Condominium (international law) explained

A condominium (plural either condominia, as in Latin, or condominiums) in international law is a political territory (state or border area) in or over which multiple sovereign powers formally agree to share equal dominium (in the sense of sovereignty) and exercise their rights jointly, without dividing it into "national" zones.

Although a condominium has always been recognized as a theoretical possibility, condominia have been rare in practice. A major problem, and the reason so few have existed, is the difficulty of ensuring co-operation between the sovereign powers; once the understanding fails, the status is likely to become untenable.

The word is recorded in English since 1718, from Modern Latin, apparently coined in Germany c. 1700 from Latin con- 'together' + dominium 'right of ownership' (compare domain). A condominium of three sovereign powers is sometimes called a tripartite condominium or tridominium.

Current condominia

Co-principality

Under French law, Andorra was once considered to be a French–Spanish condominium, although it is more commonly classed as a co-principality, since it is itself a sovereign state, not a possession of one or more foreign powers. However, the position of head of state is shared ex officio by two foreigners, one of whom is the President of France, currently Emmanuel Macron, and the other the Bishop of Urgell in Spain, currently Joan Enric Vives i Sicília.[13]

Former condominia

See also: Timeline of national independence.

Proposed condominia

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Amendment I to the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200728192309/http://www.ccbh.ba/public/down/Amendment_I_to_the_Constitution_of_BiH_(OHR_and_CC).pdf . Jul 28, 2020 . ccbh.ba.
  2. https://www.un.org/oceancapacity/sites/www.un.org.oceancapacity/files/thesis_vlezama.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjkq7jhvNCEAxVyh_0HHfwSCRsQFnoECBMQBg&usg=AOvVaw25iNG9sqx7La7xvd94-ATj
  3. Elementos Jurídicos para la Construcción de una Propuesta Tendente a la Recuperación Material y la Soberanía de la Isla Conejo en el Golfo de Fonseca (Legal Elements for the Construction of a Proposal to the Material Recovery and Sovereignty of Isla Conejo in the Gulf of Fonseca) . Gómez Cruz . Ricardo Alonso . Universidad de El Salvador, Ciudad Universitaria, San Salvador, El Salvador . October 2004 . 2013-07-04 . 33, 36, 46, 49 and 50 . 11 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160311052840/http://webquery.ujmd.edu.sv/siab/bvirtual/BIBLIOTECA%20VIRTUAL/TESIS/02/DER/ADGE0001067.pdf . live .
  4. Case Concerning Land, Island, and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras, Nicaragua Intervening). International Court of Justice. 1992. http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/75/6673.pdf. 2012-10-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003807/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/75/6673.pdf. dead.
  5. La controversia fronteriza terrestre, insular y maritima entre El Salvador y Honduras, y Nicaragua como país interviniente . Huezo Urquilla . Luis Salvador . 2013-07-14 . Universidad Dr. José Matías Delgado, San Salvador, El Salvador . July 1993 . 15 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160315080929/http://www.csj.gob.sv/BVirtual.nsf/0/4a166d4dc28958bb06256b3e00747ab4?OpenDocument . dead .
  6. Web site: UNHCR Web Archive . 29 February 2024 . 29 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240229184409/https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230518182423/https://www.refworld.org/docid/47d658ee17.html . live .
  7. Book: Die deutschen Staatsgrenzen: rechtshistorische Grundlagen und offene Rechtsfragen ("The German national borders: legal-historical foundations and open legal questions") . Daniel-Erasmus Kahn . Oxford University Press . 2004 . 9783161484032 .
  8. Web site: Fiat Objects. Barry. Smith. Department of Philosophy, Center for Cognitive Science and NCGIA, SUNY at Buffalo (NY). 2013-06-02. 24–25. 20 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200520004336/http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/fiatobjects.pdf. live.
  9. Web site: The World's Most Exclusive Condominium . Frank . Jacobs . 12 January 2012 . 2016-12-18 . 18 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191218225651/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/23/the-worlds-most-exclusive-condominium/?_r=0 . live .
  10. Web site: DEFRLUBEDELU.PDF (Archived map of condominium boundaries) . 2013-06-02 . 16 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240316080019/https://mexlist.com/boundarypoint/8_delu/1_DEFRLUBEDELU.PDF . live .
  11. Web site: Caswell MC3D Marine Seismic Survey Environment Plan: Public Summary. 2013-12-03. National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority. 24 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160324025207/http://nopsema.gov.au/assets/epsummaries/EP-Summary-PGS-Caswell-multi-client-3D-Seismic-survey.pdf. dead.
  12. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-42817859 The island that switches countries every six months
  13. http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/coprince-d-andorre-hollande-rend-visite-a-la-principaute-12-06-2014-3917601.php Coprince d'Andorre, Hollande rend visite à la principauté
  14. Zavagno, L. (2013). Two hegemonies, one island: Cyprus as a "Middle Ground" between the Byzantines and the Arabs (650–850 A.D.). Reti Medievali Rivista. https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist243/winter_2017/resources/Two%20hegemonies,%20one%20island.pdf .
  15. Jozo Tomasevich. "The Chetniks". War and Revolution in Yugoslavia. Stanford University Press, 1975. Pp. 103. "The condominium in Croatia was the most important example of Italo-German collaboration in controlling and despoiling an occupied area [...]".
  16. Stephen R. Graubard, (ed.).Exit from Communism. Transaction Publishers, 1993. Pp. 153–154. "After the Axis attack on Yugoslavia in 1941, Mussolini and Hitler installed the Ustašas in power in Zagreb, making them the nucleus of a dependent regime of the newly created Independent State of Croatia, an Italo-German condominium predicated on the abolition of Yugoslavia." https://books.google.com/books?id=4bjt2g6zFcIC&dq=Italo-German+condominium&pg=PA153
  17. Günay Göksu Özdoğan, Kemâli Saybaşılı. Balkans: a mirror of the new international order. Marmara Üniversitesi. Dept. of International Relations, 1995. Pp. 143. "Croatia (with Bosnia-Hercegovina) formally became a new Axis ally – theIndependent State of Croatia (NDH). This was in fact, Italo-German condominium, [...]".
  18. John R. Lampe (ed.), Mark Mazower (ed.). Ideologies and National Identities: The Case of Twentieth-Century Southeastern Europe. Central European University Press, 2003. Pp. 103. "[...] the Independent State of Croatia (hereafter NDH, Nezavisna DrzavaHrvatska), in reality an Italo-German condominium[...]"
  19. Web site: Archived copy . 2011-08-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111004005739/http://www.minefe.gouv.fr/fonds_documentaire/notes_bleues/nbb/nbb270/entente_cordiale.pdf . 4 October 2011 . dmy-all .
  20. Book: The UAE: Internal Boundaries and the Boundary with Oman. 1-85207-575-9. 6. 477–478.
  21. Web site: Ajman/Muscat condominium . I don't know when the Hadf zone agreement was terminated, but it certainly was. . 14 January 2017 . 30 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230234327/https://groups.yahoo.com/group/borderpoint/message/3566 . dead .
  22. Web site: Bulgaria. 4 March 2007. 8 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110708231123/http://www.danstopicals.com/bulgaria.htm. live.
  23. Bromley, J S (editor) 1970, The New Cambridge Modern History Volume 6: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688-1715/25, Cambridge University Press, (p. 428)
  24. https://books.google.com/books?id=qrkvAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Joint+Administrative+Authority%22+ Namibia Yearbook
  25. http://kevinrudd.com/2019/02/04/the-complacent-country/ The Complacent Country
  26. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gibraltar/ CIA – The World Factbook – Gibraltar
  27. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3851047.stm#overview BBC News | Europe | Country profiles | Regions and territories: Gibraltar
  28. The treaty was ratified by the Parliament of Canada, the Folketing (Parliament of Denmark), the Inatsisartut (Parliament of Greenland) and the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut.
  29. https://web.archive.org/web/20090809225312/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/how-mrs-thatcher-lost-hong-kong-ten-years-ago-fired-up-by-her-triumph-in-the-falklands-war-margaret-thatcher-flew-to-peking-for-a-lastditch-attempt-to-keep-hong-kong-under-british-rule--only-to-meet-her-match-in-deng-xiaoping-two-years-later-she-signed-the-agreement-handing-the-territory-to-china-1543375.html How Mrs Thatcher lost Hong Kong
  30. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jan/11/northern-ireland-british-irish-rule-sdlp-dup-sinn-fein SDLP backs British-Irish rule if Northern Ireland devolution fails
  31. Hayball . Harry Jack . 2015 . Serbia and the Serbian rebellion in Croatia (1990-1991) . Thesis (Ph.D.) . 188 . . 14 September 2019 . 29 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230129084908/https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.659414 . dead .
  32. Web site: British policy against Croatia's interests . Davor Ivanković . Večernji list (Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia) . 6 December 2009 . 28 October 2023 . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813120514/http://www.helsinki.org.rs/doc/pbritish%20policy%20against%20Croatia.doc . live .
  33. Web site: Mate Granić: Milošević je pregovarao pijući viski. A evo tko je od Tuđmana tražio uklanjanje Bobana i 'naredio' da nikako ne zauzimamo Banju Luku . Željko Trkanjec . . 12 December 2020 . 28 October 2023 . 27 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027221340/https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/mate-granic-milosevic-je-pregovarao-pijuci-viski-a-evo-tko-je-od-tudmana-trazio-uklanjanje-mate-bobana-i-naredio-da-nikako-ne-zauzimamo-banju-luku-1063840 . live .