Creaky voice explained

Above:Creaky voice
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In linguistics, creaky voice (sometimes called laryngealisation, pulse phonation, vocal fry, or glottal fry) refers to a low, scratchy sound that occupies the vocal range below the common vocal register. It is a special kind of phonation[1] [2] in which the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together; as a result, the vocal folds are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact. They normally vibrate irregularly at 20 - 50 pulses per second, about two octaves below the frequency of modal voicing, and the airflow through the glottis is very slow. Although creaky voice may occur with very low pitch, as at the end of a long intonation unit, it can also occur with a higher pitch.[3] All contribute to make a speaker's voice sound creaky or raspy.

In phonology

In the Received Pronunciation of English, creaky voice has been described as a possible realisation of glottal reinforcement. For example, an alternative phonetic transcription of attempt pronounced as /[əˈtʰemʔt]/ could be pronounced as /[əˈtʰem͡m̰t]/.[4]

In some languages, such as Jalapa Mazatec, creaky voice has a phonemic status; that is, the presence or absence of creaky voice can change the meaning of a word.[5] In the International Phonetic Alphabet, creaky voice of a phone is represented by a diacritical tilde, for example pronounced as /[d̰]/. The Danish prosodic feature stød is an example of a form of laryngealisation that has a phonemic function.[6] A slight degree of laryngealisation, occurring in some Korean language consonants for example, is called "stiff voice".[7]

Social aspects

See main article: Vocal fry register. Use of creaky voice across general speech and in singing is termed "vocal fry".

Some evidence exists of vocal fry becoming more common in the speech of young female speakers of American English in the early 21st century, with researcher Ikuko Patricia Yuasa finding that college-age Americans perceived female creaky voice as "hesitant, nonaggressive, and informal but also educated, urban-oriented, and upwardly mobile."[8]

It is subsequently theorized that vocal fry may be a way for women to sound more "authoritative" and credible by using it to emulate the deeper male register.[9] [10] [11] [12] Yuasa[8] further theorizes that because California is at the center of much of the entertainment industry, young Americans may unconsciously be using creaky voice more because of the media they consume.

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Titze, I. R. . 2008 . The Human Instrument . . 298 . 1 . 94–101 . 18225701 . 10.1038/scientificamerican0108-94 . 2008SciAm.298a..94T .
  2. Book: Titze, I. R. . 1994 . Principles of Voice Production . Prentice Hall . 978-0-13-717893-3 .
  3. Kuang . Jianjing . 2017-09-01 . Covariation between voice quality and pitch: Revisiting the case of Mandarin creaky voice . The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 142 . 3 . 1693–1706 . 10.1121/1.5003649 . 28964062 . 2017ASAJ..142.1693K . 0001-4966. free .
  4. 241 . 10.1017/S0025100304001768 . Roach . Peter . 2004 . British English: Received Pronunciation . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 34 . 2 . 144338519 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180905105051/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D4AFF0A7118E7081ACF7C7586FF87590/S0025100304001768a.pdf/british_english_received_pronunciation.pdf . 2018-09-05 . live. free .
  5. Book: Ashby . M. . Maidment . J. A. . Introducing Phonetic Science . Cambridge University Press . 2005 . 98 . 978-0-521-00496-1 . 2012-06-30 .
  6. Book: Basbøll, Hans. 2005. The Phonology of Danish. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-824268-0 . The Danish stød [...] is [...] a syllable prosody manifested by laryngealization. . 24.
  7. Ahn. Sang-cheol. Iverson. Gregory K.. October 2004. Dimensions in Korean Laryngeal Phonology*. Journal of East Asian Linguistics. 13. 4. 345–379. 10.1007/s10831-004-4256-x. 123061263. 0925-8558.
  8. Yuasa, I. P. . Creaky Voice: A New Feminine Voice Quality for Young Urban-Oriented Upwardly Mobile American Women? . American Speech . 2010 . 85 . 3 . 315–337 . 10.1215/00031283-2010-018 .
  9. Dilley . L. . Shattuck-Hufnagel . S. . Ostendorf . M. . Glottalization of word-initial vowels as a function of prosodic structure . Journal of Phonetics . 1996 . 24 . 4 . 423–444 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170522150205/http://speechlab.cas.msu.edu/PDF/Old%20Publications/Dilley,%20Shattuck-Hufnagel%20&%20Ostendorf%201996.pdf . 2017-05-22 . live . 10.1006/jpho.1996.0023.
  10. Book: Coates . Jennifer . Women, men and language: a sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language . 2016 . Routledge . London . 9781138948785 . 3rd . 10.4324/9781315645612 . Routledge Linguistics Classics.
  11. Hollien . Harry . Moore . Paul . Wendahl . Ronald W. . Michel . John F. . On the Nature of Vocal Fry . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research . 1966 . 9 . 2 . 245–247 . 10.1044/jshr.0902.245 . . 5925528.
  12. Borkowska . Barbara . Pawłowski . Bogusław . Female voice frequency in the context of dominance and attractiveness perception . . 2011 . 82 . 1 . 55–59 . 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.03.024 . Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour, Elsevier. 53275785 .

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