List of largest empires explained

Several empires in human history have been contenders for the largest of all time, depending on definition and mode of measurement. Possible ways of measuring size include area, population, economy, and power. Of these, area is the most commonly used because it has a fairly precise definition and can be feasibly measured with some degree of accuracy.[1] Estonian political scientist Rein Taagepera, who published a series of academic articles about the territorial extents of historical empires between 1978 and 1997,[2] [3] [4] [5] defined an empire as "any relatively large sovereign political entity whose components are not sovereign" and its size as the area over which the empire has some undisputed military and taxation prerogatives.[6] The list is not exhaustive owing to a lack of available data for several empires; for this reason and because of the inherent uncertainty in the estimates, no rankings are given.

Largest empires by land area

For context, the land area of the Earth, excluding the continent of Antarctica, is NaNabbr=onNaNabbr=on.

Empires at their greatest extent

Empire size in this list is defined as the dry land area it controlled at the time, which may differ considerably from the area it claimed. For example: in the year 1800, European powers collectively claimed approximately % of the Earth's land surface that they did not effectively control.[7] Where estimates vary, entries are sorted by the lowest estimate. Where more than one entry has the same area, they are listed alphabetically.

-- discuss sortable on talk page. -->EmpireMaximum land area
data-sort-type="number" width="100px"Million km2Million sq mi% of worldYear
British Empire35.535.52NaN2
Mongol Empire24.0242NaN2[8] or
Russian Empire22.822.82NaN2
Qing dynasty14.714.72NaN2
Spanish Empire13.713.72NaN2
Second French colonial empire11.511.52NaN2
Abbasid Caliphate11.111.12NaN2
Umayyad Caliphate11.111.12NaN2
Yuan dynasty11.0112NaN2[9]
Xiongnu Empire9.092NaN2
Empire of Brazil[10] 8.3372182NaN2
Empire of Japan7.4[11] –3.2852NaN27.4km2–3.285[12] –
Eastern Han dynasty6.56.52NaN2
Ming dynasty6.56.52NaN2
Rashidun Caliphate6.46.42NaN2
First Turkic Khaganate6.062NaN2
Golden Horde Khanate6.062NaN2
Western Han dynasty6.062NaN2[13]
Achaemenid Empire5.55.52NaN2
Second Portuguese Empire5.55.52NaN2
Tang dynasty5.45.42NaN2
Macedonian Empire5.25.22NaN2
Ottoman Empire5.25.22NaN2
Northern Yuan dynasty5.052NaN2
Roman Empire5.052NaN2
Xin dynasty4.74.7km2
Tibetan Empire4.64.62NaN2
Xianbei state4.5[14] 4.5km2
First Mexican Empire4.429[15] 4.4292NaN2
Timurid Empire4.44.42NaN2
Fatimid Caliphate4.14.12NaN2
Eastern Turkic Khaganate4.042NaN2
Hunnic Empire4.042NaN2
Mughal Empire4.042NaN2
Great Seljuq Empire3.93.92NaN2
Seleucid Empire3.93.92NaN2
Italian EmpireNaNkm2
Ilkhanate3.753.752NaN2
Dzungar Khanate3.63.6km2
Chagatai Khanate3.53.52NaN2 or
Sasanian Empire3.53.52NaN2
Western Turkic Khaganate3.53.52NaN2
Western Xiongnu3.53.52NaN2
First French colonial empire3.43.42NaN2
Ghaznavid Empire3.43.42NaN2
Maurya Empire3.4–5.03.42NaN2–52NaN2– or
Delhi Sultanate3.23.22NaN2
German colonial empireNaNmi2[16]
Northern Song dynasty3.13.12NaN2
Uyghur Khaganate3.13.12NaN2
Western Jin dynasty3.13.12NaN2
Danish Empire3.0[17] 32NaN2
Sui dynasty3.032NaN2
Safavid empire2.92.9km2
Samanid Empire2.852.852NaN2
Eastern Jin dynasty2.82.82NaN2
Median Empire2.82.82NaN2
Parthian Empire2.82.82NaN21
Rouran Khaganate2.82.82NaN2
Byzantine Empire2.7–2.82.72NaN2–2.82NaN2– or
Indo-Scythian Kingdom2.62.62NaN2
Liao dynasty2.62.62NaN2
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom2.52.52NaN2
Later Zhao2.52.52NaN2
Maratha Confederacy2.52.52NaN2
Belgian colonial empire–NaNmi2NaNkm2–[18] – or
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)2.32.32NaN2
Khwarazmian Empire2.3–3.62.32NaN2–3.62NaN2– or
Qin dynasty2.32.32NaN2
Dutch Empire2.12.1km2
First French Empire2.12.12NaN2
Kievan Rus'2.12.12NaN2
Mamluk Sultanate2.12.12NaN2 or
Southern Song dynasty2.12.12NaN2
Third Portuguese Empire2.12.12NaN2
Almohad Caliphate2.0–2.322NaN2–2.32NaN2– or
Cao Wei2.022NaN2
Former Qin2.022NaN2
Former Zhao2.022NaN2
Ghurid dynasty2.022NaN2
Inca Empire2.022NaN2
Kushan Empire2.0–2.522NaN2–2.52NaN2–
Liu Song dynasty2.022NaN2
Northern Wei2.022NaN2
Western Roman Empire2.022NaN2
Ayyubid dynasty1.7–2.01.72NaN2–22NaN2– or
Gupta Empire1.7–3.51.72NaN2–3.52NaN2– or
Hephthalite Empire1.7–4.01.72NaN2–42NaN2– or
Buyid dynasty1.61.62NaN2
Eastern Wu1.51.52NaN2
Northern Qi1.51.52NaN2
Northern Xiongnu1.51.52NaN2
Northern Zhou1.51.52NaN2
Neo-Assyrian Empire1.41.42NaN2
Eastern Maurya Kingdom1.31.32NaN2
Liang dynasty1.31.32NaN2,, or
Qajar EmpireNaNmi20.50[19]
Kingdom of Aksum1.251.252NaN2
Shang dynasty1.251.252NaN2
Francia1.21.22NaN2
Srivijaya1.21.22NaN2
Indo-Greek Kingdom1.11.12NaN2
Mali Empire1.11.12NaN2
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth1.11.12NaN2 or
Almoravid dynasty1.012NaN2
Pushyabhuti dynasty1.012NaN2 or
Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty1.012NaN2
Holy Roman Empire1.012NaN2
Khazar Khanate1.0–3.012NaN2–32NaN2– or
Khmer Empire1.012NaN2
New Kingdom of Egypt1.012NaN2nowrap or
Ptolemaic Kingdom1.012NaN2
Qara Khitai1.0–1.512NaN2–1.52NaN2– or
Scythia1.0[20] 12NaN2
Shu Han1.012NaN2
Tahirid dynasty1.012NaN2
Western Xia1.012NaN2
Swedish Empire0.99[21] 0.99km2
Kingdom of Armenia0.9[22] 0.92NaN2
Nazi Germany[23] NaNkm2
Akkadian Empire0.80.82NaN2
Avar Khaganate0.80.82NaN2
Chu0.80.82NaN2
Huns0.80.82NaN2
Songhai Empire0.80.82NaN2
Hyksos0.650.652NaN2
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt0.650.652NaN2
Rozvi Empire0.624[24] 0.6242NaN2
Austro-Hungarian Empire0.239977mi2[25]
Caliphate of Córdoba0.60.62NaN2
First Portuguese Empire0.60.62NaN2
Visigothic Kingdom0.60.62NaN2
Zhou dynasty0.55[26] 0.55km2
Sikh Empire0.2mi20.20[27]
Emirate of Córdoba0.50.52NaN2
Kosala0.50.52NaN2
Lydia0.50.52NaN2
Magadha0.50.52NaN2
Middle Kingdom of Egypt0.50.52NaN2
Neo-Babylonian Empire0.50.52NaN2
Satavahana dynasty0.50.52NaN2
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt0.50.52NaN2
Western Satraps0.50.52NaN2
New Hittite Kingdom0.450.452NaN2
Xia dynasty0.450.452NaN2
Bulgarian Empire0.4[28] 0.42NaN2[29]
Kingdom of France (Middle Ages)0.40.42NaN2
Middle Assyrian Empire0.40.42NaN2
Old Kingdom of Egypt0.40.42NaN2
Sokoto Caliphate0.4[30] 0.42NaN2
Latin Empire0.350.352NaN2
Ancient Carthage0.30.32NaN2
Indus Valley civilisation0.30.32NaN2
Mitanni0.30.32NaN2
Ashanti Empire0.25[31] 0.252NaN2
First Babylonian Empire0.250.252NaN2
Aztec Empire0.220.222NaN2
Zulu Empire0.08mi20.08[32]
Elamite Empire0.20.22NaN2
Phrygia0.20.22NaN2
Second Dynasty of Isin0.20.22NaN2
Urartu0.20.22NaN2
Eastern Zhou0.150.152NaN2
Middle Hittite Kingdom0.150.152NaN2
Old Assyrian Empire0.150.152NaN2
Old Hittite Empire0.150.152NaN2
Oyo Empire0.15[33] 0.152NaN2
Bornu Empire0.05mi20.05[34]
Larsa0.10.12NaN2
Neo-Sumerian Empire0.10.12NaN2
Tarascan empire0.075[35] 0.075km2
Lagash0.050.052NaN2
Sumer0.050.052NaN2

Timeline of largest empires to date

The earliest empire which can with certainty be stated to have been larger than all previous empires was that of Upper and Lower Egypt, which covered ten times the area of the previous largest civilisation around the year 3000 BC.[36]

EmpireLand areaYear
Million km2Million sq mi
Upper and Lower Egypt0.10.12NaN2
Old Kingdom of Egypt0.250.252NaN2
0.40.42NaN2
Akkadian Empire0.650.652NaN2
0.80.82NaN2
New Kingdom of Egypt1.0[37] 12NaN2
Shang dynasty1.251.252NaN2
Neo-Assyrian Empire1.41.42NaN2
Median Empire2.82.82NaN2
Achaemenid Empire3.63.62NaN2
5.55.52NaN2
Xiongnu Empire9.092NaN2
Umayyad Caliphate11.111.12NaN2
Mongol Empire13.513.52NaN2
24.0242NaN2
British Empire24.524.52NaN2
35.535.52NaN2

Timeline of largest empires at the time

EmpireLand area during time
as largest empire		Approximate period
Million km2Million sq mi
Upper Egypt0.10.12NaN2
Old Kingdom of Egypt0.25–0.40.252NaN2–0.42NaN2
Akkadian Empire0.2–0.60.22NaN2–0.62NaN2
Indus Valley Civilisation0.150.152NaN2
Middle Kingdom of Egypt0.2–0.50.22NaN2–0.52NaN2
Xia dynasty0.40.42NaN2
Hyksos0.650.652NaN2
New Kingdom of Egypt0.65–1.00.652NaN2–12NaN2
Shang dynasty0.9–1.10.92NaN2–1.12NaN2
New Kingdom of Egypt0.5–0.60.52NaN2–0.62NaN2
Zhou dynasty0.35–0.450.352NaN2–0.452NaN2
Neo-Assyrian Empire0.4–1.40.42NaN2–1.42NaN2
Median Empire3.032NaN2
Achaemenid Empire2.5–5.52.52NaN2–5.52NaN2
Macedonian Empire5.25.22NaN2
Seleucid Empire4.042NaN2
Maurya Empire3.53.52NaN2
Han dynasty2.52.52NaN2
Xiongnu Empire5.75.72NaN2
Han dynasty4.2–6.54.22NaN2–6.52NaN2 AD
Roman Empire4.44.42NaN2–
Sasanian Empire3.53.52NaN2
Hunnic Empire4.042NaN2
Sasanian Empire3.53.52NaN2
Göktürk Khaganate3.0–5.232NaN2–5.22NaN2–
Rashidun Caliphate5.25.22NaN2
Umayyad Caliphate9.0–11.092NaN2–112NaN2–
Abbasid Caliphate8.3–11.08.32NaN2–112NaN2–
Tibet2.5–4.72.52NaN2–4.72NaN2–
Song dynasty3.032NaN2
Seljuk Empire3.0–4.032NaN2–42NaN2–
Tibet2.52.52NaN2
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)2.32.32NaN2
Mongol Empire18.0–24.0182NaN2–242NaN2–
Yuan dynasty11.0112NaN2
Timurid Empire4.042NaN2
Ming dynasty4.7–6.54.72NaN2–6.52NaN2–
Ottoman Empire4.34.32NaN2
Tsardom of Russia6.0–12.062NaN2–122NaN2–
Russian Empire14.0–17.0142NaN2–172NaN2–
British Empire23.0–34.0232NaN2–342NaN2–
Soviet Union22.522.52NaN2–

Largest empires by share of world population

Because of the trend of increasing world population over time, absolute population figures are for some purposes less relevant for comparison between different empires than their respective shares of the world population at the time.[38] For the majority of the time since roughly 400 BC, the two most populous empires' combined share of the world population has been 30–40%. Most of the time, the most populous empire has been located in China.[39]

EmpireEmpire population
as percentage of
world population[40] 		Year
Qing dynasty37
Northern Song dynasty33
Western Han dynasty32
Mongol Empire31
Roman Empire30
Jin dynasty (266–420)28
Ming dynasty28
Qin dynasty24
Mughal Empire24
Tang dynasty23
Delhi Sultanate23
British Empire23
Empire of Japan20
Maurya Empire19
Former Qin19
Northern Zhou16
Macedonian Empire15
Empire of Harsha15
Gupta Empire13
Northern Wei13
Umayyad Caliphate13
Achaemenid Empire12
Former Yan12
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)12
Nazi Germany12

See also

Notes and References

  1. Taagepera. Rein. Rein Taagepera. 1978. Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size. live. Social Science Research. en. 7. 2. 111. 10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8. 0049-089X. https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192527/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf. 2020-07-07. 2020-07-07.
  2. Taagepera. Rein. Rein Taagepera. 1978. Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size. live. Social Science Research. en. 7. 2. 108–127. 10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8. 0049-089X. https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192527/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf. 2020-07-07. 2020-07-07.
  3. Taagepera. Rein. Rein Taagepera. 1978. Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 B.C.. live. Social Science Research. 7. 2. 180–196. 10.1016/0049-089x(78)90010-8. 0049-089X. https://web.archive.org/web/20200707202816/https://escholarship.org/content/qt6wf6m5qg/qt6wf6m5qg.pdf. 2020-07-07. 2020-07-07.
  4. Taagepera. Rein. Rein Taagepera. 1979. Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.. Social Science History. 3. 3/4. 115–138. 10.2307/1170959. 1170959.
  5. Taagepera. Rein. Rein Taagepera. September 1997. Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia. live. International Studies Quarterly. 41. 3. 475–504. 10.1111/0020-8833.00053. 2600793. https://web.archive.org/web/20200707203055/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf. 2020-07-07. 2020-07-07.
  6. Taagepera. Rein. Rein Taagepera. 1979. Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.. Social Science History. 3. 3/4. 117. 10.2307/1170959. 1170959.
  7. Book: Magdoff, Harry. Imperialism: From the Colonial Age to the Present. 1979. NYU Press. 978-0-85345-498-4. 29. en. [I]n 1800 Europe and its possessions, including former colonies, claimed title to about 55 percent of the earth's land surface: Europe, North and South America, most of India, and small sections along the coast of Africa. But much of this was merely claimed; effective control existed over a little less than 35 percent, most of which consisted of Europe itself. By 1878—that is, before the next major wave of European acquisitions began—an additional 6,500,000 square miles (16,800,000 square kilometers) were claimed; during this period, control was consolidated over the new claims and over all the territory claimed in 1800. Hence, from 1800 until 1878, actual European rule (including former colonies in North and South America), increased from 35 to 67 percent of the earth's land surface.. Harry Magdoff. 2020-07-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20200719190026/https://books.google.com/books?id=A9pWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29. 2020-07-19. live.
  8. Turchin. Peter. Peter Turchin. Adams. Jonathan M.. Hall. Thomas D.. December 2006. East-West Orientation of Historical Empires. live. Journal of World-Systems Research. 12. 2. 222–223. 1076-156X. https://web.archive.org/web/20200707181315/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf. 2020-07-07. 2020-07-07.
  9. Taagepera. Rein. Rein Taagepera. September 1997. Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia. live. International Studies Quarterly. 41. 3. 492–502. 10.1111/0020-8833.00053. 2600793. https://web.archive.org/web/20200707203055/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf. 2020-07-07. 2020-07-07.
  10. Web site: Área Territorial Brasileira. www.ibge.gov.br. Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. A primeira estimativa oficial para a extensão superficial do território brasileiro data de 1889. O valor de 8.337.218 km2 foi obtido a partir de medições e cálculos efetuados sobre as folhas básicas da Carta do Império do Brasil, publicada em 1883. [The first official estimate of the surface area of the Brazilian territory dates from 1889. A value of 8,337,218 km<sup>2</sup> was obtained from measurements and calculations made on drafts of the Map of the Empire of Brazil, published in 1883.]. pt. 16 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161023100101/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/areaterritorial/historico.shtm. 23 October 2016. live.
  11. Conrad. Sebastian. 2014. The Dialectics of Remembrance: Memories of Empire in Cold War Japan. live. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56. 1. 8. 10.1017/S0010417513000601. 0010-4175. 43908281. 146284542. https://web.archive.org/web/20200708000924/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/199424523.pdf. 2020-07-08. 2020-07-07. In 1942, at the moment of its greatest extension, the empire encompassed territories spanning over 7,400,000 square kilometers..
  12. Book: James, David H.. The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire. 2010-11-01. Routledge. 9781136925467. en. by 1942, this 'Empire' covered about 3,285,000 square miles. 11 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20190706005539/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ceklh3YT_38C&pg=PT331. 6 July 2019. live.
  13. Taagepera. Rein. Rein Taagepera. 1979. Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.. Social Science History. 3. 3/4. 121–122, 124–129, 132–133. 10.2307/1170959. 1170959.
  14. Book: Scheidel. Walter. The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press. 2020. 978-0-19-977311-4. Bang. Peter Fibiger. Peter Fibiger Bang. 92–94. en. The Scale of Empire: Territory, Population, Distribution. Walter Scheidel. Bayly. C. A.. Christopher Bayly. Scheidel. Walter. Walter Scheidel. https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92.
  15. Book: Rodríguez. Jaime. https://books.google.com/books?id=X6FIUUjtq0oC&pg=PA47. Myths, Misdeeds and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in US-Mexican Relations. Vincent. Kathryn. 1997. Scholarly Resources Inc.. 0-8420-2662-2. First. Wilmington, DE, USA. 47. The Colonization and Loss of Texas: A Mexican Perspective. When it was founded in 1821, the Mexican Empire extended over 4,429,000 km2 (not including the 445,683 km2 temporarily added by the short-lived union of the Central American provinces).. 14 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200615060129/https://books.google.com/books?id=X6FIUUjtq0oC&pg=PA47. 2020-06-15. live.
  16. Germany . 11 . Ashworth . Philip Arthur . and . others . 804 - 828 . Area English Sq. m. [...] German Empire: 208,780 Area (estimated) sq. m. [...] Total dependencies: 1,006,412.
  17. Web site: Korchmina. Elena. Sharp. Paul. June 2020. Denmark and Russia: What can we learn from the historical comparison of two great Arctic agricultural empires?. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200708001530/http://www.ehes.org/EHES_187.pdf. 2020-07-08. 2020-07-04. European Historical Economics Society. 3. Around 1700, the Danish Empire covered around 3 million square kilometers.
  18. Book: Townsend. Mary Evelyn. European Colonial Expansion Since 1871. Peake. Cyrus Henderson. 1941. J.B. Lippincott. 19. en. 2020-07-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20200719233455/https://books.google.com/books?id=P4-OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19. 2020-07-19. live.
  19. Book: Hughes, William. A Class-book of Modern Geography: With Examination Questions. 1873. G. Philip & Son. 175. en. In size it is about 500,000 square miles. William Hughes (geographer). 2020-08-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20200826013805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3bovAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA175. 2020-08-26. live.
  20. Turchin. Peter. Peter Turchin. 2009. A theory for formation of large empires. dead. Journal of Global History. en. 4. 2. 202. 10.1017/S174002280900312X. 73597670. 1740-0228. https://web.archive.org/web/20200131162633/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4f5d/7c534b86b3833e1e27381113584873e35ec7.pdf. 2020-01-31. 2020-01-31.
  21. Book: Sundberg, Ulf. Swedish defensive fortress warfare in the Great Northern War 1702–1710. 2018. Åbo Akademis förlag. 978-951-765-897-3. Åbo. 26. 1113941754. In 1700, the Swedish Empire covered a land area of 990,000 square kilometers and had 2,500,000 inhabitants.. Ulf Sundberg. https://web.archive.org/web/20200703214934/https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/156474/sundberg_ulf.pdf. 2020-07-03.
  22. Manaseryan . Ruben L. .

    hy:Ռուբեն Մանասերյան

    . Տիգրան Մեծի անձի և գործունեության գնահատականի շուրջ . Vem . 2022 . 39 . 10.57192/18291864-2022.3-33 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240210085442/https://vemjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/03-%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%E2%80%932022-3.pdf . 10 February 2024 . Հայոց արքայի իշխելը 10 միլիոն բնակչություն ունեցող 900.000 կմ² տարածքի վրա.
  23. Book: Soldaten-Atlas (Tornisterschrift des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, Heft 39). . 1941. Leipzig. 8, 32.
  24. Book: Cornell, James. Lost Lands and Forgotten People. Sterling Publishing Company. 1978. 978-0-8069-3926-1. 24. en. Zimbabwe continued to grow, reaching the height of its power in 1700, under the rule of the Rozwi people. When the first Europeans arrived on the African coast, they heard tales of a great stone city, the capital of a vast empire. The tales were true, for the Rozwi controlled 240,000 square miles (624,000 sq km).
  25. Austria-Hungary . 03 . Briliant . Oscar . and . others . 2 - 39 . It occupies about the sixteenth part of the total area of Europe, with an area (1905) of 239,977 sq. m..
  26. Taagepera. Rein. Rein Taagepera. 1978. Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size. live. Social Science Research. en. 7. 2. 116–117. 10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8. 0049-089X. https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192527/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf. 2020-07-07. 2020-07-07.
  27. Book: Singh, Amarpal. The First Anglo-Sikh War. 2010-08-15. Amberley Publishing Limited. 978-1-4456-2038-1. en. By 1839, the year of his death, the Sikh kingdom extended from Tibet and Kashmir to Sind and from the Khyber Pass to the Himalayas in the east. It spanned 600 miles from east to west and 350 miles from north to south, comprising an area of just over 200,000 square miles..
  28. Book: Rashev . Rasho . Българската езическа култура VII -IX в./Bulgarian Pagan Culture VII – IX cтр. 38 . bg . 2008 . Класика и стил . 9789543270392.
  29. Book: Rashev . Rasho . Българската езическа култура VII -IX в./Bulgarian Pagan Culture VII – IX cтр. 38 . bg . 2008 . Класика и стил . 9789543270392.
  30. Book: Wesseling, H. L.. The European Colonial Empires: 1815-1919. 2015-10-23. Routledge. 978-1-317-89507-7. 93. en. Islam spread quickly in Hausaland, which, after the jihad of 1804, was incorporated into the Sokoto Caliphate, a vast empire of 400,000 square kilometres.. Henk Wesseling. 2020-07-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20200708001930/https://books.google.com/books?hl=sv&lr=&id=PdHMCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA93. 2020-07-08. live.
  31. Book: Iliffe, John . Africans: The History of a Continent . 1995-08-25 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-48422-0 . 143 . en . At its peak around 1820 the empire embraced over 250,000 square kilometres [...] . John Iliffe (historian).
  32. Gluckman. Max. Max Gluckman. 1960. The Rise of a Zulu Empire. Scientific American. 202. 4. 162. 10.1038/scientificamerican0460-157. 0036-8733. 24940454. 1960SciAm.202d.157G. subscription. 2020-07-07. By 1822 he had made himself master over 80,000 square miles.
  33. Book: Thornton, John. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. 1998-04-28. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-62724-5. 104. en. By 1680, the Oyo Empire (in Nigeria) may have exceeded 150,000 square kilometers, though not by much..
  34. Book: Hughes. William. A Class-book of Modern Geography: With Examination Questions, Notes, & Index. Williams. J. Francon. 1892. G. Philip & son. 281. en. It has an area of perhaps 50,000 square miles.. William Hughes (geographer). John Francon Williams. https://web.archive.org/web/20210530113925/https://books.google.com/books?id=0J4BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA281. 2021-05-30. live.
  35. Blanford. Adam Jared. 2014. Rethinking Tarascan Political and Spatial Organization. PhD thesis. University of Colorado Boulder. 6. 147339315. https://web.archive.org/web/20200213021458/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/59c1/6f2a2864d85d403b223a9735015be38f4f10.pdf. 2020-02-13. 2023-03-24. By A.D. 1450, the Tarascan Uacúsecha were leaders of an empire that spanned 75,000 square kilometers of west Mexico.
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  38. Book: Scheidel. Walter. The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press. 2020. 978-0-19-977311-4. Bang. Peter Fibiger. Peter Fibiger Bang. 102. en. The Scale of Empire: Territory, Population, Distribution. Walter Scheidel. Bayly. C. A.. Christopher Bayly. Scheidel. Walter. Walter Scheidel. https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102.
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