| Border: | Royal |
| Royal Title: | King |
| Realm: | Portugal and the Algarves |
| Coatofarms: | Coats of arms of the Kingdom of Portugal and Algarves (1834 to 1910) - Lesser.png |
| Coatofarmssize: | 120px |
| Coatofarmscaption: | Royal Coat of Arms of Portugal |
| First Monarch: | Afonso I |
| Last Monarch: | Manuel II |
| Style: | His Most Faithful Majesty |
| Began: | 25 July 1139 |
| Ended: | 5 October 1910 |
| Residence: | Royal residences in Portugal |
| Pretender: | Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza |
This is a list of Portuguese monarchs who ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal, in 1139, to the deposition of the Portuguese monarchy and creation of the Portuguese Republic with the 5 October 1910 revolution.
Through the nearly 800 years in which Portugal was a monarchy, the kings held various other titles and pretensions. Two kings of Portugal, Ferdinand I and Afonso V, claimed the crown of Castile and waged wars in order to enforce their respective claims. Ferdinand I managed to be recognized as King of Galiza in 1369, although his dominance of the region was short-lived. When the House of Habsburg came into power, the kings of Spain, Naples, and Sicily also became kings of Portugal. The House of Braganza brought numerous titles to the Portuguese Crown some honorary, such as the attribution of the title of Rex Fidelissimus (His Most Faithful Majesty), and royal titles, such as King of Brazil and then de jure Emperor of Brazil.
After the demise of the Portuguese monarchy, in 1910, Portugal almost restored its monarchy in a revolution known as the Monarchy of the North, though the attempted restoration only lasted a month before destruction. With Manuel II's death, the Miguelist branch of the house of Braganza became the pretenders to the throne of Portugal. They have all been acclaimed king of Portugal by their monarchist groups.
The monarchs of Portugal all came from a single ancestor, Afonso I of Portugal, but direct lines have sometimes ended. This has led to a variety of royal houses coming to rule Portugal, though all having Portuguese royal lineage. These houses are:
The Portuguese House of Burgundy, known as the Afonsine Dynasty, was the founding house of the Kingdom of Portugal. Prior to the independence of Portugal, the house ruled the feudal County of Portugal, of the Kingdom of Galicia. When Afonso Henriques declared the independence of Portugal, he turned the family from a comital house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries. During the Reconquista, the Afonsine Dynasty expanded the country southwards until the definitive conquest of Algarve with Sancho II and the establishment of the Kingdom of Algarve, in 1249, under Afonso III. When Ferdinand I died, a succession crisis occurred between 1383 and 1385. Ferdinand's daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen and her husband John I of Castile proclaimed king by the right of his wife. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed.[1] [2]
The House of Aviz, known as the Joanine Dynasty, succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John I of Portugal, who was the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. When King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja. When King Sebastian of Portugal died, the throne passed to his Grand-uncle, Henry of Portugal (he might be called Henry II because Henry, Count of Portugal, father of Alphonso I of Portugal, was the first of that name to rule Portugal). When Henry died, a succession crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato, was proclaimed António of Portugal.
The House of Habsburg, known as the Philippine dynasty, was the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the personal union known as the Iberian Union.
The House of Braganza, also known as the Brigantine Dynasty, came to power in 1640, when John II, Duke of Braganza, claimed to be the rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great-great-grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in 1640 during the Portuguese Restoration War. The Habsburgs continued to claim the throne of Portugal until the end of the war in the Treaty of Lisbon (1668).
The descendants of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II (a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza, though they were still Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasts. This has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new royal family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, though this view is not widely held.
| Name | Reign | Duration | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afonso I | 25 July 1139 – 6 December 1185 | 46 years 4 months 11 days | |
| Sancho I | 6 December 1185 – 26 March 1211 | 25 years 3 months 20 days | |
| Afonso II | 26 March 1211 – 25 March 1223 | 11 years 11 months 27 days | |
| Sancho II | 25 March 1223 – 4 December 1247 | 24 years 8 months 9 days | |
| Afonso III | 4 January 1248 – 16 February 1279 | 31 years 1 month 12 days | |
| Denis I | 6 February 1279 – 7 January 1325 | 45 years 11 months 1 day | |
| Afonso IV | 7 January 1325 – 28 May 1357 | 32 years 4 months 21 days | |
| Peter I | 28 May 1357 – 18 January 1367 | 9 years 7 months 21 days | |
| Ferdinand I | 18 January 1367 – 22 October 1383 | 16 years 9 months 4 days | |
| John I | 6 April 1385 – 14 August 1433 | 48 years 4 months 8 days | |
| Edward | 14 August 1433 – 9 September 1438 | 5 years 26 days | |
| Afonso V | 13 September 1438 – 11 November 1477, 15 November 1477 – 28 August 1481 | 1st: (39 years 1 month 29 days),2nd: (3 years 9 months 13 days), full: 42 years 11 months 11 days | |
| John II | 11 November 1477 – 15 November 1477,28 August 1481 – 25 October 1495 | 1°st: (4 days),2°nd: (14 years 1 month 27 days), full: 14 years 2 months 1 day | |
| Manuel I | 25 October 1495 – 13 December 1521 | 26 years 1 month 18 days | |
| John III | 13 December 1521 – 11 June 1557 | 35 years 5 months 29 days | |
| Sebastian I | 11 June 1557 – 4 August 1578 | 21 years 1 month 24 days | |
| Henry I | 4 August 1578 – 31 January 1580 | 1 year 5 months 27 days | |
| Philip I | 12 September 1580 – 13 September 1598 | 18 years 1 day | |
| Philip II | 13 September 1598 – 31 March 1621 | 22 years 6 months 18 days | |
| Philip III | 31 March 1621 – 1 December 1640 | 19 years 8 months 1 day | |
| John IV | 1 December 1640 – 6 November 1656 | 15 years 11 months 5 days | |
| Afonso VI | 6 November 1656 – 12 September 1683 | 26 years 10 months 6 days | |
| Peter II | 12 September 1683 – 9 December 1706 | 23 years 2 months 27 days | |
| John V | 9 December 1706 – 31 July 1750 | 43 years 7 months 22 days | |
| Joseph I | 31 July 1750 – 24 February 1777 | 26 years 6 months 24 days | |
| Maria I | 24 February 1777 – 20 March 1816 | 39 years 25 days | |
| Peter III | 24 February 1777 – 25 May 1786 | 9 years 3 months 1 day | |
| John VI | 20 March 1816 – 10 March 1826 | 9 years 11 months 18 days | |
| Peter IV | 10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826 | 1 month 22 days | |
| Maria II | 2 May 1826 – 23 June 1828,26 May 1834 – 15 November 1853 | 1st: (2 years 1 month 21 days),2nd: (19 years 5 months 20 days), full: 21 years 7 months 10 days | |
| Michael I | 11 July 1828 – 26 May 1834 | 5 years 10 months 15 days | |
| Ferdinand II | 16 September 1837 – 15 November 1853 | 16 years 1 month 30 days | |
| Peter V | 15 November 1853 – 11 November 1861 | 7 years 11 months 27 days | |
| Louis I | 11 November 1861 – 19 October 1889 | 27 years 11 months 8 days | |
| Carlos I | 19 October 1889 – 1 February 1908 | 18 years 3 months 13 days | |
| Manuel II | 1 February 1908 – 5 October 1910 | 2 years 8 months 4 days |
pt:António Caetano de Sousa
. História Genealógica da Casa Real Portuguesa . 1735–49 . 1946 . Atlântida-Livraria Eds. . Coimbra . pt . 20210378.