| Hangul: | 제사 |
| Rr: | Jesa |
| Mr: | chesa |
| P: | jìsì |
| J: | zai3 zi6 |
Jesa (pronounced as /ko/) is a ceremony commonly practiced in Korea. Jesa functions as a memorial to the ancestors of the participants.[1] Jesa are usually held on the anniversary of the ancestor's death. The majority of Catholics, Buddhists and nonbelievers practice ancestral rites, although Protestants do not.[2] The Catholic ban on ancestral rituals was lifted in 1939, when Pope Pius XII formally recognized ancestral rites as a civil practice (see Chinese Rites controversy).[2] Many Korean Christians, particularly Protestants, no longer practice this rite.[3] Christians generally avoid the rites,[4] [5] and many emigrants avoiding the rites.[6]
Since their origins, Jesa has taken on a certain formality as human civilization has developed, which is sometimes called rituals in Confucianism.[7]
The ancestral rituals known as "Jesa" in Korean, have been practiced since the legendary Dangun era in ancient Korea. These rituals involve paying homage and offering sacrifices to ancestors, spirits, and deities. Rooted in the belief that the spirits of ancestors continue to influence the living, Jesa serves as a way to maintain a connection with the past and seek blessings for the present and future.
In the context of Dangun, the founder of the first Korean kingdom, Gojoseon, Jesa rituals were likely integral to the societal and spiritual practices of that time. Over the centuries, the tradition of Jesa has evolved, incorporating various cultural and religious influences. The rituals typically involve the preparation of specific foods, drinks, and other symbolic items, which are arranged on an ancestral altar. Participants offer prayers and express gratitude to their ancestors, seeking their guidance and blessings.
Throughout Korean history, Jesa has remained a significant cultural and religious practice. It is often performed on important occasions such as ancestral memorial days, New Year's Day, and family gatherings. The rituals vary among different regions and families, reflecting the diversity of Korean cultural practices and beliefs.
In essence, Jesa serves as a bridge between the living and the deceased, emphasizing the importance of familial and ancestral connections in Korean society. It reflects a deep-rooted respect for ancestors and a desire to maintain harmony between the spiritual and earthly realms.
Korean ancestral worship can be traced back to Korean bronze age, as table-top dolmens found in Korean peninsula, Liaodong, and Manchuria were used for ancestral worship among different social groups.[8]
The Jecheon event has been inherited from Dangun Joseon to Yeonggo (迎鼓) in Buyeo, Mucheon (舞天) in Dongye, Alliance of Goguryeo (東盟), Jingungjesa (Silla), and Palgwanhoe (八關會) in Goryeo. Up to this point, it was governed by the state. However, when Joseon started paying tribute to China and adopted Confucianism as its ruling ideology, the heavenly culture ceases to exist.[9] After that, King Gojong established Weongudan (圜丘壇), a celestial altar, and revived the celestial culture.[10] Today's Confucian rituals were introduced from the end of Goryeo. Then, in the early Joseon Dynasty, China 's 'Juju Ga-rye' was accepted and spread gradually, centering on the four majors.[11]
In Korea, ancestral rites have been held for the safety and welfare of the country and its people since ancient times. These national ceremonies include ancestral rites and ancestor worship .
The Jecheon event is an event held in heaven, and is held in Yeonggo (迎鼓) in Buyeo,[12] Mucheon (舞天) in Dongye,[13] Alliance of Goguryeo, and in May and October of Samhan . There were ritual ceremonies such as the May Festival and the October Festival. In addition, the Palgwanhoe (八關會) held in Silla and Goryeo and Wonguje (圜丘祭) held in Goryeo and Joseon are also among the festivals of Jecheon.
In addition, ancestor worship continued from ancient times. In Goguryeo, ancestral rites were held to Gojumong and Yuhwa, the founders of the nation, and there was also Dongmyeongmyo in Baekje, which was believed to have diverged from Goguryeo. In Silla, during the reign of King Namhae, Hyukgeosemyo was built. In Goryeo and Joseon, ancestral rites were held to enshrine Dangun, and Jongmyo and Sajik were established respectively to hold ancestral rites for the ancestors of the dynasty. Also, in Joseon, Confucianism was worshiped and a burial site was established, and the rite of munmyo held there was a national rite.
There are several kinds of ancestor rituals such as gijesa (기제사, 忌祭祀), charye (차례, 茶禮), seongmyo (성묘, 省墓), and myosa (묘사, 墓祀). Gijesa is a memorial service which is held on the day of the ancestor's death every year. Gijesa is performed until upwards of five generations of ancestors in the eldest descendant's house. Memorial services that are performed on Chuseok or New Year's Day are called "charye". On April 5 and before Chuseok, Koreans visit the tombs of their ancestors and trim the grass off the tombs. Then, they offer food, fruits, and wine, and finally make bows in front of the tombs. Memorial services that are performed in front of tombs are called "seongmyo". Finally Myosa are performed at the tomb site in the lunar month of October to conduct in memory of old ancestors (five or more generations).
Ancestral rites are typically divided into 3 categories:[14]
To perform ancestor rituals, the family at the eldest son's house prepare many kinds of food such as wine, taro soup, beef, fish, three different colored vegetables, many kinds of fruits, and rice cake or songpyon, particularly those that were favored by the deceased. The shinwi (신위, 神位) or memorial tablet, which symbolizes the spiritual presence of the ancestor, is placed at the center of the table.[15] In modern days, the daughter or younger son of the family may perform these rites.
After midnight or in the evening before an ancestor's death anniversary, the descendants set the shrine, with a paper screen facing north and food laid out on a lacquer table as follows: rice, meat, and white fruits on the west, soup, fish, and red fruits on the east, with fruits on the first row, meat and fish on the second, vegetables on the third, and cooked rice and soup on the last.[16] [17] The rice bowls and individual offerings to the male ancestors are placed to the west, and those of females to the east (고서비동, 考西妣東).[18] Two candles are also laid on both ends of the table, and an incense holder is placed in the middle. In front of the shrine, they set up written prayer, if the family does not own a memorial tablet (신위).
A typical rite is generally performed following this sequence:[16]
The altar food may be distributed to neighbors and friends in a Buddhist rite called shishik, which is a form of merit-making that, along with sutra reading and intoning of Buddha's teachings, expedities the deceased spirit's entry into Sukhavati.
Ancestor worship has significantly changed in recent years. These days it is common to hold ancestor rituals up to only two generations of ancestors, and in some cases, people only hold rituals for their dead parents. In addition, more people are holding rituals in the evening, not after midnight. People can also perform ancestor rituals in a younger son's house.
Today, in most Korean families, ancestor rituals still remain an important part of their culture and they are faithfully observed. These ancestor rituals, in spite of revised form, continue to play an important part in modern Korean society, which testifies to their inherent importance in the lives of Koreans.
In Andong during the Joseon period, it was common for jesa foods to be eaten rather than used in the ceremony. Such meals were called heotjesatbap (lit. "fake jesa food"). The most common dish was a special type of bibimbap mixed with soy sauce instead of the more commonly used hot pepper paste gochujang. They were a common late-night snack for yangban scholars known as seonbi, and many restaurants in Andong still serve heotjesatbap today.[19]