Juneteenth Explained

Holiday Name:Juneteenth
Official Name:Juneteenth National Independence Day
Observedby:United States & parts of Northern Mexico
Duration:1 day
Frequency:Annually
Date:June 19
Mdy:yes
Observances:African-American history, culture, and progress
Type:Federal
Significance:Emancipation of enslaved people in the United States
Celebrations:Festivals, parties, parades, church services
Startedby:Early celebrations were held by Christian churches and the Freedmen's Bureau

Juneteenth, officially Juneteenth National Independence Day, is a federal holiday in the United States. It is celebrated annually on June 19 to commemorate the ending of slavery in the United States. The holiday's name is a portmanteau of the words "June" and "nineteenth", as it was on June 19, 1865, when Major General Gordon Granger ordered the final enforcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Texas at the end of the American Civil War.[1] In the Civil War period, slavery came to an end in various areas of the United States at different times. Many enslaved Southerners escaped, demanded wages, stopped work, or took up arms against the Confederacy of slave states. In January 1865, Congress finally proposed the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution for national abolition of slavery. By June 1865, almost all enslaved were freed by the victorious Union Army, or abolition laws in some of the remaining U.S. states. When the national abolition amendment was ratified in December, the remaining enslaved in Delaware and in Kentucky were freed.

Early celebrations date back to 1866, at first involving church-centered community gatherings in Texas. They spread across the South among newly freed African American slaves and their descendants and became more commercialized in the 1920s and 1930s, often centering on a food festival. Participants in the Great Migration brought these celebrations to the rest of the country. During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, these celebrations were eclipsed by the nonviolent determination to achieve civil rights, but grew in popularity again in the 1970s with a focus on African-American freedom and African-American arts. Beginning with Texas by proclamation in 1938, and by legislation in 1979, every U.S. state and the District of Columbia has formally recognized the holiday in some way.

Juneteenth is also celebrated by the Mascogos, descendants of Black Seminoles who escaped from slavery in 1852 and settled in Coahuila, Mexico.[2]

The day was recognized as a federal holiday in 2021, when the 117th US Congress enacted and President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law. Juneteenth became the first new federal holiday since Martin Luther King Jr. Day was adopted in 1983.[3]

Celebrations and traditions

The holiday is considered the "longest-running African-American holiday" and has been called "America's second Independence Day."[4] [5] Juneteenth falls on June 19 and has often been celebrated on the third Saturday in June. Historian Mitch Kachun considers that celebrations of the end of slavery have three goals: "to celebrate, to educate, and to agitate."

Early celebrations consisted of baseball, fishing, and rodeos. African Americans were often prohibited from using public facilities for their celebrations, so they were often held at churches or near water. Celebrations were characterized by elaborate large meals and people wearing their best clothing. It was common for formerly enslaved people and their descendants to make a pilgrimage to Galveston. As early festivals received news coverage, Janice Hume and Noah Arceneaux consider that they "served to assimilate African-American memories within the dominant 'American story.

Modern observance is primarily in local celebrations. In many places, Juneteenth has become a multicultural holiday. Traditions include public readings of the Emancipation Proclamation which promised freedom, singing traditional songs such as "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" and "Lift Every Voice and Sing", and reading of works by noted African-American writers, such as Ralph Ellison and Maya Angelou.[6] Celebrations include picnics, rodeos, street fairs, cookouts, family reunions, park parties, historical reenactments, blues festivals, and Miss Juneteenth contests.[7] [8] Red food and drinks are traditional during the celebrations, including red velvet cake and strawberry soda, with red meant to represent resilience and joy.[9]

Juneteenth celebrations often include lectures and exhibitions on African-American culture. The modern holiday places much emphasis on teaching about African-American heritage. Karen M. Thomas wrote in Emerge that "community leaders have latched on to [Juneteenth] to help instill a sense of heritage and pride in black youth." Celebrations are commonly accompanied by voter registration efforts, the performing of plays, and retelling stories.[10] The holiday is also a celebration of soul food and other food with African-American influences. In Tourism Review International, Anne Donovan and Karen DeBres write that "Barbecue is the centerpiece of most Juneteenth celebrations."[11] Major news networks host specials and marathons on national outlets featuring prominent Black voices.[12]

The Black Seminoles of Nacimiento in Mexico hold a festival and reunion, known as el Día de los Negros on June 19.[13] [14] [15] Many former British colonies celebrate Emancipation Day on August 1, commemorating the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833. Since 2021, the United Nations has designated August 31 as the International Day for People of African Descent. [16]

History

On September 22, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln announced that the Emancipation Proclamation would go into effect on January 1, 1863, promising freedom to enslaved people in all of the rebellious parts of Southern states of the Confederacy including Texas.[17] [18] Enforcement of the Proclamation generally relied upon the advance of Union troops. Texas, as the most remote state of the former Confederacy, had seen an expansion of slavery because the presence of Union troops was low as the American Civil War ended; thus, the enforcement of the Emancipation Proclamation had been slow and inconsistent there prior to Granger's order. In all June 19, 1865, was 900 days after the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect, 71 days after Robert E. Lee surrendered to the Union on April 9, 1865, and 24 days after the disbanding of the Confederate military department covering Texas on May 26, 1865.

Early history

The Civil War and celebrations of emancipation

During the American Civil War (1861–1865), emancipation came at different times in different parts of the Southern United States. Large celebrations of emancipation, often called Jubilees (recalling the biblical Jubilee, in which enslaved people were freed), took place on September 22, January 1, July 4, August 1, April 6, and November 1, among other dates. When emancipation finally came to Texas, on June 19, 1865, as the southern rebellion collapsed, celebration was widespread.[19] While that date did not actually mark the unequivocal end of slavery, even in Texas, June 19 came to be a day of shared commemoration across the United Statescreated, preserved, and spread by ordinary African Americansof slavery's wartime demise.[1]

End of slavery in Texas

Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in the midst of the Civil War on September 22, 1862, declaring that if the rebels did not end the fighting and rejoin the Union, all enslaved people in the Confederacy would be freed on the first day of the year.[20] On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that all enslaved people in the Confederate States of America in rebellion and not in Union hands were freed.

Planters and other slaveholders from eastern states had migrated into Texas to escape the fighting, and many brought enslaved people with them, increasing by the thousands the enslaved population in the state at the end of the Civil War.[1] Although most lived in rural areas, more than 1,000 resided in Galveston or Houston by 1860, with several hundred in other large towns.[21] By 1865, there were an estimated 250,000 enslaved people in Texas.[1] [22]

Despite the surrender of Confederate General-in-Chief Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, the western Confederate Army of the Trans-Mississippi did not formally surrender until June 2.[1] On the morning of June 19, 1865, Union Major General Gordon Granger arrived on the island of Galveston[23] to take command of the more than 2,000 federal troops recently landed in the department of Texas to enforce the emancipation of its enslaved population and oversee Reconstruction, nullifying all laws passed within Texas during the war by Confederate lawmakers.[24] The order informed all Texans that, in accordance with a Proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all enslaved people were free:

Longstanding urban legend places a historic reading of General Order No. 3 at Ashton Villa; but no historical evidence supports this claim.[25] There is no evidence that Granger or any of his troops proclaimed the Ordinance by reading it aloud. All indications are that copies of the Ordinance were posted in public places, including the Negro Church on Broadway, since renamed Reedy Chapel A.M.E. Church.[26]

On June 21, 2014, the Galveston Historical Foundation and Texas Historical Commission erected a Juneteenth plaque where the Osterman Building once stood signifying the location of Major General Granger's Union Headquarters believed to be where he issued his general orders.[27]

Although this event commemorates the end of slavery, emancipation for the remaining enslaved in two Union border states, Delaware and Kentucky, would not come until December 6, 1865, when the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified; furthermore, thousands of black slaves were not freed until after the Reconstruction Treaties of late 1866, when tribes such as the Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, and others were forced to sign new treaties that required them to free their slaves.[28]

The freedom of formerly enslaved people in Texas was given state law status in a series of Texas Supreme Court decisions between 1868 and 1874.[29]

Early Juneteenth celebrations

Formerly enslaved people in Galveston rejoiced after General Order No. 3.[30] One year later, on June 19, 1866, freedmen in Texas organized the first of what became annual commemorations of "Jubilee Day." Early celebrations were used as political rallies to give voting instructions to newly freed African Americans.[31] Other independence observances occurred on January 1 or 4.

In some cities, Black people were barred from using public parks because of state-sponsored segregation of facilities. Across parts of Texas, freed people pooled their funds to purchase land to hold their celebrations.[32] The day was first celebrated in Austin in 1867 under the auspices of the Freedmen's Bureau, and it had been listed on a "calendar of public events" by 1872. That year, Black leaders in Texas raised $1,000 for the purchase of 10abbr=NaNabbr= of land, today known as Houston's Emancipation Park, to celebrate Juneteenth.

The observation was soon drawing thousands of attendees across Texas. In Limestone County, an estimated 30,000 Black people celebrated at Booker T. Washington Park, established in 1898 for Juneteenth celebrations. The Black community began using the word Juneteenth for Jubilee Day early in the 1890s. The word Juneteenth appeared in print in the Brenham Weekly Banner, a white newspaper from Brenham, Texas, as early as 1891.[33] Mentions of Juneteenth celebrations outside of Texas appeared as early as 1909 in Shreveport, Louisiana.[34]

Decline of celebrations during the Jim Crow era

In the early 20th century, economic and political forces led to a decline in Juneteenth celebrations. From 1890 to 1908, Texas and all former Confederate states passed new constitutions or amendments that effectively disenfranchised Black people, excluding them from the political process. White-dominated state legislatures passed Jim Crow laws imposing second-class status.[35] Gladys L. Knight writes the decline in celebration was in part because "upwardly mobile blacks ... were ashamed of their slave past and aspired to assimilate into mainstream culture. Younger generations of blacks, becoming further removed from slavery were occupied with school ... and other pursuits." Others who migrated to the Northern United States could not take time off or simply dropped the celebration.

The Great Depression forced many Black people off farms and into the cities to find work, where they had difficulty taking the day off to celebrate. From 1936 to 1951, the Texas State Fair served as a destination for celebrating the holiday, contributing to its revival. In 1936, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people joined the holiday's celebration in Dallas. In 1938, Governor of Texas James Allred issued a proclamation stating in part:[36]

Seventy thousand people attended a "Juneteenth Jamboree" in 1951. From 1940 through 1970, in the second wave of the Great Migration, more than five million Black people left Texas, Louisiana and other parts of the South for the North and the West Coast. As historian Isabel Wilkerson writes, "The people from Texas took Juneteenth Day to Los Angeles, Oakland, Seattle, and other places they went."[37] In 1945, Juneteenth was introduced in San Francisco by a migrant from Texas, Wesley Johnson.[38]

During the 1950s and 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement focused the attention of African Americans on expanding freedom and integrating. As a result, observations of the holiday declined again, though it was still celebrated in Texas.

Revival of celebrations

1960s–1980s

Juneteenth soon saw a revival as Black people began tying their struggle to that of ending slavery. In Atlanta, some campaigners for equality wore Juneteenth buttons. During the 1968 Poor People's Campaign to Washington, DC, called by Rev. Ralph Abernathy, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference made June 19 the "Solidarity Day of the Poor People's Campaign."[38] In the subsequent revival, large celebrations in Minneapolis and Milwaukee emerged, as well as across the Eastern United States.[39]

In 1974, Houston began holding large-scale celebrations again,[22] and Fort Worth, Texas, followed the next year. Around 30,000 people attended festivities at Sycamore Park in Fort Worth the following year.[31] The 1978 Milwaukee celebration was described as drawing over 100,000 attendees.[39] In 1979, the Texas Legislature made the occasion a state holiday.[40] In the late 1980s, there were major celebrations of Juneteenth in California, Wisconsin, Illinois, Georgia, and Washington, D.C.[22]

Prayer breakfast and commemorative celebrations

In 1979, Democratic State Representative Al Edwards of Houston successfully sponsored legislation to make Juneteenth a paid Texas state holiday. The same year, he hosted the inaugural Al Edwards prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration on the grounds of the 1859 home, Ashton Villa. As one of the few existing buildings from the Civil War era and popular in local myth and legend as the location of Major General Granger's order, Edwards's annual celebration includes a local historian dressed as the Union general[41] reading General Order No. 3 from the second-story balcony of the home. The Emancipation Proclamation is also read and speeches are made.[42] [43] Representative Al Edwards died of natural causes April 29, 2020, at the age of 83,[44] but the annual prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration continued at Ashton Villa, with the late legislator's son Jason Edwards speaking in his father's place.[45] [46]

Official statewide recognitions

In the late 1970s, when the Texas Legislature declared Juneteenth a "holiday of significance ... particularly to the blacks of Texas," it became the first state to establish Juneteenth as a state holiday.[47] The bill passed through the Texas Legislature in 1979 and was officially made a state holiday on January 1, 1980. Before 2000, three more U.S. states officially observed the day, and over the next two decades it was recognized as an official observance in all states, except South Dakota, until becoming a federal holiday.[48]

Juneteenth in pop culture and the mass media

Since the 1980s and 1990s, the holiday has been more widely celebrated among African-American communities and has seen increasing mainstream attention in the US. In 1991, there was an exhibition by the Anacostia Community Museum (part of the Smithsonian Institution) called "Juneteenth '91, Freedom Revisited." In 1994, a group of community leaders gathered at Christian Unity Baptist Church in New Orleans to work for greater national celebration of Juneteenth.[49] Expatriates have celebrated it in cities abroad, such as Paris.[50] Some US military bases in other countries sponsor celebrations, in addition to those of private groups.[51] In 1999, Ralph Ellison's novel Juneteenth was published, increasing recognition of the holiday. By 2006, at least 200 cities celebrated the day.

In 1997, activist Ben Haith created the Juneteenth flag, which was further refined by illustrator Lisa Jeanne Graf. In 2000, the flag was first hoisted at the Roxbury Heritage State Park in Boston by Haith. The star at the center represents Texas and the extension of freedom for all African Americans throughout the whole nation. The burst around the star represents a nova and the red curve represents a horizon, standing for a new era for African Americans. The red, white, and blue colors represent the American flag, which shows that African Americans and their enslaved ancestors are Americans, and the national belief in liberty and justice for all citizens.[52] [53]

The holiday gained mainstream awareness outside African-American communities through depictions in media, such as episodes of TV series Atlanta (2016)[54] and Black-ish (2017),[55] the latter of which featured musical numbers about the holiday by Aloe Blacc, The Roots,[56] and Fonzworth Bentley.[57] [58] In 2018, Apple added Juneteenth to its calendars in iOS under official U.S. holidays.[59] Some private companies have adopted Juneteenth as a paid day off for employees, while others have officially marked the day in other ways, such as a moment of silence.[60] [61]

In 2020, several American corporations and educational institutions, including Twitter, the National Football League, Nike, began treating Juneteenth as a company holiday, providing a paid day off to their workers,[62] and Google Calendar added Juneteenth to its U.S. Holidays calendar.[63] Also in 2020, a number of major universities formally recognized Juneteenth,[64] [65] either as a "day of reflection" or as a university holiday with paid time off for faculty and staff.

The 2020 mother-daughter film on the holiday's pageant culture, Miss Juneteenth, celebrates African-American women who are "determined to stand on their own," while a resourceful mother is "getting past a sexist tendency in her community to keep women in their place."[66]

Becoming a federal holiday

In 1996, the first federal legislation to recognize "Juneteenth Independence Day" was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, H.J. Res. 195, sponsored by Barbara-Rose Collins (D-MI). In 1997, Congress recognized the day through Senate Joint Resolution 11 and House Joint Resolution 56. In 2013, the U.S. Senate passed Senate Resolution 175, acknowledging Lula Briggs Galloway (late president of the National Association of Juneteenth Lineage), who "successfully worked to bring national recognition to Juneteenth Independence Day", and the continued leadership of the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation.[67]

In the 2000s and 2010s, activists continued a long process to push Congress towards official recognition of Juneteenth.[68] Organizations such as the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation sought a Congressional designation of Juneteenth as a national day of observance.[1] By 2016, 45 states were recognizing the occasion.[40] Activist Opal Lee, often referred to as the "grandmother of Juneteenth",[69] campaigned for decades to make Juneteenth a federal holiday, leading walks in many states to promote the idea.[70] In 2016–17 at the age of 89, she led a symbolic walk from Fort Worth, Texas to Washington D.C. to advocate for the federal holiday.[40] [71] When it was officially made a federal holiday on June 17, 2021, she was standing beside President Joe Biden as he signed the bill.[70]

Juneteenth became one of five date-specific federal holidays along with New Year's Day (January 1), Independence Day (July 4), Veterans Day (November 11), and Christmas Day (December 25). Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday since Martin Luther King Jr. Day was declared a holiday in 1986.[72] [73] [74] Juneteenth also falls within the statutory Honor America Days period, which lasts for 21 days from Flag Day (June 14) to Independence Day (July 4).

Legal observance

State and local holiday

Texas was the first state to recognize the date by enacted law, in 1980. By 2002, eight states officially recognized Juneteenth[75] and four years later 15 states recognized the holiday. By 2008, just over half of the states recognized Juneteenth in some way.[76] By 2019, 47 states and the District of Columbia recognized Juneteenth,[77] although as of 2020 only Texas had adopted the holiday as a paid holiday for state employees.[78]

In June 2019, Governor of Pennsylvania Tom Wolf recognized Juneteenth as a holiday in the state.[79] In the yearlong aftermath of the murder of George Floyd that occurred on May 25, 2020, nine states designated Juneteenth a paid holiday,[80] including New York, Washington, and Virginia.[81] In 2020, Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker issued a proclamation that the day would be marked as "Juneteenth Independence Day." This followed the filing of bills by both the House and Senate to make Juneteenth a state holiday. Baker did not comment on these bills specifically but promised to grant the observance of Juneteenth greater importance.[82] On June 16, 2021, Illinois adopted a law changing its ceremonial holiday to a paid state holiday.[83]

Some cities and counties have also recognized Juneteenth through proclamation. In 2020, Juneteenth was formally recognized by New York City (as an annual official city holiday and public school holiday, starting in 2021).[84] [85] Cook County, Illinois, adopted an ordinance to make Juneteenth a paid county holiday.[86] The City and County of Honolulu recognizes it as an "annual day of honor and reflection",[87] and Portland, Oregon (as a day of remembrance and action and a paid holiday for city employees).[88]

North Dakota approved recognition of Juneteenth as a state-recognized annual holiday on April 13, 2021,[89] with Hawaii becoming the 49th state to recognize the holiday on June 16, 2021.[90] [91] On June 16, 2020, South Dakota Governor Kristi Noem proclaimed that the following June 19, 2020, was to be Juneteenth Day for that year only, spurning calls for it to be recognized annually, rather than just for 2020.[92] In February 2022, South Dakota became the last state to recognize Juneteenth as an annual state holiday or observance.[93] Its law provided for following the federal law even before it was official.[94] On May 2, 2022, Colorado Governor Jared Polis signed a bill changing the state's ceremonial observance to a state holiday and it is now the 11th state holiday in Colorado.[95]

As of 2024, 27 states and the District of Columbia have made Juneteenth an annualized paid holiday for state employees, with the remainder maintaining at least a ceremonial observance (New Mexico's personnel board declared it a paid worker holiday, although it is not a statutory holiday in New Mexico).[96] Additional states may observe it as a paid holiday for state workers but rely on a decision, often of the governor, in each year, instead of perpetual by statute, which may or may not occur again the next year. Local governments including counties and municipalities also may close their offices and pay their workers time-off.[97] The table below only includes the state's with perpetual, annual, paid holiday laws identified by the Congressional Research Service in 2023 or subsequent sources:[98]

States and Juneteenth paid holiday!State or insular area!First official observance!Paid state holiday adopted!Notes
20032022
20042022
20032023
20002021[99]
20032021
20112022
20012021
20032021
20222024[100]
20032021[101]
20112021[102]
20142022
20072022
19962023[103]
20032022
20092022
20112022
20042020[104] Observed on the third Friday in June
20062022
20042020[105]
20062021
20012021
20212022
20072023
19391980
20162022
20072024
20072020[106]
20072021

Federal holiday

Juneteenth National Independence Day Act
Fullname:An Act to amend title 5, United States Code, to designate Juneteenth National Independence Day as a legal public holiday.
Title Amended:Title 5—Government Organization and Employees
Introducedin:Senate
Introduceddate:February 25, 2021
Introducedby:Ed Markey (D–MA)
Passedbody1:Senate
Passeddate1:June 15, 2021
Passedvote1:unanimous consent
Passedbody2:House
Passeddate2:June 16, 2021
Passedvote2:415–14
Signedpresident:Joe Biden
Signeddate:June 17, 2021
Effective Date:June 17, 2021
Committees:Senate Judiciary
Enacted By:117th

Juneteenth is a federal holiday in the United States. For decades, activists and congress members (led by many African Americans) proposed legislation, advocated for, and built support for state and national observances. During his campaign for president in June 2020, Joe Biden publicly celebrated the holiday.[107] President Donald Trump, during his 2020 campaign for reelection, added making the day a national holiday part of his "Platinum Plan for Black America."[108] Spurred on by Opal Lee, the racial justice movement and the Congressional Black Caucus, on June 15, 2021, the Senate unanimously passed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act,[109] establishing Juneteenth as a federal holiday. It passed through the House of Representatives by a 415–14 vote on June 16.[110] [111]

President Joe Biden signed the bill [112] [113] on June 17, 2021, making Juneteenth the eleventh American federal holiday and the first to obtain legal observance as a federal holiday since Martin Luther King Jr. Day was designated in 1983.[114] [73] According to the bill, federal government employees will now get to take the day off every year on June 19, or should the date fall on a Saturday or Sunday, they will get the Friday or Monday closest to the Saturday or Sunday on which the date falls.[115]

See also

Explanatory notes

General and cited references

See main article: Bibliography of slavery in the United States.

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Gates . Henry Louis Jr. . Henry Louis Gates Jr. . January 16, 2013 . What Is Juneteenth? . . June 12, 2020 . June 11, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200611223729/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/what-is-juneteenth/ . live .
  2. Web site: Mascogos. Pueblo de afrodescendientes en el norte de México. . Mascogos. People of Afro-descendants in the north of Mexico. . gob.mx . July 31, 2017 . es . July 31, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170731080549/https://www.gob.mx/cdi/articulos/mascogos-pueblo-de-afrodescendientes-en-el-norte-de-mexico . live .
  3. Web site: President Biden Signs the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act Into Law . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/lUjBhwFcQ4U . December 11, 2021 . live . . June 17, 2021.
  4. Web site: The Historical Legacy of Juneteenth . National Museum of African American History and Culture . Smithsonian.com . June 19, 2023 . June 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230618092505/https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/historical-legacy-juneteenth . live .
  5. Web site: What is Juneteenth—and how did it become a federal holiday? . History and Culture Explainer . National Geographic . June 19, 2023 . June 12, 2023 . June 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230619235200/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/juneteenth . dead .
  6. Taylor, 2002. pp. 28–29.
  7. News: Taylor . Nicole . June 13, 2017 . Hot Links and Red Drinks: The Rich Food Tradition of Juneteenth . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . June 4, 2020 . June 4, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200604150903/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/dining/juneteenth-food-slavery-abolition.html . live .
  8. Web site: Acosta . Teresa Palomo . June 15, 2010 . Juneteenth . June 5, 2020 . Texas Historical Society . June 6, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200606030833/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/lkj01 . live .
  9. News: Amen . Sunyatta . June 10, 2022 . For Juneteenth, this hibiscus red drink is steeped in history . . November 25, 2022 . July 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220705130605/https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2022/06/10/red-drink-recipe-juneteenth/ . live .
  10. Thomas . Karen M. . June 1993 . Texas: Juneteenth Day . . 8 . 4 . 31 .
  11. Donovan . Anne . DeBres . Karen . 2006 . Foods of Freedom: Juneteenth as a Culinary Tourist Attraction . Tourism Review International . Cognizant Communication Corporation. Putnam Valley, New York. 9 . 4 . 379–389 . 10.3727/154427206776330562 .
  12. Web site: How and where to celebrate Juneteenth 2023 across the U.S. this holiday weekend - CBS News . www.cbsnews.com . June 16, 2023 . June 16, 2023 . June 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230616191412/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/juneteenth-2023-how-to-celebrate/ . live .
  13. Ferguson . Wes . June 19, 2019 . Why This Mexican Village Celebrates Juneteenth . . en . June 16, 2021 . June 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210618130804/https://www.texasmonthly.com/being-texan/mexican-village-juneteenth-celebration/ . live .
  14. Web site: Black Kos, Remember the Mascogos, Afro-Indigenous-Mexican-Americans for Cinco De Mayo. Daily Kos. May 3, 2019. June 16, 2021. June 19, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240619183537/https://www.dailykos.com/story/2019/5/3/1848353/-Black-Kos-Remember-the-Mascogos-Afro-Indigenous-Mexican-Americans-for-Cinco-De-Mayo. live.
  15. Web site: September 19, 2016 . Mascogos. Siempre listos para partir . July 31, 2017 . El Universal . es . Sin embargo, la fiesta de la comunidad es el 19 de junio – el Juneteenth Day en Estados Unidos – el día que los esclavos de Galveston, Texas, supieron que eran libres. . July 31, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170731071945/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/estados/2016/09/19/mascogos-siempre-listos-para-partir . live .
  16. Web site: Honouring the contributions of the African diaspora . UN.org . January 8, 2024 . April 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230428191043/https://www.un.org/en/observances/african-descent-day . live .
  17. Web site: April 9, 2021 . Our Documents – Emancipation Proclamation (1863) . July 16, 2021 . ourdocuments.gov . June 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210615120507/https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=34 . live .
  18. Web site: October 6, 2015 . The Emancipation Proclamation . July 5, 2021 . National Archives Museum . February 6, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170206210236/https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation . live .
  19. Web site: June 18, 2020. Juneteenth and the Emancipation Proclamation. JSTOR Daily. en-US. May 4, 2021. May 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210505001848/https://daily.jstor.org/juneteenth-and-the-emancipation-proclamation/. live.
  20. Web site: Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, 1862. June 3, 2020. The National Archives. June 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202334/https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/preliminary_emancipation_proclamation.html. live.
  21. Barr (1996), p. 24.
  22. Garrett-Scott. Shennette. 2013. "When Peace Come": Teaching the Significance of Juneteenth. Black History Bulletin. 76. 2. 19–25. 10.1353/bhb.2013.0015 . 24759690. 245657706 .
  23. Book: Serial set (no. 3100-3500). July 20, 1896.
  24. News: Juneteenth celebrates 'a moment of indescribable joy': Slavery's end in Texas. The Washington Post. DeNeen L.. Brown. June 19, 2020. June 29, 2020. June 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200628161327/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/18/juneteenth-holiday-history-slavery-george-floyd/. live.
  25. News: Ed . Cotham . Juneteenth: Four myths and one great truth . . June 18, 2014 . June 29, 2020 . June 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200628042023/https://www.galvnews.com/opinion/guest_columns/article_73af8892-f75d-11e3-8626-001a4bcf6878.html . live .
  26. Web site: Burnett . John . Four enduring myths about Juneteenth are not based on facts . June 21, 2022 . . June 20, 2022 . June 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220621030938/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/20/1105945119/four-enduring-myths-about-juneteenth-are-not-based-on-facts . live .
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  34. News: Article clipped from The Times (Shreveport, Louisiana) . 19 June 2024 . . 20 June 1909 . 18 . The entire colored population of the city is taking a holiday today, observing 'Juneteenth,' as they call it. . June 19, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240619020638/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-juneteenth-shreveport-la-1909/79844884/ . live .
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  41. Web site: Juneteenth celebrated in Galveston. Jennifer. Reynolds. The Daily News. June 19, 2020. June 29, 2020. June 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200630160240/https://www.galvnews.com/news/image_151ef2ae-1e20-52d4-bd52-2ed494ebe562.html. live.
  42. News: Galveston to receive Juneteenth statue. Thayer. Evans. June 15, 2006. Houston Chronicle. June 29, 2020. June 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200629023317/https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/baytown-news/article/Galveston-to-receive-Juneteenth-statue-1865656.php. live.
  43. News: Houston legislator recalls fight for Juneteenth holiday. Harvey. Rice. June 19, 2015. Houston Chronicle. June 29, 2020. June 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200616123425/https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/texas/article/Houston-legislator-recalls-fight-for-Juneteenth-6336573.php. live.
  44. News: Al Edwards, former state rep behind bill that created Juneteenth, dies at 83. Jasper. Scherer. April 29, 2020. Houston Chronicle. June 29, 2020. April 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200430150010/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Al-Edwards-former-state-rep-behind-bill-that-15234850.php. live.
  45. News: Galveston County Juneteenth events give voice to history, even amid pandemic. Matt. DeGrood. The Daily News. June 19, 2020. June 29, 2020. June 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200630195742/https://www.galvnews.com/news/free/article_fa956b38-1302-50f5-8bd3-b5397bde61e6.html. live.
  46. News: John Wayne. Ferguson. After crises and loss, Juneteenth in Galveston 'feels different'. The Daily News. June 19, 2020. June 29, 2020. June 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200630061107/https://www.galvnews.com/news/article_d8eab972-052d-5be2-a385-70b3c5b97918.html. live.
  47. Web site: Once a Texas-only holiday marking the end of slavery, Juneteenth is now celebrated nationwide with high spirits and hot barbecue . Anne . Dingus . June 2001 . . October 11, 2013 . July 14, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150714094154/http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/independence-day/page/0/1 . live .
  48. Juneteenth: Fact Sheet (CRS Report R44865) . Smith . Erin M. . July 1, 2022 . . July 18, 2022 . Version 26.
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  53. Web site: Kaur. Harmeet. Mullery. Will. June 19, 2020. The Juneteenth flag is full of symbols. Here's what they mean. CNN. June 17, 2021. May 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210520180811/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/19/us/freedom-day-juneteenth-flag-meaning-trnd/index.html. live.
  54. News: Ho. Rodney. October 25, 2016. FX's 'Atlanta' recap ('Juneteenth'): season 1, episode 9. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. June 18, 2018. June 18, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230554/https://www.ajc.com/blog/radiotvtalk/atlanta-recap-juneteenth-season-episode/tM9R8tdDj9LKUIch1YVbPJ/. live.
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  59. Web site: Ciaccia. Chris. February 16, 2018. Apple's iCal calendar mysteriously deletes Easter. Fox News. February 16, 2018. February 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180216165535/http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2018/02/16/apples-ical-calendar-mysteriously-deletes-easter.html. live.
  60. Web site: Dzhanova. Yelena. June 19, 2020. Here's a running list of all the big companies observing Juneteenth this year. CNBC. June 18, 2021. June 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210618201743/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/17/here-are-the-companies-observing-juneteenth-this-year.html. live.
  61. Web site: Duffy. Clare. June 18, 2020. A growing number of companies are giving employees the day off to celebrate Juneteenth. CNN Business. June 18, 2021. June 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210628014529/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/18/business/companies-observing-juneteenth/index.html. live.
  62. Web site: Brooks. Kristopher J.. June 19, 2020. Starting the trend for making Juneteenth a company holiday. CBS News. June 18, 2021. June 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210618004319/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/juneteenth-holiday-company-trend-paid-time-off/. live.
  63. Web site: Vonau. Manuel. June 16, 2020. Google makes Juneteenth an official Google Calendar holiday. Android Police. June 16, 2020. June 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200616183553/https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/06/16/google-makes-juneteenth-an-official-google-calendar-holiday/. live.
  64. Web site: Anderson. Greta. June 19, 2020. Growing Recognition of Juneteenth. Inside Higher Ed. June 18, 2021. June 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210618005122/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/06/19/colleges-acknowledge-juneteenth-holiday. live.
  65. Web site: Ly. Laura. June 20, 2020. Amid nationwide rallies and celebrations, more cities, states and universities designate Juneteenth as an official holiday. cnn.com. CNN. June 18, 2021. July 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210705131847/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/20/us/juneteenth-official-holiday-nation/index.html. live.
  66. Travers. Peter. June 17, 2020. 'Miss Juneteenth' Review: A Beauty Pageant, in the Eye of the Beholder. July 18, 2021. Rolling Stone. en-US. July 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210718192333/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-reviews/miss-juneteenth-movie-review-1014952/. live.
  67. Web site: S.Res.175 – A resolution observing Juneteenth Independence Day, June 19, 1865, the day on which slavery finally came to an end in the United States . United States Congress . June 19, 2013 . June 19, 2015 . July 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210718091356/https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-resolution/175/text . live .
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  71. Jackson. Angelique. June 17, 2021. Why 94-Year-Old Activist Opal Lee Marched to Make Juneteenth a National Holiday. Variety. June 18, 2021. June 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210617233620/https://variety.com/2021/politics/features/activist-opal-lee-juneteenth-holiday-1234998507/. live.
  72. Web site: Juneteenth: US to add federal holiday marking end of slavery . June 17, 2021 . BBC News . June 17, 2021 . June 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210616032005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57493282 . live .
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  74. Web site: Biden signs into law bill establishing Juneteenth as federal holiday . June 17, 2021 . NBC News . June 17, 2021 . June 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210618124640/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-signs-law-bill-establishing-juneteenth-federal-holiday-n1271213 . live .
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  77. Web site: Rebecca. Shabad. Senators propose bill to make Juneteenth a federal holiday. NBC News. June 19, 2020. June 20, 2020. June 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200620055254/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-democrats-introduce-bill-make-juneteenth-federal-holiday-n1231550. live.
  78. Web site: Caleb. Stewart. Virginia likely to become the 2nd state marking Juneteenth as a state holiday. WHSV. June 16, 2020. June 20, 2020. June 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200620201213/https://www.whsv.com/content/news/Northam-to-designate-Juneteenth-a-state-holiday-for-Virginia-571296721.html. live.
  79. Web site: Juneteenth Now A State Holiday In Pennsylvania. CBS Pittsburgh. June 19, 2019. June 18, 2021. June 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200256/https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2019/06/19/juneteenth-declared-state-holiday-in-pennsylvania/. live.
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  81. Web site: June 16, 2021 . Congress approves bill to make Juneteenth a federal holiday . Associated Press . June 19, 2021 . June 19, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210619141126/https://apnews.com/article/juneteenth-congress-federal-holiday-3cc3b7a56ec97b0bae3dbdff1da092ee . live .
  82. Web site: Reed . Jodi . MA lawmakers declare 'Juneteenth' as state holiday . June 19, 2020 . June 21, 2020 . WWLP.com . June 22, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200622013111/https://www.wwlp.com/news/state-politics/ma-lawmakers-declare-juneteenth-as-state-holiday/ . live .
  83. News: Dan . Petrella . Alice . Yin . June 16, 2021 . Juneteenth to Become Official State Holiday in Illinois Under Bill Signed into Law by Gov. J.B. Pritzker . . June 17, 2021 . June 17, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210617065034/https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-juneteenth-illinois-state-holiday-20210616-jr5avwasirchvazar4cipkcbcm-story.html . live .
  84. Web site: New York City declares Juneteenth an official holiday. BBC News. June 19, 2020. June 20, 2020. June 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200620154140/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53113555. live.
  85. Web site: May 4, 2021. No More Snow Days: NYC Schools Will Go Remote For Severe Weather. Matt. Troutman. June 1, 2021. New York City, NY Patch. en. May 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210508190921/https://patch.com/new-york/new-york-city/no-more-snow-days-nyc-schools-will-go-remote-severe-weather. live.
  86. News: December 22, 2020 . Cook County Recognizes Juneteenth as a Paid Day Off for County Workers . en-US . Chicago Defender . Kelly . Washington . June 17, 2021 . September 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210916162053/https://chicagodefender.com/cook-county-recognizes-juneteenth-as-a-paid-day-off-for-county-workers/ . live .
  87. Web site: June 19, 2020. Honolulu to officially recognize Juneteenth. June 19, 2020. KHON2. en-US. June 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200620190428/https://www.khon2.com/local-news/honolulu-to-officially-recognize-juneteenth/. live.
  88. News: Madison. Smalstig. City of Portland will make Juneteenth a paid holiday, day of remembrance. The Oregonian. June 16, 2020. June 20, 2020. June 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200620201213/https://www.oregonlive.com/news/2020/06/city-of-portland-will-make-juneteenth-a-paid-holiday-day-of-remembrance.html. live.
  89. Web site: Gov. Burgum signs bill making Juneteenth a holiday in ND. Morgan. Benth. April 13, 2021. KFYR-TV.com. June 18, 2021. June 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210618103253/https://www.kfyrtv.com/2021/04/13/gov-burgum-signs-bill-making-juneteenth-a-holiday-in-nd/. live.
  90. Web site: Hawaiʻi Becomes 49th State to Recognize Juneteenth, Biden Signs Federal Holiday Bill. June 17, 2021. Hawaiʻi Public Radio. June 18, 2021. June 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210617222828/https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/local-news/2021-06-17/hawaii-becomes-49th-state-to-recognize-juneteenth-biden-signs-federal-holiday-bill. live.
  91. News: Yamamoto. Kacie. Gov. David Ige signs bills recognizing Juneteenth, Kalaupapa Month. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. June 17, 2021. B2. June 18, 2021. June 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202125/https://www.staradvertiser.com/2021/06/17/hawaii-news/gov-david-ige-signs-bills-recognizing-juneteenth-kalaupapa-month/. live.
  92. News: Kaczke. Lisa. Huber. Makenzie. As Noem issues Juneteenth proclamation, some South Dakotans push for state-recognized holiday. June 18, 2020. June 19, 2020. Argus Leader. en. June 19, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240619183434/https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2020/06/18/noem-issues-juneteenth-proclamation-some-south-dakotans-push-state-recognized-holiday/3212781001/. live.
  93. Web site: US News. Juneteenth Finally Official State Holiday in South Dakota. May 16, 2022. May 16, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220516134750/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/south-dakota/articles/2022-02-11/juneteenth-finally-official-state-holiday-in-south-dakota. live.
  94. Web site: June 18, 2021 . South Dakota recognizes Juneteenth holiday for state employees . en-US . KELO . June 20, 2021 . June 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201618/https://www.keloland.com/news/local-news/south-dakota-recognizes-juneteenth-holiday-for-state-employees/ . live .
  95. Web site: Tassy . Elaine . Juneteenth is now a Colorado state holiday . May 26, 2022 . Colorado Public Radio . May 2, 2022 . en . May 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220517090935/https://www.cpr.org/2022/05/02/juneteenth-is-now-a-state-holiday/ . live .
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  97. Web site: Schaeffer . Katherine . June 9, 2023 . More than half of states will recognize Juneteenth as an official public holiday in 2023 . June 14, 2024 . Pew Research Center . en-US . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614132411/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/06/09/more-than-half-of-states-now-recognize-juneteenth-as-an-official-holiday/ . live .
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  99. Web site: McAneny . D. J. . Carney signs law declaring June 19th a state holiday before 'Grandmother of Juneteenth' . February 4, 2023 . WDEL 101.7FM . October 27, 2021 . en . February 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230204202420/https://www.wdel.com/news/carney-signs-law-declaring-june-19th-a-state-holiday-before-grandmother-of-juneteenth/article_77902b1c-373b-11ec-93cc-bb80891271b4.html . live .
  100. Web site: SCHREINER . BRUCE . Kentucky governor takes action on Juneteenth holiday and against discrimination based on hairstyles . apnews.com . May 23, 2024 . apnews . May 27, 2024 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524062242/https://apnews.com/article/kentucky-governor-juneteenth-5d9dd035d522cd9db53e3ceae15ba7e5#/ . live .
  101. Web site: Rosato . Chris . Gremillion . Bria . Juneteenth is officially a state holiday in Louisiana . February 4, 2023 . www.wafb.com . June 7, 2021 . en . February 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230204202437/https://www.wafb.com/2021/06/07/bill-declare-juneteenth-louisiana-state-holiday-advances-senate/ . live .
  102. Web site: Writer . Gillian GrahamStaff . June 14, 2021 . Juneteenth is declared an official state holiday in Maine . February 4, 2023 . Press Herald . February 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230204202420/https://www.pressherald.com/2021/06/14/juneteenth-becomes-official-state-holiday-in-maine/ . live .
  103. Web site: Tribune . Zoë Jackson Star . Gov. Walz signs bills making Juneteenth a state holiday and banning hair discrimination . February 4, 2023 . Star Tribune . February 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230204202436/https://www.startribune.com/walz-signs-historic-bills-juneteenth-state-holiday-minnesota-hair-discrimination-black-history/600248992/ . live .
  104. Web site: Office of the Governor Governor Murphy Signs Legislation Designating Juneteenth as a State and Public Holiday . February 4, 2023 . www.nj.gov . September 11, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200911175743/https://www.nj.gov/governor/news/news/562020/20200910b.shtml . live .
  105. Web site: Governor Cuomo Signs Legiation Designating Juneteenth as an Official Public Holiday in New York State . February 4, 2023 . ocfs.ny.gov . February 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230204202420/https://ocfs.ny.gov/main/news/for-release.php?idx=12246 . live .
  106. Web site: Foster . Richard . October 19, 2020 . Virginia lawmakers make Juneteenth a state holiday . February 4, 2023 . Virginia Business . en-US . February 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230204202421/https://www.virginiabusiness.com/article/virginia-lawmakers-make-juneteenth-a-state-holiday/ . live .
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  108. Web site: What's in Trump's 'Platinum Plan' for Black America?. Bloomberg CityLab. Kriston. Capps. September 29, 2020. June 19, 2021. October 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201020225122/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-29/trump-shines-up-a-platinum-plan-for-black-voters. live.
  109. Web site: June 17, 2021. S.475 – Juneteenth National Independence Day Act. live. June 18, 2021. Congressional Record 117th Congress (2021–2022). June 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210618090442/https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/475.
  110. Web site: Senate unanimously passes a bill making Juneteenth a federal holiday. Ted. Barrett. Ali. Zaslav. Alex. Rogers. CNN. June 16, 2021. live. June 16, 2021. June 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210615221059/https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/15/politics/juneteenth-federal-holiday-senate-vote/index.html.
  111. Web site: Congress passes bill making Juneteenth a federal holiday. Annie. Grayer. Daniella. Diaz. CNN. June 16, 2021. live. June 16, 2021. June 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210616160046/https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/16/politics/house-vote-juneteenth-federal-holiday-senate-passed-june-19/index.html.
  112. Web site: June 18, 2021. Bill Signed: S. 475. live. June 18, 2021. whitehouse.gov. White House Briefing Room. Statements and Releases. June 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210617225910/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/06/17/bill-signed-s-475/.
  113. Web site: Kathryn. Watson. Biden signs bill making Juneteenth a federal holiday. June 18, 2021. June 18, 2021. CBS News. en-US. June 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210618121306/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-juneteenth-holiday-bill-sign/. live.
  114. Web site: Juneteenth: US to add federal holiday marking end of slavery . June 17, 2021 . BBC News . June 17, 2021 . June 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210616032005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57493282 . live .
  115. Web site: Tapp . Tom . Dominic . Patten . President Biden to Sign Bill Tomorrow Making Juneteenth a Federal Holiday . . June 17, 2021 . June 22, 2021 . June 17, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210617211525/https://deadline.com/2021/06/congress-approves-juneteenth-federal-holiday-house-vote-1234776677/ . live .

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