil	Aruka Juma^[7]
2 December 2020	Tuscarora	Iroquoian	North Carolina, United States	Kenneth Patterson^[8]
4 April 2020					Andaman Islands, India		Licho^[9]
23 March 2019		Arnhem	Northern Territory, Australia	C. W. Daniels^[10] ^[11]
4 January 2019			Patagonia, Argentina	Dora Manchado^[12] ^[13]
9 December 2016			North Dakota, United States	Edwin Benson^[14]
30 August 2016		Caddoan	Oklahoma, United States	Doris McLemore^[15]
29 July 2016			Queensland, Australia	Tommy George^[16]
11 February 2016			British Columbia, Canada	Alban Michael^[17]
4 January 2016			Washington, United States	Ellen Williams^[18] ^[19]
4 February 2014			Washington, United States	Hazel Sampson^[20] ^[21]
By 2014	Demushbo	Panoan	Amazon Basin, Brazil
By 2014	Sarghulami	Iranian	Badakhshan		^[22]
5 June 2013				Grizelda Kristiņa^[23]	Under a process of revival.^[24]
26 March 2013			California, United States	Archie Thompson^[25]	Under a process of revival.^[26]
By 2013	Sabüm		Perak, Malaysia		2013 extinction is based on ISO changing it from living to extinct in 2013
2 October 2012			Northern Scotland, United Kingdom	Bobby Hogg^[27]
11 July 2012			Oregon, United States	Gladys Thompson^[28]
10 March 2012			Alaska, United States	Wilson "Tiny" Deacon^[29]
			Queensland, Australia	Roy Hatfield^[30]
	Ngasa	Nilo-Saharan	Tanzania		Most speakers have shifted to Chaga
by 2012			Jakarta, Indonesia	Oma Mimi Abrahams^[31]
10 April 2011			Mato Grosso, Brazil	Pedrinho Kamassuri^[32]
2011				Brownie Doolan Perrurle^[33]
by 2011
24 October 2010			Taiwan	Pan Jin-yu^[34]
20 August 2010			Southern India	William Rozario
26 January 2010			Andaman Islands, India	Boa Sr.^[35]
November 2009			Andaman Islands, India	Ms. Boro^[36]
22 February 2009			Andaman Islands, India	Nao Jr.^[37]
2009			Queensland, Australia	Willie Seaton^[38]
by 2009			Queensland and New South Wales, Australia		^[39]
by 2009					^[40]
by 2009					^[41]
by 2009					^[42]
by 2009					^[43]
by 2009					^[44]
by 2009					https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200832/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=llk
by 2009					^[45]
by 2009			Australia
30 July 2008	Tübatulabal	Uto-Aztecan	California, United States	James Andreas	^[46]
after April 2008				Soma Devi Dura^[47]
24 February 2008			Oklahoma, United States	Alfred Chalepah Jr.
21 January 2008			Alaska, United States	Marie Smith Jones^[48]
Late 2000s	Ruga	Sino-Tibetan	East Garo Hills district		Most people who identify themselves as Ruga speak Garo.
2007					Under process of revival
10 August 2007			Montana, United States	Theresa Lamebull^[49] ^[50]
					^[51]
by 2007					^[52]
by 2007
11 July 2006			Oregon, United States	Madeline Brunoe McInturff^[53]
2006	Zire	Malayo-Polynesian	New Caledonia
2006	Ludza dialect of Estonian	Finnic	Latvia	Nikolājs Nikonovs^[54]
by 2006					^[55] Most speakers have shifted to Fula.
3 November 2005			Oklahoma, United States	Lucille Roubedeaux^[56]
2005				Bertha Bell^[57]
by 2005			Queensland, Australia	Urwunjin Roger Hart^[58]
by 2005					^[59]
20 September 2004		unclassified	Hunan, China	Yang Huanyi^[60] ^[61]
ca. 2004 (?)	Duli	Niger-Congo > Adamawa	Cameroon		^[62]
29 December 2003			Kola Peninsula, Russia	Marja Sergina^[63] ^[64]
22 November 2003			California, United States	Flora Jones^[65]
14 September 2003			Oregon, United States	Neva Eggsman^[66] ^[67]
September 2003			Northern Territory, Australia		^[68]
by 2003			Queensland, Australia
by 2003		Pama-Nyungan	Queensland, Australia		^[69]
by 2003			Queensland, Australia		^[70]
by 2003			Queensland, Australia		^[71]
by 2003	Makolkol	Unclassified	New Britain, Papua New Guinea		possible Papuan language
2003	Umotína	Macro-Jê	Mato Grosso, Brazil
4 November 2002	Serrano	Uto-Aztecan	California, United States	Dorothy Ramon	A revitalization process is happening.
31 August 2002			Delaware, United States	Edward Thompson^[72]
23 May 2002			Northern Territory, Australia	Big Bill Neidjie^[73]
c. 2001		Unclassified		Kagobai
by 2001					^[74]
			Mapia Atoll, Indonesia
	Cholón	Hibito–Cholon	Huallaga River Valley
	Lapachu	Arawakan	Apolobamba		It is possible there are still a few very old speakers.
	Poyanawa	Panoan	Acre, Brazil		12 speakers were reported in 1992.
By 2000	Central Pomo	Pomoan (Hokan?)	Northern California
By 2000	Maku language of Auari	Unclassified	Roraima, Brazil	Sinfrônio Magalhães (Kuluta)
2000s	Shiriana	Arawakan	Brazil

20th century

Date	Language or dialect	Language family	Region	Notes
20th-21st century (?)			Queensland, Australia	^[75]
20th-21st century (?)			Queensland, Australia
20th-21st century (?)			Queensland, Australia
20th-21st century (?)			Queensland, Australia
20th-21st century (?)				now being revived
20th-21st century	Southern Kayapó	Macro-Jê	Mato Grosso, Brazil	Hypothesized to be the ancestor of Panará.
late 20th century (?)			Australia
late 20th century (?)
late 20th century (?)				Speakers were relocated to Seram due to volcanic activity on Nila^[76]
late 20th century (?)				Speakers were relocated to Seram due to volcanic activity on Serua
late 20th century			Newfoundland, Canada	^[77]
late 20th century	Soyot	Turkic	Buryatia, Khövsgöl Province	Partly revitalized
late 20th century	Saraveca	Arawakan	Eastern lowlands Bolivia
From 1980 to 2000				Last known speaker Lino de la Rosa was alive in 1980
				with the death of Abegaz^[78] ^[79]
2000				with the death of Maurice Tabi^[80]
late 1990s				with the death of Victoria Huancho Icahuate
1999			Australia	with the death of Carmel Charles^[81]
by 1999			California, United States	^[82]
1998			County Wexford, Ireland
1998			Syria	with the death of Ibrahim Hanna^[83]
by 1998				^[84]
after or in 1997	Aribwatsa	Lower Markham languages	Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea	Exact date of extinction is unknown although it's believed to be in 2000. Most descendants have switched to the Bukawa language.
1997-98			Australia
January 1997			Chukotka Peninsula, Russia	with the death of Valentina Wye^[85]
1997	Guazacapán	Xincan	Santa Rosa, Guatemala
1997	Jumaytepeque	Xincan	By Volcán Jumaytepeque, Guatemala
ca. 1996 (?)	Malaryan	Dravidian	Kerala and Tamil Nadu, India	^[86]
16 December 1996			Oklahoma and Kansas, United States	with the death of Truman Washington Dailey^[87]
1996	Chiquimulilla	Xincan	Chiquimulilla, Guatemala	The last semi-speaker Julian de la Cruz died in 1996.
by 1996				^[88]
by 1996				^[89]
before 1996	Seru	Malayo-Polynesian	Sarawak, Malaysia	^[90]
5 November 1995				with the death of Bogon^[91]
6 August 1995			Western Australia	with the death of Algy Paterson^[92]
8 January 1995		Pomoan (Hokan?)	California, United States	with the death of Edna Campbell Guerrero
16 May 1994				with the death of Villiana Calac Hyde. A revitalization process is happening.
30 April 1994	Sakhalin Ainu	Ainu languages	Japan	with the death of Take Asai^[93]
13 July 1993			Maine, United States	with the death of Madeline Shay^[94] ^[95]
1993				^[96]
7 October 1992				with the death of Tevfik Esenç^[97]
23 February 1991	Roncalese (Erronkariko) dialect	Basque (language isolate)	Spain	with the death of Fidela Bernat^[98]
1991				^[99]
1991				^[100]
30 July 1990			California, United States	with the death of Laura Fish Somersal^[101]
1990			California, United States
Early 1990’s	Hermit	Malayo-Polynesian	Manus Province, Papua New Guinea	It has been mostly replaced by Seimat.
ca. 1990s				^[102]
ca. 1990s				^[103]
1990s			Australia	with the death of Morndi Munro^[104]
1990s?	Berti	Nilo-Saharan	Dafur and Kordofan, Sudan
20 September 1989			Sayan Mountains, Soviet Union	with the death of Klavdiya Plotnikova
March 1989				^[105]
ca. 1989				^[106]
1989			along the Mississippi River, United States
1989			Northern Territory, Australia	with the death of Madeline England^[107]
16 September 1988			California, United States	with the death of Medie Webster^[108]
1988				with the death of Jopi Mabinda^[109]
ca. 1987			Queensland, Australia	^[110]
ca. 1987
4 February 1987			California, United States	with the death of Roscinda Nolasquez^[111]
1987	Dyangadi	Pama-Nyungan	New South Wales, Australia	^[112]
1987				with the death of Alice Stevens
by 1987				^[113]
by 1987			Queensland, Australia	^[114]
ca. 1986
ca. 1986
April 1986			Australia	with the death of Jack Butler^[115]
1986				^[116]
1986				with the death of Wanhan
late 1980s to early 1990s	Cahuarano	Zaparoan	Along the Nanay River in Peru.
18 March 1984				with the death of Jean Bain^[117]
1984				^[118]
February 1983	Antrim Irish	Celtic	Ireland	with the death of Séamus Bhriain Mac Amhlaig^[119] ^[120]
ca. 1983			Northern Territory, Australia	^[121]
June 1982	Kansa	Siouan	Oklahoma, United States	with the death of Ralph Pepper
1982			Northern Territory, Australia	with the death of Martha Hart^[122]
by 1982			Western Australia	^[123]
by 1982			California, United States	^[124]
after 1981				^[125]
after 1981				^[126] ^[127]
after 1981			Northern Territory, Australia	^[128]
after 1981			Northern Territory, Australia	with the death of Butcher Knight
after 1981				^[129]
ca. 1981				^[130]
1 May 1981			Queensland, Australia	with the deaths of Ivy Nardoo of Boulia^[131]
1981	Warrungu	Pama-Nyungan	Queensland, Australia	with the death of Alf Palmer^[132] ^[133]
by 1981	Bina	Austronesian	Central Province (Papua New Guinea)
1980			Washington, United States	^[134]
1980			Australia
late 1970s - 1980s			Australia	last known speaker was Johnny Flinders
between 1971 and 1981				^[135]
1970s – 1980s
22 February 1979	Barranbinja	Pama-Nyungan	New South Wales, Australia	with the death of Emily Margaret Horneville
3 November 1977			southern France	with the death of Armand Lunel^[136]
24 August 1977			Queensland, Australia	with the death of Cherry O'Keefe^[137]
13 July 1977			Washington, United States	with the death of Sindick Jimmy
ca. 1977				With the death of Donald Craig.^[138]
ca. 1977			Cameroon	^[139]
between 1976 and 1999				^[140]
after 1976				^[141]
1975			central Siberia, Soviet Union	^[142]
before 1975				^[143]
27 December 1974			Isle of Man, British islands	with the death of Ned Maddrell. Now being revived as a second language^[144]
28 May 1974				with the death of Ángela Loij
1974				^[145]
before 1974				^[146]
after 1973	Môa Remo	Panoan	Along the Môa River of Amazonas, Peru	A word list was created in 1973.
By 1974	Dicamay Agta	Malayo-Polynesian	Luzon, Philippines	The Dicamay Agta were killed by Ilokano homesteaders sometime between 1957 and 1974.
9 October 1972			Oregon, United States	with the death of Minnie Scovell
5 February 1972			Oregon, United States	with the death of Martha Harney Johnson^[147]
1972			Queensland, Australia	with the death of Albert Bennett^[148]
after 1968	Paratio	Xukuruan	Pesqueira, Pernambuco, Brazil	It was spoken by a few people in Pesqueira in 1968. Loukotka (1968)
1968				with the death of Manfri Wood^[149]
before 1968
after 1965			southern Australia	with the death of Moonie Davis^[150]
24 July 1965			California, United States	with the death of Mary Yee^[151]
1965			Queensland, Australia	^[152]
ca. 1964			India	^[153]
10 August 1963			Oregon, United States	with the death of Hoxie Simmons
10 January 1963			Oregon, United States	with the death of Wolverton Orton
1963
after 1962	Xukuru	Xukuruan	Pernambuco and Paraíba, Brazil	Known from a wordlist and sketch from Geraldo Lapenda (1962).
1962			California, United States	with the death of Delia Prince^[154]
after 1961			Oklahoma, United States; Quebec, Canada
after 1961	Pankararú	unclassified	Pernambuco, Alagoas, Brazil	Only two people remembered the language in 1961.
after 1961	Xocó	unclassified	Sergipe, Alagoas, Brazil	Only a few people remembered the language in 1961 It is not clear if this is a single language.
1961	Northeastern Pomo	Pomoan(Hokan?)	California, United States
1960				with the death of Annie O'Hanlon^[155] ^[156]
1960			Oregon, United States	with the death of Mary Barrett Elliott. Last speaker of Lower Umpqua dialect was Billy Dick
1960s			Guerrero, Mexico	with the death of Juana Can.^[157]
1960s
1960s				^[158]
1960s				^[159]
16 April 1959			South Carolina, United States	with the death of Chief Sam Blue^[160]
22 September 1958			Oregon, United States	with the death of Fred Yelkes
1958		isolate (Hokan?)	California, United States
1958				^[161]
25 March 1957			Mississippi, United States	^[162] with the death of Nancy Raven.^[163] The Natchez people are attempting to revive this language.^[164]
1952-1956				^[165]
after 1955				^[166]
after 1954				^[167] ^[168]
1954			Oregon, United States	with the death of John B. Hudson
1954				with the death of James Nalig^[169]
1952			Massachusetts, United States	with the death of Katie West
1951			Oregon, United States	with the death of John Albert
ca. 1950				after World War II, due to extermination of most of its speakers in Nazi concentration camps.
1950	Kaniet	Malayo-Polynesian	Manus Province, Papua New Guinea	^[170]
ca. 1950s	Pijao	unclassified	Tolima Department, Colombia	^[171]
1950s
mid-20th century	Ventureño	Chumashan	California, United States
mid-20th century	Kawishana	Arawakan	Brazil	presumably extinct
mid-20th century	Basay	Austronesian	Taiwan
mid-20th century	Sidi	Bantu	Bantu	Kathiawar, India; also known as Habsi.
mid-20th century
mid-20th century	Southern Pame	Oto-Manguean	Southern Mexico
mid-20th century	Kipea	Macro-Gê	Eastern Brazil
mid-20th century	Dzubukua	Macro-Gê	Pernambuco, Brazil
mid-20th century	Tequiraca	Tequiraca–Canichana?	Loreto, Peru
around mid-20th century	Tubar	Uto-Aztecan	Northern Mexico
around mid-20th century?	Chico	Maiduan	Central California
after 1949	Kunza	unclassified	Atacama Desert, Chile/Peru
after 1949	Mikira	Cahuapanan	Loreto, Peru	A word list was made by Enrique Stanko Vráz in 1949.
6 December 1948			Louisiana, United States	with the death of Sesostrie Youchigant^[172]
after 1947				^[173]
3 March 1940			Vancouver Island, Canada	with the death of Joe Nimnim
28 January 1940			Louisiana, United States	with the death of Delphine Ducloux^[174]
ca. 1940
ca. 1940s			Washington, United States
ca. 1940s			County Kilkenny, Ireland
ca. 1940s	Kitanemuk	Uto-Aztecan	California, United States	with the deaths of Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, and Refugia Duran
22 May 1939			California, United States	with the death of Isabel Meadows^[175]
9 May 1939			Oregon, United States	with the death of Annie Miner Peterson^[176]
by or after 1939			Northwestern Italy
16 January 1937			Oregon, United States	with the death of Louis Kenoyer
1937			Oregon, United States	with the death of Laura Blackery Albertson^[177]
1936			South Australia, Australia	^[178]
8 January 1935			Louisiana, United States	with the death of Emma Jackson^[179]
1934			California, United States
1934				with the death of Trruúlmani
1934			Oregon, United States	with the death of Frances Johnson^[180]
1933			California, United States
between 1931 and 1951			Andaman Islands, India
between 1931 and 1951			Andaman Islands, India
between 1931 and 1951			Andaman Islands, India
after 1931			Oklahoma/Texas/New Mexico, United States
after 1931	Jaquirana Remo	Panoan	Amazonas, Brazil	A word list was made in 1931.
after 1931	Tuxinawa	Panoan	Acre, Brazil	A word list was made in 1931.
by 1931			Andaman Islands, India
by 1931			Andaman Islands, India
after 1930	Sensi	Panoan	right bank of Ucayali River, Peru	A word list was created by Günter Tessmann in 1930.
			California, United States
29 January 1930			California, United States	with the death of Ascencion Solorsano
			Oregon, United States
			Washington/Oregon, United States	with the death of Charles Cultee
			Washington/Oregon, United States
			New York, United States
			Washington/Oregon, United States
			Oklahoma, United States	with the death of Kai Kai^[181]
before 1930s			Washington, United States
by 1930			Northern Mexico
between 1920 and 1940				^[182]
25 December 1929				with the death of Ivaritji, now being revived
1928				Evolved into Turkish in 1928.
after 1927	Tarauacá Kashinawa	Panoan	Amazonas, Brazil	A word list was made in 1927.
after 1927	Blanco River Remo	Panoan	Loreto Province, Peru	A word list was made in 1927.
after 1925
1925 AD		Iranian		^[183]
January 1922			California, United States	with the death of Sally Noble^[184] ^[185]
after 1921				Chagtai is still studied in Uzbekistan and Turkey.^[186]
30 June 1921			California, United States	with the death of Juan José Fustero
by 1921			Andaman Islands, India
After 1920	Sinacantán	Xincan	Santa Rosa, Guatemala	A word list was created by Walther Lehmann in 1920.
ca. 1920
ca. 1920s				^[187]
ca. 1920s			California, United States
ca. 1920s				An offshoot survives as Garifuna.
around the 1920s		Macro-Jê
by 1920				^[188]
after 1917			Oaxaca, Mexico
15 June 1917			Southern California, United States	with the death of Rosario Cooper^[189]
25 March 1916		isolate (Hokan?)	California, United States	with the death of Ishi^[190]
1915			Oregon, United States
1910s	ǀXam] || Tuu || South Africa |||-| after 1908 || Siraya || Austronesian || southwestern Taiwan || ^[191] |-| 18 July 1908 || Mohegan-Pequot || Algic > Algonquian || southern New England, United States || with the death of Fidelia Fielding^[192] |-| 24 February 1905 || Tasmanian || unclassified || Tasmania, Australia || with the death of Fanny Cochrane Smith^[193] ^[194] |-|after 1906||Arazaire||Panoan||Cusco Province, Peru||A word list was done in 1906.|-|after 1904||Atsawaka||Panoan||Puno Province, Peru||There were 20 speakers in 1904.|-|after 1902||Dyirringany||Pama–Nyungan||New South Wales, Australia|||-| between 1900 and 1920 || Chinese Kyakala || Tungusic || Northeastern China ||^[195] |-| between 1900 and 1920 || Jangil || Ongan || Andaman Islands, India || ^[196] |-| ca. 1900 || Henniker Sign Language || Village sign ||New Hampshire, United States|||-|ca. 1900||Tongva language||Uto-Aztecan||Southern California, United States||A revitalization process is happening.|-|ca. 1900||Payagua language||Mataco–Guaicuru?||Alto Paraguay, Paraguay|||-| ca. 1900 || Moran || Sino-Tibetan || Assam, India || ^[197] |-| 1900|| Wulguru || Pama-Nyungan || Australia |||-| by 1900 || Classical Mandaic || Semitic || Iran; Iraq || ^[198] |-| by 1900 ||Piro Pueblo||Tanoan||New Mexico, United States|||-| 1900s AD ||Iazychie|||Indo-European||Halychyna, Bukovina, Zakarpattia||^[199] |-|early 20th century||Atakapa||isolate||Louisiana/Texas, United States|||-|early 20th century||Kamakã||Macro-Jê||Bahia, Brazil|||-| early 20th century || Jersey Dutch || Dutch-based creole || New Jersey, United States |||-| early 20th century || Kazukuru || Malayo-Polynesian || New Georgia, Solomon Islands |||-| early 20th century || Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin || Chinese/Russian-based contact language || |||-| early 20th century || Chaná || Charruan || Uruguay |||-|early 20th century||Marawán||Arawakan||Brazil|||-|early 20th century|East Leinster dialect, Irish|Celtic|Ireland|^[200] |-|early 20th century||Ingain||Macro-Jê||Santa Catarina, Brazil|||} 19th century Date Language Language family Region Notes 19th-20th century Yuri Ticuna-Yuri Along the Caquetá River. late 19th century Louisiana, United States late 19th century Purí Macro-Jê southeastern Brazil late 19th century Coroado Purí Macro-Jê southeastern Brazil late 19th century late 19th century later 19th century (?) Australia ^[201] May 1900 Chatham Island, New Zealand with the death of Hirawanu Tapu.^[202] ca. 1899 Oklahoma and Wyoming, United States^[203] by 1899 India by 1899 Waling Sino-Tibetan Nepal ^[204] 10 June 1898 Croatia with the death of Tuone Udaina.^[205] ^[206] after 1894 British Columbia, Canada after 1892 Queensland, Australia after 1886 Maritsauá Tupian Mato Grosso, Brazil Word list was made in 1884 during the Shingú river expedition. after 1886 Solteco Zapotec Oto-Manguean Oaxaca, Mexico after 1886 Mexico; Texas, United States after 1886 Mexico; Texas, United States after 1884 Oregon, United States after 1880 unclassified (Language isolate?) ca. 1880 Alderney, United Kingdom 1877 Aruá Arauan Brazil after 1871 Duit Chibcha Boyacá, Colombia One fragment analysed by scholar Ezequiel Uricoechea in 1871. 8 May 1876 Tasmania, Australia with the death of Truganini mid-1870s Wexford, Ireland ^[207] 21 February 1871 Siouan Virginia, United States with the death of Nikonha^[208] 1870 Washington (state), United States after 1867 ^[209] 1864 1862 with the death of Nicolaas Pyclas^[210] 1858 Texas, United States concurrent with the extermination of the tribe at the hands of Juan Cortina ca. 1857 26 December 1856 Delaware and Maryland, United States with the death of Lydia Clark^[211] 12 January 1855 Massachusetts, United States Nantucket Wampanoag disappeared with the death of Dorcas Honorable^[212] after 1853 Samaritan Semitic West Bank and the Gaza Strip, Palestinian territories Still used as a liturgical language^[213] 19 October 1853 California, United States with the death of Juana Maria^[214] after 1851 Wainumá-Mariaté Arawakan Amazonas, Colombia A word list was collected by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1851. after 1850 Hibito Hibito–Cholon Bobonaje River Valley There were 500 Speakers in 1850. ca. 1850 Northern Isles, United Kingdom with the death of Walter Sutherland^[215] ^[216] mid-19th century New York, United States mid-19th century Betoi Betoi-Saliban? Orinoco Llanos ca. 1850s central Siberia, Russia after or during 1840s Bororo of Cabaçal Macro-Jê languages Mato Grosso, Brazil ca. 1840s Sayan Mountains, Russia after 1839 1838 Virginia, United States with the death of Edith Turner after 1836 after 1835 Pali Indo-Aryan India; Myanmar ^[217] after 1833 isolate (Hokan?) California, United States after 1833 Cararí Arawakan Mucuim River, Amazonas, Brazil A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1833. after 1832 Charrúa Charruan languages Entre Ríos Province and Uruguay after 1832 Guenoa language Charruan languages Entre Ríos Province and Uruguay after 1832 Aroaqui Arawakan Lower Rio Negro Brazil A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1832. after 1832 Parawana Arawakan Lower Branco River Brazil A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1832. after 1831 Mepuri Arawakan Amazonas, Brazil A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1831. after 1831 Mainatari Arawakan Siapa River (Orinoco basin) Venezuela A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1831. 6 June 1829 Algic (disputed) Newfoundland, Canada with the death of Shanawdithit^[218] after 1828 Mexico after 1828 Nuevo León, Mexico 1821 California, United States 1820s-1830s Acroá Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil after 1819 Tasmania, Australia 10 April 1815 unclassified (Papuan) following the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora.^[219] after 1808 ca. 1803 ca. 1800 ^[220] ca. 1800 ca. 19th century central Siberia, Russia ca. 19th century ca. 19th century apparently only in scattered places since the 17th century;^[221] still in use as a liturgical language ca. 19th century ca. 19th century Martha's Vineyard Sign Language or isolate Maine, United States ca. 19th century 19th century Tunisia ^[222] 19th century Costa Rica ^[223] 19th century 19th century California, United States 19th century ^[224] 19th century early 19th century Yuman-Cochimi (Hokan?) Baja California, Mexico early 19th century central Siberia, Russia early 19th century early 19th century central Siberia, Russia 18th century Date Language Language family Region Notes late 18th century ^[225] late 18th century Maipure Arawakan Upper Orinoco region late 18th century Evolved into Belarusian, Ukrainian and Rusyn. after the late 1790s Chiriba Panoan Moxos Province, Bolivia All that was recorded of it was a list of seven words in the late 1790s. after 1794 Bolivia Magiana, an extinct Bolivia-Parana Arawakan language of Bolivia attested only with the wordlist in Palau, Mercedes and Blanca Saiz 1989 [1794]. after 1791 ^[226] after 1791 Connecticut/New York/New Jersey, United States ^[227] ca. 1790s eastern Virginia, United States ca. 1790s after 1788 New South Wales, Australia ^[228] after 1788 Otomaco Otomakoan Venezuelan Llanos Known from a wordlist by Father Gerónimo José de Luzena written in December of 1788. after 1788 Taparita Otomakoan Venezuelan Llanos Known from a wordlist by Father Gerónimo José de Luzena written in December of 1788. after 1788 New South Wales, Australia after 1788 New South Wales, Australia 26 December 1777 Cornwall, England with the death of Dolly Pentreath^[229] after 1770 after 1770 1770 north of Black Sea; Hungary with the death of István Varró^[230] ca. 1770s after 1763 Susquehannock Northeastern United States After the Conestoga massacre. 1760 Scotland, United Kingdom with the death of Margaret McMurray 3 October 1756 around the Elbe river, Poland/Germany with the death of Emerentz Schultze ca. 1730s central Siberia, Russia 18th Century Evolved into Azerbaijani. 18th century a dialect of Terêna 18th century 18th century Ireland and Scotland, United Kingdom The literary language. Fell out of use with the collapse of Gaelic society.^[231] 18th century Mexico; Texas, United States 18th century Massachusetts and Connecticut, United States 18th century Manao Arawakan Brazil 18th Century Contact pidgin Columbia Plateau, United States 18th century or earlier Chuvan Yukaghir Chuvan was spoken in Anadyr (river) basin of Chukotka in Russia. 18th century or earlier Omok Yukaghir Omok was spoken in Sakha and Magadan in Russia. early 18th century Florida, United States early 18th century 17th century Date Language Language family Region Notes between 17th and 19th century ^[232] late 17th to early 18th century Maybe 17th to 18th century Maybe 17th to 18th century by 1700 Delaware, United States ^[233] late 17th century after 1666 Kent, England Jackson, Peter Webster (2001). A Pictorial History of Deaf Britain. after 1643 New England, United States ^[234] after 1640 Yaio Cariban Trinidad and French Guiana Attested in a 1640 word list recorded by Joannes de Laet. ca. 1635 Manchuria, China ^[235] Evolved into Manchu. after 1618 North Carolina and Maryland, United States ^[236] after 1618 North Carolina, United States 17th century AD 17th century AD Crimea ^[237] 17th century AD 17th century AD ^[238] 17th century AD Cazcan Uto-Aztecan Mexico 17th century AD 17th century AD Maine, United States 17th century AD 16th century Date Language Language family Region Notes 16th-18th century ^[239] late 16th century Czech Republic late 16th century Quebec/Ontario, Canada after 1586 Palta unclassified Ecuador after 1548 1535 Cueva unclassified Chocoan? Darién Province, Panama The Cueva people were exterminated between 1510 and 1535 during Spanish colonization. after 1516 Mamluk-Kipchak Turkic Egypt and Syria ^[240] after 1502 Tangut Sino-Tibetan northwestern China; southern Mongolia 16th century Guanahatabey Unclassified Pinar del Río Province and Isla de la Juventud, Cuba 16th century Guanche unclassified, maybe Berber Canary Islands, Spain ^[241] 16th century Belmonte, Portugal 16th century ^[242] 16th century Aragonese is still spoken as a minority language in Spain. 16th century ^[243] 16th century Latvia 15th century Date Language Language family Region Notes After 1492 Judaeo-Aragonese Romance North Central Spain After the Alhambra Decree After 1492 Judaeo-Catalan Romance Eastern Spain After the Alhambra Decree 15th century AD ^[244] 15th century AD ^[245] 15th century AD Emerged in Anatolia late 11th century, and developed into early Ottoman Turkish. 15th century AD Old Nubian ^[246] Evolved into Nobiin. end of 15th century Mozarabic Romance Spain; Portugal ^[247] late 15th century Greenlandic Norse Germanic Greenland late 15th century Selonian Baltic Latvia Lithuania 14th century Date Language Language family Region Notes 14th century By the 9th or 10th centuries on the Danube and by the 14th century in the Volga region. It may have ultimately given rise to the Chuvash language, which is most closely related to it. 14th century Old Uyghur Turkic Central Asia, East Asia 14th century Khorezmian Turkic Turkic Central Asia Evolved into Chagatai. 14th century northern Poland; Russia 14th century northern France; west-central Germany 14th century northwestern Spain, northern Portugal Evolved into Galician, Portuguese, Eonavian and Fala. Some linguists argue that said languages could all still be considered modern varieties of Galician-Portuguese itself. 13th century Date Language Language family Region Notes 13th century Karakhanid Turkic Central Asia Evolved into Khorezmian Turkic. After 20 June 1244 with the death of Yelü Chucai^[248] 13th century 13th century ^[249] Evolved into Maltese. 11th and 12th centuries Date Language Language family Region Notes 12th century Pecheneg Turkic Eastern Europe 12th century 11th – 12th century England/Scotland, United Kingdom 11th – 12th century ^[250] between 1000 and 1300 AD ca. 1000 AD central Europe; northern Italy ca. 1000 AD Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia ca. 1000 AD Vladimir Oblast, Russia ca. 1000 AD ^[251] ca. 1000 AD ^[252] Evolved into Yaghnobi. 11th century still used as a liturgical language 10th century Date Language Language family Region Notes 10th – 12th century Turkey now only used as liturgical language^[253] 10th – 12th century West Bank, Palestine; Israel now only used as liturgical language^[254] 10th century 10th century ^[255] 10th century Saka Xinjiang, China Evolved into Wakhi. 10th century western Tibet (Central Asia) 9th century Date Language Language family Region Notes 9th century or later Scotland, United Kingdom after 840 Tarim Basin (Central Asia) 9th century Spain; Portugal; Italy With the exception of Crimean Gothic 8th century Date Language Language family Region Notes 8th century AD ^[256] Evolved into Udi. 8th century AD ^[257] 8th century AD Evolved into Old Uyghur. 7th century Date Language Language family Region Notes after 620 AD ^[258] ca. 600 ^[259] 7th century Unclassified 7th century Korea may be more than one language. 7th century 7th-10th century? Korea, China 6th century Date Language Language family Region Notes 6th century AD ^[260] 6th century AD ^[261] 6th century AD 6th century AD Gaul France, Belgium, Germany and elsewhere 6th century AD disputed 6th century AD Horn of Africa 6th century AD 5th century Date Language Language family Region Notes 5th – 6th century before 6th century northwestern Italy; southeastern France ^[262] after 453 ca. 400 AD ^[263] With the exception of Coptic. ca. 400 AD 5th century ^[264] Evolved into Ossetian. 5th century 5th century early 5th century 4th century Date Language Language family Region Notes 4th century AD Ḥismā Oasis ^[265] 4th century CE Evolved into Basque. 4th century CE 4th century CE Ethiopia still used as a liturgical language^[266] 4th century CE revived in the 1880s after 300 CE 3rd century Date Language Language family Region Notes after 274 AD extended to the Western Roman Empire as far as Britannia^[267] after 267 AD ^[268] 3rd century AD ^[269] 3rd century CE Rhaetic 3rd century CE ^[270] Qatabanian Afro-Asiatic Yemen 2nd century Date Language Language family Region Notes after 2nd century CE after 2nd century CE after 150 AD 150 AD ^[271] ca. 100 AD ^[272] ca. 100 AD ^[273] ca. 100 CE ^[274] 100 CE central Italy ^[275] ca. 2nd century CE central-eastern Spain ca. 2nd century CE northwestern Spain, northern Portugal 2nd century CE Portugal, southwestern Spain ca. 2nd century CE eastern Spain 2nd century CE ^[276] 1st century Date Language Language family Region Notes 50 BC ^[277] 1st – 2nd century CE Macedonia 1st – 2nd century CE Spain; France 1st century CE 1st century CE ^[278] Approximately 100 CE southern Italy 1st century CE northeastern Italy 1st century BCE Date Language Language family Region Notes 1st century BCE 1st century BCE 1st century BCE 1st century BCE Apulia, Italy 1st century BCE 1st century BCE central Italy 1st century BCE 1st century BCE 1st century BCE early 1st millennium BCE Crete, Greece 1st millennium BCE 2nd century BCE Date Language Language family Region Notes 100 BCE Vestinian Italic east-central Italy ^[279] ca. 150 BCE Faliscan Italic Tuscany/Latium, Italy ca. 100 BCE Minaean Afro-Asiatic Yemen 2nd century BCE 3rd century BCE Date Language Language family Region Notes 232 BC Ashokan Prakrit Indo-Aryan South Asia ^[280] ca. 3rd century BC Latium, east-central Italy ca. 3rd century BC ca. 3rd century BC ^[281] Evolved into Sinhala and Dhivehi. ca. 3rd century BC ^[282] ca. 3rd century BC ca. 3rd century BC ca. 200 BC ^[283] 4th century BCE Date Language Language family Region Notes early 4th century BCE 4th century BCE northeastern Greece ca. 300 BC ^[284] ca. 300 BCE Israel ca. 350 BCE Persia 5th century BCE Date Language Language family Region Notes after 5th century BCE Spain ^[285] 5th century BCE 5th century BCE ca. 400 BCE northern Italy second half of the 1st millennium BC ^[286] 6th century BCE Date Language Language family Region Notes second half of the 6th century BC ^[287] after 6th century BCE Lemnos, Greece ^[288] 6th century BCE 6th century BCE Armenia 7th century BCE Date Language Language family Region Notes 620-580 BC ^[289] ca. 600 BC ^[290] ca. 600 BCE Anatolia 8th century BCE Date Language Language family Region Notes after 800 BC ^[291] 2nd millennium BCE Date Language Language family Region Notes used as a literary and liturgical language until about 100 CE^[292] ca. 1900 BC ^[293] ca. 1500 BCE ca. 1450 BCE may have evolved into Eteocretan. ca. 1300 BCE ca. 1200 BC ^[294] ca. 1200 BCE Kalasmaic Kalasma ^[295] after 1170 BCE following the destruction of Ugarit ca. 1100 BCE ca. 1100 BCE Spoken around 2100 BCE ca. 1050 BCE may have evolved into Eteocypriot. ca. 1000 BCE Anatolia 3rd millennium BCE Date Language Language family Region Notes 3rd millennium BCE ^[296] Unknown date Date Language Language family Region Notes UNK Garachi Azerbaijan UNK Olmec language Unclassified, possibly Mixe-Zoque Mexico UNK Villa Viciosa Agta Malayo-Polynesian Villaviciosa, Abra Philippines unattested UNK Tuoba Mongolic or Turkic Northern China Spoken around the 5th century AD. UNK Tuyuhun Para-Mongolic Northern China Spoken around 500 AD UNK Xiongnu unknown Mongolia UNK Jie Yeniseian North China Possibly evolved into Pumpokol. UNK Ermiteño Chavacano Ermita, Manila, Philippines Spanish-based creole UNK Menién Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil UNK Malalí Macro-Jê Minas Gerais, Brazil UNK Masakará Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil UNK Kotoxó Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil UNK Koropó Macro-Jê Minas Gerais, Brazil UNK Kamurú Macro-Jê Eastern Brazil UNK Sabujá Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil UNK Mangaló Macro-Jê Bahia and Minas Gerais UNK Gueren Macro-Jê Minas Gerais, Brazil UNK Aravirá Macro-Jê Mato Grosso, Santa Cruz Nothing is known directly about this language. UNK Sorung Malayo-Polynesian Erromango UNK Waamwang Malayo-Polynesian Voh, New Caledonia UNK Pawishiana Cariban South America UNK Arakajú Cariban South America UNK Tiverikoto Cariban South America UNK Wajumará Cariban South America UNK Boanarí Cariban South America UNK Purukotó Cariban South America UNK Paravilyana Cariban South America UNK Sapará Cariban South America UNK Juma Cariban South America UNK Apingi Cariban South America UNK Yarumá Cariban South America UNK Opón Cariban Colombia UNK Pimenteira Cariban South America UNK Palmela Cariban South America UNK Amarizana Arawakan Meta Department, Colombia UNK Cabre Arawakan Colombia UNK Morique Arawakan Between the Ucayali River and Javari River UNK Aroã Arawakan Marajó UNK Pasé Arawakan Brazil UNK Yumana Arawakan Brazil UNK Wiriná Arawakan Brazil UNK Waraikú Arawakan Brazil UNK Western Jicaque Hokan? Honduras UNK Custenau Arawakan Mato Grosso, Brazil UNK Yabaâna Arawakan Brazil UNK Kariaí Arawakan Roraima, Brazil UNK Anauyá Arawakan Castaño Viejo River Amazonas, Venezuela UNK Jandiatuba Mayoruna Panoan Amazon basin, Brazil UNK Amazon Mayoruna Panoan Amazon basin, Brazil, Peru, and Colombia UNK Conambo Zaparoan North Eastern Peru near the Conambo River. Some consider Conambo to be a dialect of Záparo. UNK Aushiri Zaparoan Loreto, Peru UNK Maynas Cahuapanan? Loreto, Peru UNK Huetar Chibchan Alajuela, Costa Rica UNK Dorasque Chibchan Panama and Costa Rica UNK Voto Chibchan Costa Rica UNK Atanque Chibchan Cesar Department, Colombia UNK Nutabe Chibchan Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia UNK Old Catio Chibchan Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia UNK Arma Chocoan? Colombia Unattested UNK Sinúfana Chocoan? Colombia Poorly attested UNK Quimbaya unclassified Colombia Might not be a distinct language. See also Extinct language Language death Lists of endangered languages Lists of extinct languages References

Notes and References

1. News: Last Fluent Speaker of Nxamxcin Language Dies at 96 . The Spokesman . Spokane, Washington .
2. Web site: 2022-10-05. Last Native Speaker Of Aleut Language In Russia Dies. RadioFreeEurope.
3. Web site: S.A.P. El Mercurio. 2022-02-16. Fallece a los 93 años Cristina Calderón, la última hablante del idioma Yagán Emol.com. 2022-02-16. Emol. Spanish.
4. News: Seelye. Katharine Q.. 2021-10-06. Marie Wilcox, Who Saved Her Native Language From Extinction, Dies at 87. en-US. The New York Times. 2022-02-12. 0362-4331.
5. Web site: 13 April 2021 . 'Race against time': Pandemic propels fight to save Native American languages . 2021-04-13 . POLITICO . en.
6. News: Last Native Speaker Of Rare Dialect Dies In Russia. 2021-03-18. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 9 March 2021 . en.
7. Web site: International. Survival. 2021-03-10. Aruká Juma, Last Man of His Tribe, Is Dead. 2021-03-10. NY Times. en.
8. Web site: Dale. Anderson . Chief Kenneth Patterson, 93, leader in the Tuscarora Nation. 2021-03-19. The Buffalo News. 11 December 2020 . en.
9. Web site: International. Survival. 2020-06-01. The last speaker of the Sare language has died. 2020-06-28. Medium. en.
10. Web site: Preserving Indigenous languages . Monash Life . 27 October 2019 . Monash University . 12 August 2020.
11. Web site: Cherry Wulumirr Daniels laid to rest . Yugul Mangi Development Aboriginal Corporation . 24 April 2019 . 12 August 2020.
12. Web site: Daigneault . Anna . Museums of the mind: Why we should preserve endangered languages . Global Voices . 6 November 2019 . 23 November 2019.
13. Web site: Domingo . Javier . La imborrable obra de Dora Manchado: ¿la última guardiana de la lengua tehuelche? . Infobae . 30 January 2019 . 23 November 2019 . es.
14. Web site: Edwin Benson, last known fluent speaker of Mandan, passes away at 85. Joe Skurzewski. KFYR-TV . 10 December 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230923121726/https://www.kfyrtv.com/content/news/Edwin-Benson-last-known-fluent-speaker-of-Mandan-passes-away-at-85-405723515.html . Sep 23, 2023 .
15. Web site: Doris McLemore, Last Fluent Wichita Speaker, Walks On . Indian Country Media Network . Brian . Daffron . October 6, 2016 . en-US. 2017-05-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20170804054402/https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/native-news/doris-mclemore-last-fluent-wichita-speaker-walks-on/. 4 August 2017. dead.
16. Web site: A "Legend", Indigenous Australian Leader, Knowledge Holder Tommy George Passes On . Snowchange Cooperative . July 29, 2016 . en-US. 2017-05-24.
17. Web site: Jack Knox — A silenced tongue: the last Nuchatlaht speaker dies. Jack Knox. Times Colonist. 19 March 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210805114850/http://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/jack-knox-a-silenced-tongue-the-last-nuchatlaht-speaker-dies-1.2201517 . Aug 5, 2021 .
18. News: Lacitis. Erik . Last few Whulshootseed speakers spread the word. Seattle Times . 2012-09-15. 2005-02-08. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402184221/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/last-few-whulshootseed-speakers-spread-the-word/ . Apr 2, 2015.
19. News: Sweet Dorman. Lois . Lost in translation: a connection to the sacred. Seattle Times. 2012-09-15. 2005-06-21. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110512/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20050621&slug=snoqualmie21 . Apr 2, 2015.
20. News: Last native speaker of Klallam language dies in Washington state. Jonathan. Kaminsky. Reuters. 7 February 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230719232022/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-klallam-death-idUSBREA1605W20140207 . Jul 19, 2023 .
21. News: Last native Klallam speaker dies in Port Angeles . dead . https://archive.today/20140208121303/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/last-native-klallam-speaker-dies-in-port-angeles/2014/02/06/d8108c14-8f70-11e3-878e-d76656564a01_story.html . 8 February 2014 . The Washington Post.
22. Book: Kakar. Hasan Kawun. Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir 'Abd al-Rahman Khan. 2014. University of Texas Press. 9780292729001. 5.
23. News: Death of a language: last ever speaker of Livonian passes away aged 103. The Times. Charter. David.
24. Web site: Lībiešu valodas situācija. Valts. Ernštreits. Livones.net. 14 December 2011. lv. https://web.archive.org/web/20140202235047/http://www.livones.net/valoda/?raksts=8701. 2 February 2014. dead.
25. Romney, Lee. (2013, February 6). Revival of nearly extinct Yurok language is a success story. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 7, 2013
26. Web site: 2013-02-06. Revival of nearly extinct Yurok language is a success story. 2021-03-19. Los Angeles Times. en-US.
27. https://web.archive.org/web/20171009135239/https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-robert-bobby-hogg-engineer-and-last-speaker-of-the-cromarty-dialect-1-2576251 Obituary: Robert (Bobby) Hogg, engineer and last speaker of the Cromarty dialect
28. Web site: Last Fluent Speaker Of Oregon Tribal Language 'Kiksht' Dies. Foden-Vencil. Kristian. Oregon Public Broadcasting. en. 2017-05-23. 10 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191010153203/https://www.opb.org/news/article/last-fluent-speaker-oregon-tribal-language-kiksht-dies/. dead.
29. Web site: Alaska Native Language Loses Last Fluent Speaker - Indian Country Media Network. indiancountrymedianetwork.com. en-US. 2017-05-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20170608165037/https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/alaska-native-language-loses-last-fluent-speaker/. 8 June 2017. dead.
30. Web site: 2012-01-23 . ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3 . 29 October 2023 . ISO 639-3.
31. Web site: Dimas. Dimas. PUNAHNYA BAHASA KREOL PORTUGIS. LIPI. 10 May 2020. id. 8 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200808003934/http://ipsk.lipi.go.id/index.php/kolom-peneliti/kolom-kemasyarakatan-dan-kebudayaan/417-punahnya-bahasa-kreol-portugis. dead.
32. Web site: Falecimento - 12/10/2011 . Projeto de Documentação de Línguas Indígenas . 21 February 2018.
33. Web site: Another language faces sunset in dead centre. The Australian.
34. Web site: An Indian language recently went extinct. Why were we not told about it?. https://archive.today/20130218065930/http://www.write2kill.in/critiques/people/376.html. dead. 2013-02-18. write2kill.in - Select writings of Subir Ghosh.
35. News: Ancient Indian language dies out. 4 February 2010. news.bbc.co.uk.
36. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article100977.ece Andamanese tribes, languages die
37. Web site: Great Andamanese, Mixed. Ethnologue.
38. Book: I Am a Linguist. 978-9004192355. Dixon. R.M.W. 2010-12-10. BRILL .
39. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: zmu. 2015-03-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204449/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=zmu. 2016-03-04. dead.
40. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: avo. 2015-04-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20150413001317/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=avo. 2015-04-13. dead.
41. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: ait. 2015-04-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20150413001507/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=ait. 2015-04-13. dead.
42. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: kgm. 2015-04-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20150413004103/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=kgm. 2015-04-13. dead.
43. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: pth. 2015-01-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20150106045329/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=pth. 2015-01-06. dead.
44. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: laz. 2015-04-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205617/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=laz. 2016-03-04. dead.
45. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: ppu. archive.ethnologue.com. 2015-04-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081441/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=ppu. 2016-03-04. dead.
46. News: Tübatulabal. en. Ethnologue. 2018-05-09.
47. News: The last of Nepal's Dura speakers . . January 15, 2008.
48. John McWhorter,"No Tears For Dead Tongues"https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/21/language-death-english-tech-cx_jm_language_sp08_0221death.html, Forbes,2/21/2008 @ 6:00PM.
49. Web site: The Phraselator II . The American Magazine . 2013-05-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130807014623/http://american.com/archive/2007/october-10-07/the-phraselator-ii . 2013-08-07 . dead.
50. Mithun 336
51. Web site: Javindo. Ethnologue.
52. News: Hpon. Ethnologue.
53. Web site: Holy road: Speaker of Wasco language dead at 91 - Indian Country Media Network. indiancountrymedianetwork.com. en-US. 2017-05-24.
54. Web site: Ludzī kīļ : The Lutsi Language. lutsimaa.lv. 2020-12-25.
55. Web site: Roger. Blench. Mallam. Dendo. The Afro-Asiatic Languages. 7 July 2024. 14 November 2006.
56. Web site: Language Log.
57. http://www.rnw.org/archive/berbice-dutch-officially-extinct "Berbice Dutch officially extinct"
58. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: bpt. 2015-03-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131428/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=bpt. 2015-04-02. dead.
59. Book: Fortescue, Michael. 22 December 2011. Comparative Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dictionary. 1.
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61. News: Jon Watts . Jon Watts, The forbidden tongue, The Guardian 23 September 2005 . Guardian . 2005-09-22. 2012-10-03 . London.
62. Web site: List of Adamawa languages - Roger Blench. 2015-04-23. www.rogerblench.info.
63. Web site: Juicing and Blending Advice, Reviews, Guides and Recipes . 2014-02-06 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070411023150/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/nordisk_samekonvensjon.pdf . 2007-04-11 .
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66. Web site: Juillerat . Lee . Tribal elder who helped preserve language dies . Herald and News . 16 September 2003 . 14 August 2020.
67. 8 . 87–102 . Haynes . Erin F . Obstacles facing tribal language programs in Warm Springs, Klamath, and Grand Ronde . Coyote Papers . 2012-08-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100709092655/http://coyotepapers.sbs.arizona.edu/CPXIII/haynes.pdf . 2010-07-09.
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70. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: amz. https://archive.today/20150309234730/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=amz. dead. 2015-03-09.
71. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: umd. 2015-03-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122553/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=umd. 2015-04-02. dead.
72. Chambers, Steve. "The vanishing voice of the Lenape." Star-Ledger. 17 Nov 2002. Retrieved 8 Dec 2013.
73. Book: Neidjie , Bill . c. 1985. Kakadu man...Bill Neidjie. Stephen Davis. Allan Fox. Foreword by Clyde Holding. Queanbeyan, N.S.W.. Mybrood. 978-0-9589458-0-6.
74. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: ama. 2015-04-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205432/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=ama. 2016-03-04. dead.
75. Web site: Ethnologue report for Australia. 2015-03-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20140514112212/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_country.asp?name=AU. 2014-05-14. dead.
76. Toward a Better Understanding of the Indigenous Languages of Southwestern Maluku. Taber, Mark. 1993. Oceanic Linguistics. 32. 2. 389–441. JSTOR. 10.2307/3623199. 3623199.
77. Web site: Teagascóirí Gaeilge. Ireland Canada University Foundation.
78. Ahland, Michael Bryan. (2010). Language death in Mesmes. Dallas: SIL International and the University of Texas at Arlington.
79. Bustorf, Dirk. (2007). "Mäsmäs", in: Siegbert Uhlig (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 3: D-Ha, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 838-39.
80. Gray (2013), The Languages of Pentecost Island
81. Book: Charles, Mary . Winin - Why the Emu Cannot Fly . Magabala Books . 1993 . Broome, WA . 978-1-875641-07-9.
82. Web site: Ineseño. Ethnologue.
83. Web site: Mlahsö. Ethnologue.
84. Scholastic Book of Lists (2003)
85. Web site: Yupik, Sirenik. Ethnologue.
86. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: mjq. archive.ethnologue.com. 2016-06-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203923/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=mjq. 2016-03-04. dead.
87. Web site: On the Ioway Otoe-Missouria Language. iowayotoelang.nativeweb.org.
88. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: KTQ. https://web.archive.org/web/20011215132632/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=KTQ. 15 December 2001.
89. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: pmc. 2015-04-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205408/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=pmc. 2016-03-04. dead.
90. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: SZD. https://web.archive.org/web/20020128112151/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=SZD. 28 January 2002.
91. Book: David Crystal. Language Death. 29 April 2002. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-01271-3. 1.
92. Book: Dench, Alan . Alan Dench . 1994 . Martuthunira: A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia . Canberra . Pacific Linguistics.
93. Book: Piłsudski, Bronisław . The Collected Works of Bronisław Piłsudski . 3 . Trends in Linguistics Series . Bronisław Piłsudski . Alfred F. Majewicz . 2004 . Walter de Gruyter . 9783110176148 . 600 . 2012-05-22.
94. Web site: Penobscot . Native Languages of the Americas . October 25, 2011 .
95. Web site: Eastern Abnaki language . . October 25, 2011 .
96. “Dos lenguas que no quieren morir.” El Comercio. 22 Enero 2008. 13 Febrero 2008 http://www2.elcomercio.com/solo_texto_search.asp?id_noticia=107499&anio=2008&mes=1&dia=22 .
97. Book: E. F. K. Koerner. First Person Singular III: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences. 1 January 1998. John Benjamins Publishing. 978-90-272-4576-2. 33.
98. Artola. Koldo. Fidela Bernat anderea, euskal hiztun erronkariarra (eta II). Fontes Linguae Vasconum: Studia et Documenta. 2000. 32. 487–512. 10.35462/flv85.7 . 2014-02-21.
99. Web site: Panobo. Ethnologue.
100. Web site: Ullatan. Ethnologue. 2024-07-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20080208181816/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ull. 2008-02-08. dead.
101. Book: Thompson. Sandra A.. Park. Joseph Sung-Yul. Li. Charles N.. A Reference Grammar of Wappo. 2006. University of California Press. 978-0-520-09854-1 .
102. Web site: Kayeli. Ethnologue.
103. Web site: Taman. Ethnologue. 2024-06-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20111217190012/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tcl. 2011-12-17. dead. Reportedly the last speaker of Taman died in the 1990s..
104. Book: Munro, Morndi . 1996 . Emerarra: a man from Merarra . Broome . Magabala Books.
105. Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188
106. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: huw. 2015-04-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205343/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=huw. 2016-03-04. dead.
107. Web site: Kungarakany. Ethnologue.
108. News: Hillinger. Charles. Indian Woman Is Last Word on Language of the Atsugewi. Los Angeles Times. 2012-10-28. 1988-08-23.
109. News: --Xegwi. Ethnologue.
110. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: bym. 2015-03-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20140226075234/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=bym. 2014-02-26. dead.
111. 9. 1. 3. Brigandi. P.. Roscinda Nolasquez Remembered. The Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 2009.
112. Web site: Dyangadi. 2015-04-16.
113. Web site: Basa-Gumna. Ethnologue.
114. Web site: Ethnologue 14 report for language code:YUB. 2015-04-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20150411002552/http://archive.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=YUB. 2015-04-11. dead.
115. Web site: School of Languages and Linguistics. Arts Webmaster, School of Languages and Linguistics. 2019-08-16.
116. Web site: Mangala. Ethnologue.
117. Web site: Gaelic in the North East . University of Aberdeen. 14 November 2019.
118. Web site: Yavitero. Ethnologue.
119. Web site: Language Feis na nGleann. feisnangleann.com. en-US. 2017-05-24.
120. News: Lament For Seamus 'Bhriain' Mac Amhlaigh. 2006-02-12. Glens Of Antrim Historical Society. 2017-05-24. en-GB.
121. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: jng. 2015-03-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202821/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=jng. 2016-03-04. dead.
122. Web site: Endangered Languages Project - Dagoman. Endangered Languages. 2015-04-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402161933/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/6658. 2015-04-02. dead.
123. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: dyd. 2015-03-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093500/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=dyd. 2015-04-02. dead.
124. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: ktw. 2015-04-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20150412234900/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=ktw. 2015-04-12. dead.
125. Web site: Ethnologue 14 report for language code:DIT. 2015-04-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20150411002307/http://archive.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=DIT. 2015-04-11. dead.
126. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: dyb. 2015-03-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115554/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=dyb. 2015-04-02. dead.
127. Web site: Ethnologue 14 report for Australia. 2015-04-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20150410233204/http://archive.ethnologue.com/14/show_country.asp?name=Australia. 2015-04-10. dead.
128. Web site: Ethnologue 14 report for language code:ERR. 2015-04-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20150410231754/http://archive.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=ERR. 2015-04-10. dead.
129. Web site: Ethnologue 14 report for language code:YWW. 2015-04-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20150410235640/http://archive.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=YWW. 2015-04-10. dead.
130. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: tmg. 2015-04-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205504/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=tmg. 2016-03-04. dead.
131. Book: Robert M. W. Dixon & Barry J. Blake . 1979 . Handbook of Australian Languages . 1 . . 978-90-272-0512-4 . Pitta-Pitta . Barry J. Blake . 183–242 . https://books.google.com/books?id=xWdIU6sHiRoC&pg=PA183.
132. Web site: Language revitalization: revival of Warrungu (Australia) and maintenance of Maori (New Zealand). https://web.archive.org/web/20181010072711/http://www.sgu.ac.jp/com/ksasaki/kaken/essay/essay-tsn.htm. 10 October 2018. dead.
133. Web site: Arita . Eriko . Tokyo prof strives to rescue an Aboriginal language from oblivion . The Japan Times . 17 January 2010 . 14 November 2019.
134. Web site: Twana. Ethnologue.
135. Web site: Kwadi. Ethnologue.
136. Web site: Shuadit. Ethnologue.
137. Book: Breen, Gavan . 1981 . The Mayi languages of the Queensland Gulf Country . Canberra . AIAS . 0-85575-124-X . 13.
138. Broderick. George. 2018. The Arran Place-Name Survey: 1974–1975. The Journal of Scottish Name Studies. University of Mannheim. 12. 4. The reputedly last native speaker of Arran Gaelic, Donald Craig (1899–1977).... 13 June 2024.
139. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: ngv. archive.ethnologue.com. 2015-04-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203648/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=ngv. 2016-03-04. dead.
140. Web site: Kw'adza. Ethnologue.
141. Web site: Muskum. Ethnologue.
142. Vajda, Edward J. Loanwords in Ket; in: Haspelmath, Martin & Uri Tadmor (eds.). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook, p. 471. (in press)
143. Web site: Homa. Ethnologue.
144. Web site: Manx. Ethnologue.
145. Web site: Moksela. Ethnologue.
146. Web site: Cacaopera. Ethnologue.
147. Book: Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and ... - Google Books. 9783110134179. Wurm. Stephen A.. Mühlhäusler. Peter. Tryon. Darrell T.. 1996. Mouton de Gruyter .
148. Book: Searching for Aboriginal Languages. 9781108025041. Dixon. R. M. W.. Dixon. Robert Malcolm Ward. 2011-02-17. Cambridge University Press .
149. Book: Kenrick, Donald. The A to Z of the Gypsies (Romanies). 2010. Scarecrow Press. 9780810875616. Toronto. 289.
150. Web site: Rawlings . Alex . The man bringing dead languages back to life . BBC Future . BBC . 14 November 2019.
151. Ernestine Ygnacio-De Soto, illustrated by Mary Yee, The Sugar Bear Story (Paperback): Introduction.
152. Web site: Wakawaka. Ethnologue.
153. Web site: ISO 639-3 request . 2008-08-19.
154. Book: Remedies for a New West. 9780816525997. Limerick. Patricia Nelson. Cowell. Andrew. Collinge. Sharon K.. 2009. University of Arizona Press .
155. News: Ardaghy school is making great strides - Independent.ie. Independent.ie. 2017-05-24. en.
156. Web site: Annie O Hanlon. The last native Irish speaker in Louth. She died in 1957. • r/IrishHistory. reddit. 21 August 2013. en. 2017-05-24.
157. Book: Escalante Hernández, Roberto. El cuitlateco. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. 1962. México, D.F..
158. Web site: Pirlatapa. Ethnologue.
159. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: tvy. 2015-04-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205116/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=tvy. 2016-03-04. dead.
160. Web site: Catawba. Ethnologue.
161. Web site: Omurano. Ethnologue.
162. Web site: Natchez. Ethnologue.
163. Kimball. G. . 2013. The Woman Who Was a Fox: The Structure of a Natchez Oral Narrative. International Journal of American Linguistics. 79. 3. 421–437. 670925. 10.1086/670925. 144512594 .
164. News: Smith. Diane. University helps Native Americans save languages: Project aims to increase field linguists.. Seattle Times Newspaper. 2013-06-02. 2011-06-15.
165. Web site: Media Services - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2018-11-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20091111101047/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D44605%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html. 2009-11-11. dead.
166. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: wsv. 2015-04-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112931/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=wsv. 2015-04-02. dead.
167. Web site: Tay Boi. Ethnologue.
168. Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188.
169. Web site: Ifo. Ethnologue.
170. Web site: Kaniet. Ethnologue.
171. News: Pijao. Ethnologue.
172. Tunica Texts, Mary R. Haas, 1950, University of California Press
173. Ullendorff, Edward. The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People, Second Edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 131.
174. Book: Handbook of North American Indians, V. 14, Southeast. Government Printing Office . 9780160876165.
175. Web site: Historic Monterey: Photo Gallery - Isabel Meadows . City of Monterey . 2009 . 2011-11-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120205144612/http://www.historicmonterey.org/gallery/isabel_meadows.html . 2012-02-05 .
176. Book: Seaburg, William R. . Pamela T. Amoss . Badger and Coyote were Neighbors: Melville Jacobs on Northwest Indian Myths and Tails . . 6–26.
177. Book: Marianne Mithun. The Languages of Native North America. 9 November 2012. 7 June 2001. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-29875-9. 431–.
178. Web site: Narungga. Ethnologue.
179. Einaudi 1976, pp. 1–3
180. News: Pair breathe life into dead language . Paris Achen . . Jan 11, 2008 . 22 April 2012.
181. https://web.archive.org/web/20080310001009/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,743877,00.html "Science: Last of the Kitsai."
182. Web site: Ajawa. Ethnologue.
183. Book: Dagikhudo. Dagiev. Carole. Faucher. 2018. Identity, History and Trans-Nationality in Central Asia . Andreev explains that 100 years ago there was an ancient Vanji language used by people of Vanj valley. He then provides as example that in 1925, when travelling to Vanj Valley, him and his travel companion met an old man who told that, when he was 11 years old, he was speaking Vanji language. Unfortunately, the old man could remember only 20-30 words, but even then, he was not sure if they were all correct..
184. Book: Luthin, Herbert . Surviving through the Days . University of California Press . Berkeley . 2002 . 978-0-520-22270-0 .
185. Book: Kathryn Klar. Margaret Langdon. Shirley Silver. American Indian and Indoeuropean Studies: Papers in Honor of Madison S. Beeler. 30 November 2011. Walter de Gruyter. 978-3-11-080868-1. 14–.
186. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: chg. https://archive.today/20150423010002/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=chg. dead. 2015-04-23. archive.ethnologue.com. 2015-04-23.
187. Web site: mutual-intelligibility-among-the-turkic.pdf . 2024-04-08 . This lect is the descendant of the Fergana Kipchak language that went extinct in the late 1920's..
188. Campbell 1997:166
189. Klar. Kathryn. Winter 1991. Precious Beyond the Power of Money to Buy: John P. Harrington's Fieldwork with Rosario Cooper. Anthropological Linguistics. 33. 4. 379–391. 30028218.
190. Parkvall, Mikael. 2006. Limits of Language, London: Battlebridge; p. 51.
191. Web site: Siraya. Ethnologue.
192. Fawcett, Melissa Jayne. Medicine Trail: The Life and Lessons of Gladys Tantaquidgeon
193. Book: http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A110661b.htm . Fanny Cochrane Smith . 30 June 2010 . . Smith, Fanny Cochrane (1834–1905) .
194. Web site: Fanny Cochrane Smith . 30 June 2010 . She is probably best known for her cylinder recordings of Aboriginal songs, recorded in 1899, which are the only audio recordings of an indigenous Tasmanian language. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100719153158/http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/cdd/women/leadership/significant_tasmanian_women/significant_tasmanian_women_-_research_listing/fanny_cochrane_smith . 19 July 2010 .
195. Web site: UNESCO RED BOOK ON ENDANGERED LANGUAGES: NORTHEAST ASIA. https://archive.today/20120805141127/http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/nasia_report.html. dead. 5 August 2012. 2024-07-08. Present state of the language: EXTINCT probably in the early 20th century, no exact date available.
196. Web site: The Jangil (Rutland Jarawa). https://web.archive.org/web/20130520161055/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#jangil. dead. 2013-05-20. www.andaman.org.
197. Gurdon . P.R.T . The Morāns . Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal . 1903 . 72 . 1 . 36.
198. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: myz. 2015-04-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20150528200434/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=myz. 2015-05-28. dead.
199. Book: Magocsi, Paul R.. With their backs to the mountains: a history of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns. 2015. Central European University Press. 978-963-386-107-3. Budapest. 929239528.
200. Web site: Dublin Irish: When was Dublin Irish last spoken - and where?. Linn. Dubh. 2014-07-18. Dublin Irish. 2018-09-02.
201. Web site: Mbara. https://web.archive.org/web/20150107042023/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/reference-entries/28811400/mbara. dead. 2015-01-07.
202. Web site: Archived copy . 2013-04-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160122172222/http://www.moriori.co.nz/_w/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/HIRAWANU-TAPU-PEACE-SCHOLARSHIP.pdf . 2016-01-22 . dead .
203. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: nwa. 2015-04-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20150412173658/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=nwa. 2015-04-12. dead.
204. Web site: Waling. 2015-04-22.
205. Book: Roegiest , Eugeen . Vers les sources des langues romanes: un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania . ACCO . 2006 . fr . 138 . 978-90-334-6094-4 .
206. Book: Brahms , William B. . Notable Last Facts: A Compendium of Endings, Conclusions, Terminations and Final Events throughout History . Reference Desk Press . 2005 . Original from the University of Michigan . 183 . 978-0-9765325-0-7 .
207. Web site: tinet.ie.
208. Horatio Hale, "Tutelo Tribe and Language", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 21, no. 114 (1883), 9-11.
209. Ethnologue has mixed this up with Carapana-tapuya. The languages clearly belong to different families.
210. Web site: Archived copy . 2013-04-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131013105134/http://www.namaruba.org/_media/first-inhabitants.pdf . 2013-10-13 . dead .
211. http://members.tripod.com/~imblackeagle/ "History"
212. Web site: Historic Nantucket Magazine.
213. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: smp. archive.ethnologue.com. 2015-04-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090104/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=smp. 2016-03-04. dead.
214. Munro . P. . W. L. . Halvorson . G. J. . Maender . 1994 . Takic foundations of Nicoleño vocabulary . Fourth Multidisciplinary Channel Islands Symposium . 659–668 . 17 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181019171958/http://www.mednscience.org/sites/default/files/products/Munroe_Foundations_Nicoleno_Vocabulary.pdf . 19 October 2018 . dead .
215. North-western European language evolution: NOWELE, vols. 50-51 (Odense University Press, 2007), p. 240
216. Web site: Area Guide Unst.
217. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: pli. archive.ethnologue.com. 2015-04-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205105/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=pli. 2016-03-04. dead.
218. Web site: Biography: Shanawdithit . Discovery Collegiate High School Bonavista, Newfoundland . K-12 school Web pages in Newfoundland and Labrador. . 2009-10-03 . 30 December 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081230084014/http://www.k12.nf.ca/discovery/curriculum/english/nl-biographies/nfld/shanawdithit.htm . dead .
219. Parkvall, Mikael. 2006. Limits of Language, London: Battlebridge; p. 52.
220. Web site: Krevinian. https://web.archive.org/web/20120926150707/http://multitree.org/codes/zkv.html. dead. LINGUIST List. 26 September 2012. 2024-06-07. Material from 15th-19th centuries AD..
221. The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, "When did Coptic become extinct?" in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87. In the village of Pi-Solsel (Az-Zayniyyah, El Zenya or Al Zeniya north of Luxor), passive speakers were recorded as late as the 1930s, and traces of traditional vernacular Coptic reported to exist in other places such as Abydos and Dendera, see Werner Vycichl, Pi-Solsel, ein Dorf mit koptischer Überlieferung in: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, (MDAIK) vol. 6, 1936, pp. 169–175 (in German).
222. Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 125.
223. Web site: - Ethnologue. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20071223163718/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cjr. 2007-12-23.
224. Web site: - Ethnologue.
225. Web site: - Ethnologue.
226. Web site: School of Oriental and African Studies and NSW Department of Aboriginal Affairs . The notebooks of William Dawes . 21 September 2010 .
227. Web site: McLaughlin . John . March 15, 2008 . ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3 .
228. Warren Christopher . Smallpox at Sydney Cove – Who, When, Why . Journal of Australian Studies . 38 . 68–86 . 2013 . 10.1080/14443058.2013.849750. 143644513 .
229. Ken George, "Cornish", and George & Broderick, "The Revived Languages: Cornish and Manx", in Ball & Müller, eds., 2009, The Celtic Languages, 2nd edition
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230. Book: Melnyk, Mykola . 2022 . Byzantium and the Pechenegs . István Varró, a member of the Jász-Cuman mission to the empress of Austria Maria Theresa and the known last speaker of the Cuman language, died in 1770..
231. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: ghc. 2015-03-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141443/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=ghc. 2015-04-02. dead.
232. Web site: - Ethnologue.
233. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: dep. https://archive.today/20150409143622/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=dep. dead. 2015-04-09.
234. Book: Williams, Roger . A key into the language of America . 1827 . John Miller . Providence . 110 . 2008-12-11. Reprint of a book first published in 1643.
235. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: juc. 2015-04-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023117/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=juc. 2016-03-05. dead.
236. Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
237. Abdurrazak Peler . Gökçe Yükselen . 2015 . Tarihte Türk – Ermeni Temasları Sonucunda Ortaya Çıkmış Bir Halk: Ermeni Kıpçakları veya Gregoryan K . A People Emerged as A Result of Historical Turkic – Armenian Contact: The Armeno-Kipchaks or Gregorian Kipchaks . Journal of Turkish Studies . tr . 10 . 8 . 253 . 10.7827/turkishstudies.8215 . free.
238. Web site: Icelandic Basque pidgin. Jose Ignatio. Hualde. 13 June 2024. ...translation of two manuscripts written in Iceland in the seventeenth century. Since the contact situation was interrupted in the first part of the eighteenth century and was of intermittent nature, the contact pidgin probably never developed much further than the stage recorded in the manuscripts..
239. Book: Borjian, Habib. 2008. The Extinct Language of Gurgān: Its Sources and Origins. 681. Hence, Gurgani must have died out sometime after the fifteenth but certainly before the nineteenth century.
240. Web site: STATUS OF THE KYPCHAK LANGUAGE IN MAMLUK EGYPT: LANGUAGE - BARRIER OR LANGUAGE - CONTACT?. Gulnar Nadirova Logo. 25 April 2024. Even towards the end of the Mamluk period, during the reign of the last sultan al-Ghawri (1501-1516), the Mamluk, called Asanbay min Sudun, copied the religious Hanbali tract of Abu al-Layth in Kypchak language for the royal library..
241. Web site: Guanche. Ethnologue. 2009-07-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20080927222506/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gnc. 2008-09-27. dead.
242. Book: Waldman. Carl. Mason. Catherine. 2006. Encyclopedia of European Peoples. 521.
243. Web site: A HISTORY OF THE PRONOMINAL DECLENSION IN THE NOVGOROD DIALECT OF OLD RUSSIAN FROM THE ELEVENTH-CENTURY TO THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY.. . 2024-04-09. the 11th century, to the end of the 15th century.
244. Book: Loporcaro, Michele. Vowel Length from Latin to Romance. Oxford University Press. Became extinct between 1920 and 1940.. 47. 2015.
245. Web site: Yassic . https://archive.today/20141223133610/http://multitree.org/codes/ysc . dead . . 23 December 2014 . 18 May 2024 . 15th century AD?.
246. Web site: Old Nubian. https://archive.today/20150218185116/http://multitree.org/codes/onw. LINGUIST List. dead. 18 February 2015. 8 July 2024. 8th - 15th centuries AD..
247. Web site: Mozarabic:General overview. 2010-03-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20141207004254/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Mozarabic/Mozarabic.htm. 2014-12-07. dead.
248. Book: Kane, Daniel . Daniel Kane (linguist) . The Kitan Language and Script . 2009 . Brill . 978-90-04-16829-9 . 4 .
249. Web site: ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code . 19 April 2024 . Siculo Arabic is the term used for the variety (or varieties) of Arabic spoken in Sicily under the Arabs and then the Normans from the 9th to 13th centuries..
250. Web site: Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. Ethnologue.
251. Web site: iso639-3/psu. 2024-06-29. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries AD....
252. Web site: Sogdian . https://archive.today/20150313064911/http://multitree.org/codes/sog . dead . 13 March 2015 . 24 April 2024 . 100 BC - 1000 AD..
253. Web site: Syriac. Ethnologue.
254. Web site: Samaritan Aramaic. Ethnologue.
255. Web site: Paisaci Prakrit. https://web.archive.org/web/20190606202244/http://www.multitree.org/codes/qpp.html. dead. 6 June 2019. LINGUIST List. 2024-06-29. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries AD, though it was probably spoken as early as the 5th century BC..
256. Web site: Aghwan . https://archive.today/20141226234101/http://multitree.org/codes/xag . dead . 26 December 2014 . 24 April 2024 . 6th-8th Centuries AD..
257. Book: Charles-Edwards, Thomas. Thomas Charles-Edwards. 29 November 2012. Wales and the Britons, 350-1064. Oxford University Press. 75. 978-0198217312.
258. 7 May 2020. Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West. the Khüis Tolgoi inscription must have been erected between 604 and 620 AD.. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/ehs.2020.18. Savelyev. Alexander. Jeong. Choongwon. 2. 35663512. 7612788.
259. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: ave. 2015-04-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072321/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=ave. 2016-03-04. dead.
260. Book: Eric. Cooper. Michael J.. Decker. 2012. 14. Life And Society In Byzantine Cappadocia. The echoes of native Cappadocian could be heard into the sixth century and perhaps beyond..
261. Book: Lockwood. William. William Burley Lockwood. 1972. A Panorama of Indo-European Languages. Hutchinson. 0091110211.
262. Haarman, Harald, Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen (Munich: Beck, 2002), p. 125
263. Web site: Hieroglyphics Cracked 1,000 Years Earlier Than Thought. 2004-10-07. 16 June 2024. ScienceDaily. Following the Roman invasion of Egypt in 30 BC the use of hieroglyphics began to die out with the last known writing in the fifth century AD..
264. Web site: Alanic . https://archive.today/20150121144645/http://multitree.org/codes/xln. dead. 21 January 2015. LINGUIST List. 27 May 2024. 5th century AD..
265. Web site: Hismaic . 2024-05-10. i.e. first century BC to fourth century AD.
266. Book: O'Leary, De Lacy Evans . De Lacy Evans O'Leary. 2000 . Comparative grammar of the Semitic languages . Routledge . 23.
267. Web site: THE ARABIC WORDS IN PALMYRENE INSCRIPTIONS . 11 May 2024 . The earliest dated Palmyrene inscription is from the year 44 BC and the latest discovery has been dated to the year 274 AD.. ResearchGate.
268. Web site: Al-Jallad. 2018. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification . 2024-05-10. These inscriptions are concentrated in northwest Arabia, and one occurs alongside a Nabataean tomb inscription dated to the year 267 CE. . . Al-Jallad . Ahmad .
269. Web site: KHAROSTHI MANUSCRIPTS: A WINDOW ON GANDHARAN BUDDHISM. 2024-05-13. ... the Kharosthi script was used as a literary medium, that is, from the time of Asoka in the middle of the third century B.C. until about the third century A.D..
270. Web site: Al-Jallad. 2020. The month ʾdr in Safaitic and the status of spirantization in "Arabian" Aramaic. Academia.edu. 2024-04-29. A minority of dated texts suggest that the practice of carving Safaitic inscriptions spanned at least from the second century BCE to the third century CE. . Al-Jallad . Ahmad .
271. Web site: Marsian. https://archive.today/20150414071542/http://multitree.org/codes/ims. dead. 14 April 2015. LINGUIST List. 13 June 2024. 300-150 BC..
272. Web site: Armazic - MultiTree. https://web.archive.org/web/20191212015126/http://multitree.org/codes/xrm . dead . 12 December 2019 . . 2024-04-16. 1st-2nd centuries AD. .
273. Web site: Hasaitic . 2024-05-10. They are thought to date from the first two centuries AD..
274. Web site: Linguist List - Description of Akkadian . 14 July 2009 . 25 December 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091225003429/http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=akk . dead .
275. Web site: Etruskisch - MultiTree. https://web.archive.org/web/20190129182044/http://multitree.org/codes/ett. dead. 29 January 2019. LINGUIST List. 9 April 2024. 7th century BC - 100 AD..
276. Web site: Neo-Phrygian . https://web.archive.org/web/20110811095331/http://multitree.org/codes/xpg . dead . 11 August 2011 . 2024-04-15 .
277. Web site: Cisalpine Gaulish. https://archive.today/20140302063338/http://multitree.org/codes/xcg. dead. LINGUIST List. 2 March 2014. 13 June 2024. ca. 150-50 BC.
278. Web site: Median . https://web.archive.org/web/20190412115558/http://multitree.org/codes/xme . dead . 12 April 2019 . 2024-03-13 .
279. Web site: Vestinian . https://archive.today/20150309165333/http://multitree.org/codes/xvs . dead . 9 March 2015 . 2024-01-25 .
280. Book: George. Cardona. Dhanesh K. . Jain. 2003. 164. The Indo-Aryan Languages. The inscriptions of Asoka - a king of the Maurya dynasty who reigned, based in his capital Pataliputra, from 268 to 232 BC over almost the whole of India - were engraved in rocks and pillars, in various local dialects..
281. Book: Dharmadāsa, Kē. En. Ō. Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka. 188. 1992. The ingredients of group consciousness mentioned above were kept alive principally because the Sinhalese people had a literate culture starting from about the third century B.C..
282. Book: Scheu, Frederick. 1964. The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society.
283. Web site: Berbère. https://archive.today/20150124231249/http://multitree.org/codes/nxm. LINGUIST List. dead. 24 January 2015. 8 July 2024. c. 200 BC..
284. Web site: Marrucinian . https://archive.today/20150203101821/http://multitree.org/codes/umc . dead . 3 February 2015 . 2 May 2024 . The tablet seems to have dated to the mid 3rd century BC..
285. Web site: Tartessian . https://archive.today/20121220222904/http://multitree.org/codes/txr . dead . 20 December 2012 . 2024-01-31 .
286. Web site: Dadanitic . 2024-05-10. Dadanitic was the alphabet used by the inhabitants of the ancient oasis of Dadan, probably some time during the second half of the first millennium BC..
287. Web site: The Language of the Taymanitic Inscriptions and its Classification . Therefore, at least part of the Taymanitic corpus can safely be dated to the second half of the 6th century BCE. . . 2024-05-08 . Kootstra-Ford . Fokelien .
288. Haarman, Harald, Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen (Munich: Beck, 2002), p. 124.
289. Book: Ivantchik, A.I.. 2001. The current state of the Cimmerian problem. The development of the Classical tradition on the subject of the Cimmerians after their disappearance from the historical arena, no later than the very end of the 7th or very beginning of the 6th century BC.
290. Web site: Dumaitic . 2024-05-10. According to the Assyrian annals Dūma was the seat of successive queens of the Arabs, some of whom were also priestesses, in the eighth and seventh centuries BC..
291. Web site: Historical Memory about Migration of the Kaskians in Western Georgia. 2024-05-27. The Kaška first appear on the territory of the Hittite empire in the 15th c. B.C. and are mentioned till 8th c. B.C..
292. Joan Oates (1979). Babylon [Revised Edition] Thames and Hudston, Ltd. 1986 p. 30, 52-53.
293. Web site: Indus Valley Language. https://web.archive.org/web/20190624192224/http://multitree.org/codes/xiv. dead. 24 June 2019. LINGUIST List. 2024-06-07. 2500-1900 BC..
294. Web site: FROM PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN TO MYCENAEAN GREEK:A PHONOLOGICAL STUDY . https://web.archive.org/web/20240512013436/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105223994/From_Proto_Indo_European_to_Mycenaean_Greek_A_Phonological_Study_2_fin-libre.pdf?1692789315=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DFrom_Proto_Indo_European_to_Mycenaean_Gr.pdf&Expires=1715480334&Signature=TeKFtz9EIeDWFhhpHXfi7il5nK-7RO7yD0kONPHQsJ99aD4O7PFjAGzzm2l3wLlCT2Mgifon6Wjsl0AUoM5P02LbP02VlUyxSYXZrzbchsOD5iQD5gletwvXV9q1sfKWaX0-tnW0C0iBgPW~ST4gPmKMovML8SQPYZvzRYkyJW4D3oxQFcUP5c1Ypi96N~nmFvjvPRopyNMeaKokaMtKGLrZiMjvrIlHU9BcKLsLcKlvzvhjhdvaiR1XIdxt3mTyAGVNm1WcnO1wiMsI-tZvKU8bfYO-2eUXNEMLY1zp0QxhXMnrRgIPOodTnG0fX3FOmNRCvgUQyknElgoKB~0A~g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA. live . 12 May 2024 . 24 April 2024 . ... no tablets or any other inscribed vessels were found from ca. 1200 BC onwards..
295. Book: Schwemer. Daniel. Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi. 71. 2024. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Mainz. XIX. de.
296. Web site: Palaeosyrian. https://archive.today/20150110080920/http://multitree.org/codes/xeb. dead. 10 January 2015. LINGUIST List. 1 August 2024. 3rd Millenium BC..