| France Unbowed | |
| Native Name: | French: La France Insoumise |
| Abbreviation: | FI, LFI |
| Leader1 Title: | Coordinator |
| Leader1 Name: | Manuel Bompard |
| Founder: | Jean-Luc Mélenchon |
| Membership Year: | 2017 |
| Newspaper: | L'Insoumission Hebdo |
| Membership: | 540,000 |
| Position: | Left-wing |
| European: | Party of the European Left (observer) Now the People |
| Europarl: | The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL |
| Seats1 Title: | National Assembly |
| Seats2 Title: | Senate |
| Seats3 Title: | European Parliament (French seats) |
| Seats4 Title: | Presidencies of departmental councils |
| Seats5 Title: | Presidencies of regional councils |
| Country: | France |
La France Insoumise (in French pronounced as /la fʁɑ̃s ɛ̃sumiz/,, abbreviated as FI or LFI) is a left-wing political party in France. It was launched in 2016 by Jean-Luc Mélenchon, then a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and former co-president of the Left Party (PG). It aims to implement the eco-socialist and democratic socialist programme . The party utilises the lower case Greek letter phi as its logotype.
The party nominated Mélenchon as its candidate for the 2017 French presidential election. He came fourth in the first round, receiving 19.6% of the vote and failing to qualify for the second round by around 2%. After the 2017 French legislative election, it formed a parliamentary group of 17 members of the National Assembly, with Mélenchon as the group's president. In the 2019 European Parliament election in France, it won six seats, below its expectations.
In 2022, Mélenchon again became the party's candidate for president, and later Christiane Taubira, winner of the 2022 French People's Primary, endorsed Mélenchon. In the first round of 2022 French presidential election voting in April, Mélenchon came third, garnering 7.7 million votes, narrowly behind second-place finisher Marine Le Pen.
La France Insoumise was founded on 10 February 2016,[1] [2] based on the belief that traditional parties and political organisations no longer serve democracy and instead transverse movements are needed.[3] The movement is particularly inspired by the Spanish party Podemos, the election of Jeremy Corbyn as Labour Party leader in the United Kingdom in 2015 and the candidacy of Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries in the United States. Its first meeting took place in Place Stalingrad, Paris on 5 June 2016 in the form of a march numbering about 10,000 people, according to the organisers.[4] [5] A second meeting took place in the gardens of the Toulouse Observatory on 28 August 2016.[6]
The programme was adopted during the Lille convention, attended by just under 1,000 people in Saint-André-lez-Lille on 15/16 October 2016.[7] Several personalities addressed the convention, including former Société Générale trader Jérôme Kerviel, LuxLeaks whistleblower Antoine Deltour, political specialist Paul Ariès, former Malian Minister of Culture Aminata Traoré, and former Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament Zoe Konstantopoulou.[8]
At this convention, the movement also presented twenty candidates for the 2017 French legislative election, including Jean-Marie Brom, physicist, research director of the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) and spokesperson of Sortir du nucléaire; Rémy Garnier, public finance inspector and whistleblower in the Cahuzac affair; Lionel Burriello, leader of the CGT union for the ArcelorMittal steel works in Florange; Mehdi Kémoune, deputy secretary-general of the CGT union for Air France; actress Sophie De La Rochefoucauld; Marie-Hélène Bourlard, trade unionist featured in the movie Merci patron!; Olivia Cattan, journalist and founder of the association SOS Autisme France; and Nathalie Seguin, trade unionist and member of the French Communist Party (PCF).[8]
In August 2017, La France Insoumise organized its first summer university (called Les AmFIs, a play between the word amphitheater and the acronym FI for France insoumise), a traditional moment in France where campuses open their doors to political party gatherings and meetings between activists, elected officials, and many philosophical and cultural guests. It was set in the Marseille Saint-Charles University and comprised four days of debates, conferences and workshops. The movement debated also about its future.[9]
In the 2017 Corsican territorial election, local supporters of La France Insoumise under the banner of La Corse Insoumise were allied with the PCF. The PCF-FI alliance attacked Jean-Luc Mélenchon and the list was disavowed by Mélenchon.[10] [11] During the 2024 French legislative election, La France Insoumise refused the nomination to five "rebels": Frédéric Mathieu, Danielle Simonnet, Raquel Garrido, Alexis Corbière, and Hendrik Davi.[12] [13]
Ideologically, La France Insoumise is variously described as holding democratic socialist,[14] [15] anti-neoliberal,[16] eco-socialist,[15] souverainist,[17] left-wing populist,[18] [19] and soft Eurosceptic positions.[20] On the political spectrum, the party is described as left-wing, as well as far-left. Far-left is also a label often used by its critics, including the incumbent French president Emmanuel Macron, to compare it with the National Rally (RN), a party commonly described as far-right; however, the far-left label is not supported by the Ministry of the Interior and the French Council of State, the most important body for French administrative justice, both of which consider La France Insoumise to be "left-wing" (like the French Communist Party) and the National Rally to be "far-right".[21] They consider as "far-left" other left-wing parties, such as Lutte Ouvrière and the New Anticapitalist Party.[22] [23] According to political scientist Rémi Lefebvre, the programme of La France Insoumise is part of a socialism that is "very interventionist, very reformist, that believes in the essential role of public services, in ecological planning, in redistribution", and that what it questions is "more ultraliberalism than capitalism itself".[24] According to Aurélien Dubuisson, an associate researcher at the Sciences Po Historical Centre and author of The Far Left in France published by the Blaise Pascal University Press, defining La France Insoumise as far-left is "a mistake that has been made in recent years, especially by the right wing of the political spectrum". Dubuisson cites François Mitterrand's programme from 1981, which he said would be considered "the worst extremist of the moment. But in 1981, the political context was different, it was permeated by left-wing themes."[25] According to both Dubuisson and Lefebvre, the programme of La France Insoumise is no more radical than Mitterand's.[26] [27]
The drawing up of the programme was coordinated by economist Jacques Généreux and lawyer Charlotte Girard.[28] [29] It drew its inspiration from, the programme of the Left Front during the 2012 French presidential election, from work carried out by the PG during its conventions on eco-socialism and summits for a "plan B in Europe", and from contributions from supporters of the movement,[28] which the rapporteurs were asked to synthesize. At the end of the Lille Convention, a synthesis of all the proposals resulted in a programme of seven axioms and 357 measures. It was adopted by more than 90% of voters. The movement proposes "ten emblematic measures", approved during the Lille Convention, calling for four main "emergencies" to be addressed: the democratic emergency, the social emergency, the ecological emergency, and the geo-political emergency.[30] Adopted by 77,038 votes in an Internet poll, these ten measures are:
Other proposals include withdrawing from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to avoid French involvement in wars waged by the United States and thus only to act within the framework of the United Nations (UN); reinforcing the 35-hour work-week and moving towards 32 hours; and reducing the retirement age to 60.[8] [31] This programme, named, was published by the Éditions du Seuil on 1 December 2016. It is based around seven axioms: a Sixth Republic; distribution of wealth; environmental planning; withdrawal from European treaties; peace and independence; human progress; and "on the borders of humanity" (ocean,[33] space, and digital); thematic booklets, deepening the proposals of the movement, have also been published as the campaign progressed. The book rapidly entered the top 10 best-seller list by 9 December, with 110,000 copies printed.[34] It was the subject of an adaptation in digital comic strip, broadcast on the Internet.[35] [36]
Candidates for the June 2017 legislative elections are 60% from civil society (have never been members or elected representatives of a political party), with an average age of around 43 years. The invested candidates have signed the charter of the movement[37] as well as the ethical charter of the independent association Anticor, committed to ethics in politics, the fight against corruption and tax noncompliance.[38] Beginning in late 2018, Mélenchon and the leadership of La France Insoumise made a significant shift by abandoning their sovereigntist and ultra-secularist stances. This decision led to the expulsion of key members, marking a clear change in the party's ideological direction.[39] The 2022 programme for the Popular Union includes a number of proposals, such as finding an alternative to capitalism.[40]
Unlike a classical political party, the organisation is not fixed. Supporters' groups, small committees responsible for promoting Mélenchon's candidacy at a local level, have been established all over France and abroad.[41] [42]
See main article: 2017 French presidential election. The 2017 presidential campaign was directed by Manuel Bompard, national secretary of the PG, its spokesperson was Alexis Corbière, former councillor of Paris and also national secretary of the PG and its coordinators were Charlotte Girard, lecturer in public law at the Paris Nanterre University and Jacques Généreux, lecturer in economy at the Paris Institute of Political Studies.[43]
On 15 November 2016, Mélenchon held a meeting at Le Manège conference centre in Chambéry. Another similar meeting was held on 29 November at the in Bordeaux. This meeting was attended by 1,100 people, with several hundred more people outside unable to fit into the theatre.[44] Another large meeting took place on 18 March 2017 in Place de la Bastille in Paris.[45]
La France Insoumise was polling at 11.5% a month before the first vote.[46] Mélenchon received 19.58% in the ballot, finishing fourth and not reaching the final round by a few hundred thousand votes;[47] despite this, Mélenchon was the most voted candidate of the French left, eclipsing the Socialist Party candidate Benoît Hamon.[48]
See main article: 2022 French presidential election. In November 2020, Mélenchon announced his intention to run for the 2022 presidential election. He conditioned his candidacy to a petition put online by his La France Insoumise party. After winning the threshold of 150,000 signatures, he formally became the party's candidate for the election. In the first round of voting, Mélenchon garnered 7.7 million votes, coming in third among twelve candidates with 22% of the vote, behind president Emmanuel Macron in first place with 28%, and narrowly behind Marine Le Pen with 23% of the vote.[49]
La France Insoumise is not a coalition of political parties; however, several political parties, branches or individuals announced their support for the movement once its programme had been agreed and its candidate chosen, including the Left Party,[50] the Socialistes Insoumis,[51] Ensemble!,[52] the French Communist Party, the Pole of Communist Revival in France, and some elected officials and leaders of the Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV). These organizations are not themselves parts of the movement. As of 2017, it had a membership of 540,000.[53]
The Left Party, of which Mélenchon is a member, is the main political force involved in the movement. Several of its executives are organizing the campaign. The French Communist Party (PCF) is split on support for the movement. The party's national conference rejected a motion of support for Mélenchon by 55% on 5 November 2016,[54] but party members voted three weeks later in favour of support, by 53.6%.[55] Several executive members of the French Communist Party, including president Pierre Laurent and deputy Marie-George Buffet, have endorsed his candidacy.[56]
In November 2016, Ensemble!, the third component of the Left Front coalition, also announced its support for the movement as 72% of its activists had voted in favour. They had been given the choice of three options: to support Mélenchon and work on a common framework (42% of the votes), to participate more directly in the campaign of La France Insoumise (30%) or to reject "at this stage" any support for Mélenchon (25%);[57] however, the PCF and Ensemble! have chosen to lead "autonomous campaigns", maintaining their independence from the movement. Both parties print leaflets and posters and organize meetings without being associated with the political decisions of the campaign.[58]
In December 2016, the Social Ecology Co-Operative, whose members include political figures from Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV), such as EELV federal councillor Francine Bavay, and Sergio Coronado, member of the National Assembly for French residents overseas, called for the endorsement of Mélenchon's candidacy.[59] In February 2017, Yannick Jadot (the candidate nominated by the EELV Party presidential primary) withdrew in favour of Benoît Hamon (PS) on the basis of an agreement not approved by party members. Some EELV members, including elected representatives, then endorsed La France Insoumise.[60]
On 10 March, 27 environmentalists, including MP Sergio Coronado, activists, local officials, candidates for the June legislative elections, and members of the EELV Federal Council, announced that they would not support Hamon in the first round of the presidential election but La France Insoumise instead.[61] They pointed to the fact that Hamon "needs a strong Socialist Party for his campaign" whereas "the hope of an environmentalist left requires instead to get rid of it", criticised François Hollande's five-year term, and suggested that the integration of political ecology into candidates' programs is "recent and inconsistent" for Hamon, while "deep and lasting" for Mélenchon.[62]
On 12 April, seven EELV federal councillors endorsed Mélenchon rather than Hamon. They noted that if Hamon won the presidency and a parliamentary majority, "the majority would be composed of those who have up to the end supported the policies of François Hollande and Manuel Valls", adding: "Who would think that a Socialist Party majority defending Hollande's five-year term would legislate in favour of a radically different social and environmental platform?"[63] On 14 April, Éric Piolle, EELV mayor of Grenoble, also endorsed La France Insoumise.[64]
| Candidate | 1st round | 2nd round | Winning Candidate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Rank | Votes | % | Rank | ||
| 2017 | Jean-Luc Mélenchon | 7,059,951 | 19.58 | Emmanuel Macron | |||
| 2022 | 7,712,520 | 21.95 | |||||
| Leader | Votes (first round) | Seats | Result | Notes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | ± | |||||
| 2017 | Jean-Luc Mélenchon | 2,497,622 | 11.03 | |||||
| 2022 | 3,142,354 | 13.82 | 52 | In coalition with the NUPES | ||||
| 2024 | Manuel Bompard | TBD | TBD | 5 | In coalition with the NFP | |||
La France Insoumise did not participate in the Senate elections until 2023 because of the election's electoral college-based system that would disfavor newly-created parties with few locally elected officials.[65] For the 2023 elections, La France Insoumise unsuccessfully attempted to organize united lists with their NUPES partners before deciding to form their own lists.[66]
| Election year | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Manon Aubry | 1,428,548 | 6.31 | 6 | |
| 2024 | 2,432,976 | 9.87 | 3 |