A jukebox musical is a stage musical or musical film in which a majority of the songs are well-known popular music songs, rather than original music.
Some jukebox musicals use a wide variety of songs, while others confine themselves to songs performed by one singer or band, or written by one songwriter. In such cases, the plot is often a biography of the artist or artists. In other jukebox musicals, the plot is purely fictional. For musicals about a musician or musical act, some of the songs can be diegetic, meaning that they are performed within the world of the play or film. Works in which all of the music is diegetic, however, such as a biographical film about a singer who is at times shown performing their songs, are generally not considered jukebox musicals.[1]
Revues that lack a plot are also usually not described as jukebox musicals, although plotless shows that include a dance element sometimes are.[2]
In Europe in the 17th and 18th century, many comic operas were produced that parodied popular songs of the time by performing them with modified lyrics. Comédie en vaudevilles and ballad operas are two genres that made heavy use of well-known melodies. The Beggar's Opera (1728), the first ballad opera and the most famous, has been called "the original jukebox musical".[3]
Films considered early examples of jukebox musicals include An American in Paris (1951), Singin' in the Rain (1952), Rock, Rock, Rock (1956) and Rock Around the Clock (1956).
The songwriting team of Robert Wright and George Forrest pioneered the concept of musicals whose songs are derived from one composer's instrumental works, with newly-written lyrics. Some of these musicals also told the life story of that composer. Musicals and operettas that they produced in this fashion include Song of Norway (1944, using the music of Edvard Grieg), (1948, music of Heitor Villa-Lobos), a 1949 reworking of the 1934 musical The Great Waltz (music of Johann Strauss I and Johann Strauss II), Kismet (1953, music of Alexander Borodin[4]), and Anya (1965, music of Sergei Rachmaninoff).
The origin of the phrase "jukebox musical" in its current meaning is unclear. The word "jukebox" dates to around 1939. The first documented use of "jukebox musical" in print may have been in a 1962 description of the musical Do Re Mi,[5] but that was a musical (with original music) about a man who sells jukeboxes. In a 1964 review of the Beatles film A Hard Day's Night, critic Andrew Sarris described that film as "the Citizen Kane of jukebox musicals",[6] but he too may have had a meaning in mind other than the contemporary one, since most of that film's songs were original.
Although jukebox musicals had achieved success for years (for example, the 1989 musical ), a surge in popularity was led by the success of Mamma Mia! (1999), built around the music of ABBA.[7]
The most common format for jukebox musicals is a show that tells the life story of a famous musician or musical group, while incorporating songs from throughout their career. Artists whose life and songs have served as the basis for a jukebox musical include Peter Allen, Susan Boyle, Shlomo Carlebach, Johnny Cash, Cher, Patsy Cline, Bobby Darin, The Drifters, Emilio and Gloria Estefan, Buddy Holly, Michael Jackson (twice), Janis Joplin, Carole King, The Kinks, Fela Kuti, John Lennon, Udo Lindenberg, Bob Marley (twice), Johnny O'Keefe, The Seekers, Dusty Springfield (twice), Donna Summer, The Temptations, Tina Turner (twice), Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons, Hank Williams, Neil Diamond, and ABBA. Others who have gotten similar treatment include songwriter/producers Bert Berns, Berry Gordy and Ellie Greenwich, record producer Florence Greenberg, and composer/songwriter Norbert Glanzberg.
For jukebox musicals with a fictional plot, one common approach is to center the plot around one or more (fictional) singers or musicians, thus letting some of the songs be performed as songs within the show. Examples of such musicals include Boogie Nights (1998), Mamma Mia! (1999), We Will Rock You (2002), Hoy no me puedo levantar (2005), Bésame mucho, el musical (2005), Rock of Ages (2005), Daddy Cool (2006), Never Forget (2007), Viva Forever! (2012), All Out of Love (2018), and Jukebox Hero (2018).
Some jukebox musicals are adaptations of a film, in which songs from the film's soundtrack are now sung by the characters; examples include Saturday Night Fever (1998), Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (2006), (2015) and the upcoming My Best Friend's Wedding.
Some shows and films combine original and previously-released songs; it may be a matter of opinion whether these qualify as jukebox musicals. For example, the stage musicals 42nd Street (1980), Five Guys Named Moe (1990), Crazy for You (1992), and Xanadu (2007) are all adaptations of earlier source material that added to the original score other well-known songs written by the original songwriters. The stage musicals The Last Ship (2014) and Standing at the Sky's Edge (2019) and film musicals Yellow Submarine (1968) and Idlewild (2006) are all musicals that combine original and previously-recorded songs by a single artist or group. Other films that combine old and original songs include Singin' in the Rain (1952), Trolls (2016), and Cinderella (2021).
| Year | Title | Based on the music of | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1976 | Bubbling Brown Sugar | Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Cab Calloway, et al. | |
| 1977 | Beatlemania | The Beatles | |
| 1977 | Elvis | Elvis Presley | |
| 1978 | Ain't Misbehavin' | Fats Waller | |
| 1978 | Eubie! | Eubie Blake |
| Year | Title | Based on the music of | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 42nd Street | Al Dubin, Johnny Mercer, and Harry Warren | |
| 1983 | Abbacadabra | ABBA | |
| 1984 | Leader of the Pack | Ellie Greenwich, Jeff Barry, and Phil Spector | |
| 1986 | Big Deal | Popular songs from the 1920s and 30s | |
| 1987 | Hank Williams: Lost Highway | Hank Williams | |
| 1989 | Buddy Holly, including many early rock "standards" | ||
| 1989 | Forever Plaid | Popular songs from the 1950s | |
| 1989 | Return to the Forbidden Planet | 1960s rock and roll |
| Year | Title | Based on the music of | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | Jelly's Last Jam | Jelly Roll Morton | |
| 1993 | The Who's Tommy | The Who | |
| 1996 | Summer Holiday | Cliff Richard & The Shadows | |
| 1997 | Boogie Nights | The 1970s | |
| 1998 | Saturday Night Fever | Bee Gees and others | |
| 1999 | Disco Inferno | 1970s disco | |
| 1999 | Mamma Mia! | ABBA | |
| 1999 | The Marvelous Wonderettes | Female vocal harmony groups of the 1950s and 1960s |
| Year | Title | Based on the music of | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Perfect Harmony | Various artists (ranging from The Jackson 5, to Pat Benatar) | |
| 2010 | Everyday Rapture | Various artists (ranging from Judy Garland and The Supremes, to Mr. Rogers) | |
| 2010 | The Beatles | ||
| 2010 | Come Fly Away | Frank Sinatra | |
| 2010 | Million Dollar Quartet | Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, and Johnny Cash | |
| 2010 | Norbert Glanzberg | ||
| 2011 | Baby It's You! | Popular songs from the 1960s produced by Florence Greenberg | |
| 2011 | Si nos dejan | Mexican songs from the 1930s to 1950s | |
| 2011 | Udo Lindenberg | ||
| 2012 | The Bodyguard | Whitney Houston | |
| 2012 | I Dreamed a Dream | Susan Boyle | |
| 2012 | Raiding the Rock Vault[8] | Various classic rock songs | |
| 2012 | Viva Forever! | Spice Girls | |
| 2012 | Soul Sister | Tina Turner | |
| 2012 | Let it Be | The Beatles | |
| 2012 | Disaster! | Popular songs from the 1970s | |
| 2012 | Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots | The Flaming Lips | |
| 2013 | A Night with Janis Joplin | Janis Joplin | |
| 2013 | Carole King | ||
| 2013 | Soul Doctor | Shlomo Carlebach and Nina Simone | |
| 2013 | Motown | ||
| 2014 | Bullets Over Broadway | Popular songs from the 1910s and 20s, based on the film Bullets Over Broadway | |
| 2014 | Holler If Ya Hear Me | Tupac Shakur | |
| 2014 | Cyrano de BurgerShack | Various artists including Carly Rae Jepsen and Smash Mouth | |
| 2014 | Sunny Afternoon | The Kinks | |
| 2014 | Lady Day at Emerson's Bar and Grill | Billie Holiday | |
| 2014 | Bert Berns | ||
| 2015 | On Your Feet! | Emilio Estefan and Gloria Estefan | |
| 2015 | Bob Marley | ||
| 2015 | France Gall | ||
| 2015 | Popular songs from the 1990s, based on the movie Cruel Intentions | ||
| 2015 | Georgy Girl | The Seekers and other popular songs of the 1960s | |
| 2016 | Lazarus | David Bowie | |
| 2016 | Bobby Darin | ||
| 2017 | The Band | Take That | |
| 2017 | Noites de Verão | Britney Spears, based on the play A Midsummer Night's Dream | |
| 2017 | Part of the Plan | Dan Fogelberg | |
| 2017 | Girl from the North Country | Bob Dylan | |
| 2017 | Donna Summer | ||
| 2017 | Rainhard Fendrich | ||
| 2017 | Jim Steinman | ||
| 2017 | The Choir of Man | Various artists | |
| 2018 | Dusty – The Dusty Springfield Musical | Dusty Springfield | |
| 2018 | Jukebox Hero | Foreigner | |
| 2018 | Escape to Margaritaville | Jimmy Buffett | |
| 2018 | Ang Huling El Bimbo | Eraserheads | |
| 2018 | Tina | Tina Turner | |
| 2018 | Jagged Little Pill | Alanis Morissette | |
| 2018 | The Heart of Rock and Roll | Huey Lewis and the News | |
| 2018 | Head over Heels | The Go-Go's | |
| 2018 | The Cher Show | Cher | |
| 2018 | Clueless | Popular songs from the 1990s, based on the movie Clueless | |
| 2018 | All Out of Love[9] [10] | Air Supply | |
| 2018 | Ain't Too Proud | The Temptations | |
| 2018 | Moulin Rouge! | Various artists | |
| 2019 | Club Tropicana | Various artists from the 1980s | |
| 2019 | Standing at the Sky's Edge | Richard Hawley | |
| 2019 | Madea's Farewell | Various artists | |
| 2019 | & Juliet | Max Martin |
| Year | Title | Based on the music of | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | POP- Uma Volta no Tempo | Popular songs from girl groups and boy bands | |
| 2021 | The Drifters Girl | The Drifters | |
| 2021 | Once Upon a One More Time | Britney Spears | |
| 2021 | Get Up, Stand Up! The Bob Marley Musical | Bob Marley | |
| 2021 | What's New Pussycat? | Tom Jones | |
| 2021 | Je vais t'aimer | Michel Sardou | |
| 2021 | MJ the Musical | Michael Jackson | |
| 2022 | A Beautiful Noise | Neil Diamond | |
| 2022 | The Osmonds | The Osmonds | |
| 2023 | In Dreams | Roy Orbison | |
| 2023 | Holidays | Madonna | |
| 2023 | Hell's Kitchen | Alicia Keys | |
| 2024 | Just For One Day (musical) | Live Aid | |
| 2024 | Lost Without You: The Freya Ridings Musical | Freya Ridings | |
| 2024 | Joyride The Musical | Roxette | |
| 2024 | Here & Now | Steps | |
| My Best Friend's Wedding | Burt Bacharach and Hal David, based on the film My Best Friend's Wedding |
In a different category are films or stage musicals based around a concept album, in which the story being told is not original but rather a fleshed-out version of the narrative already contained in the album. Examples include: