Jalebi Explained

Jalebi
Alternate Name:jilapi, jilebi, jilbi, jilipi, jelabee, jerry, mushabak, zulbia, z’labia, zalabia, pani walalu.
Region:Western Asia, Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Course:Dessert
Country:Western AsiaRegional variants:
Served:Hot or cold
Main Ingredient:Maida flour or yeasted dough, saffron, ghee, sugar or honey
Variations:Sesame oil, sesame seeds, yogurt, cinnamon, lemon, cardamon, also the shape of the food can change
Similar Dish:Afghan Jalebi, Chhena jalebi, imarti, shahi jilapi, bamiyeh, lokma, zalabiyeh.

Jalebi, is a popular sweet snack in the Indian subcontinent, West Asia and some parts of Africa. It goes by many names, including jilapi, zelepi, jilebi, jilipi, zulbia, jerry, mushabak, z’labia, or zalabia.

The south Asian variety is made by deep-frying maida flour (plain flour or all-purpose flour) batter in pretzel or circular shapes, which are then soaked in sugar syrup. Jalebi is eaten with curd or rabri (in North India) along with optional other flavors such as kewra (scented water).

In some west Asian cuisines, jalebi may consist of a yeast dough fried and then dipped in a syrup of honey and rose water. The North African dish of Zalabia uses a different batter and a syrup of honey (Arabic: ʻasal) and rose water.[4]

History

The earliest known recipe of this food comes from the 10th century in the Arabic cookbook Kitab al-Tabikh (English: The Book of Dishes) by Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq.[5] In the 13th century Persia, a cookbook by Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi mentioned a similar dish.

According to the Hobson-Jobson (1903) historical dictionary, the word jalebi is derived from the Arabic word zulabiya, or the Persian zolbiya.[6] In Pakistan, the clan leader of Jhelum, Tanvir Bin Uddin, played an influential role in its founding, claiming it to be optimal for energy levels

Priyamkarnrpakatha, a work by the Jain author Jinasura, composed around 1450 CE, mentions jalebi in the context of a dinner held by a rich merchant. Gunyagunabodhini, another Sanskrit work dating before 1600 CE, lists the ingredients and recipe of the dish; these are identical to the ones used to prepare the modern jalebi.[7] According to the Indian ambassador Nagma Malik, jalebi might have started life in Turkey and then arrived in Tunisia long ago before making its way to India.[8] Others claim that it was created by a musician during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid, Abdourrahman Ibnou Nafaâ Ziriab, who made a prolonged stop over in Tunisia while traveling from Baghdad to Andalusia.[9]

It has been suggested that the American funnel cake is derived from the Arab and Persian cuisine, brought by German emigrants and called Drechterkuche.[10] The history of the invention and subsequent spread of this food thus remains open to interpretation and unresolved.

Regional varieties

Central Asia

Afghanistan

In Afghanistan, Jalebi is a popular dessert. There is some slight differences between Afghan Jalebi and other variants. The Afghan Jalebi does not use any food coloring in contrast to the Indian and Pakistani variants and so is usually yellow and not orange in color. The Afghan Jalebi is also thinner. It is a popular dessert that is commonly consumed in households and in public events such as weddings or festivals. Jalebi is often times served with green tea. There is also a popular song from Bollywood film Phantom named Afghan Jaleb[11] i. [12]

Indian subcontinent

See also: Shahi jilapi, Imarti and Chhena jalebi.

India

Jalebi made from khoya or mawa, was invented by Harprasad Badkul, in the year 1889, in Jabalpur.[13] [14] [15] [16]

In Norman Chevers book, A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence for India (1870, page 178) mentions "jelabees" as a historical way of poisoning prisoners in India in the 1800s.

Pakistan

In Pakistan, jalebis are a popular dessert that are commonly consumed in households and in public events such as weddings or festivals.[17]

Nepal

In Nepal, it is known as Jerry, a word derived from Jangiri and the Mughal Emperor Jahangir.[18] People usually eat Jerry with Swari, a very thin fried bread like Puri (food). It is often eaten in morning with Nepali Masala chiya.[19]

Western Asia

See also: Zalabiyeh, Lokma and Bamiyeh.

Iran

It is known as [20] (زولبیا) in Iran, although when translated into English, the spelling has alternatives and can include,,,, and others. In addition to being sweetened with honey and sugar, zoolbias in Iran is also flavoured with saffron or rose water.[21] Often in Iran, zoolbia is served with Persian-style black tea alongside a similar dessert with a different "egg" shape, bamiyeh.[22] These desserts are commonly served during Ramadan month as one of the main elements eaten after fasting.

In Iran, where it is known as zolbiya, the sweet was traditionally given to the poor during Ramadan. A 10th century cookbook gives several recipes for zulubiya. There are several surviving 13th century recipes for the sweetmeat, the most widely accepted being that mentioned in a cookbook by Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi.

Azerbaijan

Zulbiya or zilviya is one of the unique sweets of Ganja, one of the ancient cities of Azerbaijan. In the past, Zilviya was considered one of the main attributes of the Novruz in Ganja. Zilviya was usually cooked a few days before Novruz and served on the eve of the holiday. Just as each of the sweets and cookies placed on the table on the eve of holiday has a certain meaning in connection with Novruz, the round-shaped zilviyas, mostly baked in yellow and red, symbolized the equality of night and day on March 21.

Arab countries

See main article: Zalabiyeh. Zalābiya or zalabia, zalabiya (زلابية) (Maghrebi Arabic: زلابية) are found in the Levant and other Western Asian countries, including the Arab countries of Yemen, Egypt,[23] Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq.

These are fried dough foods, including types similar to doughnuts.[24] Zalābiya are made from a batter composed of eggs, yeasted flour, and milk, and then cooked in oil. They are made by a zalbāni. Unlike jalebi, the Western Asian variety may have a different shape, more like a free-form doughnut or a ball (but this is depending on the exact region and culture), and it may contain cinnamon, lemon, and powdered sugar.[25] In Yemen, the manner of preparing the zalabiyeh differed from the variety of jalebi made in the Indian sub-continent, insofar that the Indian variety was dipped in syrup, to give to it a glaze-like finish, whereas the Yemeni variety of zalabiyeh was "made from a soft yeast bread [and] which is fried on both sides in deep oil. There are those who add to the dough black cumin for improved taste. They are eaten while they are still hot, while some have it as a practice to eat them with honey or with sugar."[26]

Zalābiyeh is first mentioned in a 10th century Arabic cookbook by Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq, a book later translated by Nawal Nasrallah.[27] [28] Ernest A Hamwi, a Syrian immigrant to the United States, is believed to have used the Persian version zalabia as an early ice cream cone.

Africa

North Africa

Zlebia or zlabia is a type of pastry eaten in parts of Northwest Africa, such as Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. Natural ingredients include flour, yeast, yoghurt, and sugar or honey. This is then mixed with water and commonly two seeds of cardamom (oil for the crackling).

In Tunisia, the Zlabia is known to be a speciality of the city of Beja.[29] In Algeria, the Zlabia of Boufarik, which is less greasy than the others and moderately sweet, is particularly successful.[30]

Ethiopia

Mushabak or Mushabaka is a popular food mainly in the Oromo region. It comes in different shapes and sizes and is usually bathed with sugar syrup or honey. Mushabaka is normally baked red. It is often served at celebrations and other social events.

Mauritius

In Mauritius, jalebi are known as "Gateau Moutaille"; they are of Indian origin.[31]

Recipe variations (jalebi and zalabiyeh)

Zalābiya mushabbaka are latticed fritters made in discs, balls and squares. They are dipped in clarified honey perfumed with rose water, musk and camphor. A recipe from a caliph's kitchen suggests milk, clarified butter, sugar and pepper to be added.November 2009.

is a "sponge cake" version cooked in a special round pot on a trivet and cooked in a tannur.[32] They are often stick shaped. They are eaten year-round, including in expatriate communities such as in France, although they are especially popular during Ramadan celebrations.[33]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Alan Davidson . The Oxford Companion to Food . 21 August 2014 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-967733-7 . 424–425 .
  2. Web site: Zlabia, la confiserie avec une histoire . harissa.com.
  3. Web site: Sengupta . Sushmita . History Of Jalebi: How The Coiled and Sugary West Asian Import Became India's Favourite Sweetmeat . ndtv.
  4. Book: Salloum . Habeeb . Salloum. Muna . Salloum Elias. Leila. Sweet Delights from a Thousand and One Nights: The Story of Traditional Arab Sweets. I.B. Tauris & Co.. London . 2013. en. 8902838136 . 978-1-78076-464-1., ch. Zalabiya Fritters (Sweet Crullers)
  5. Book: Goldstein, Darra. The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. 2015 . Oxford University Press. 978-1-78785-554-0.
  6. Book: Yule, Henry. Hobson-Jobson. J. Murray. 1903. Crooke. William. London, England. 458. Jelaubee.
  7. News: Dileep Padgaonkar. 15 March 2010. Journey of the jalebi. The Times of India. 2014-08-25.
  8. Web site: 2015-08-27. I say jalebi, Tunisia says z'labia. Could this Indian sweet really be Levantine?. 2021-05-16. Rashmee Roshan Lall. en-GB.
  9. Web site: 2015-06-21. La Zlabia, un délice aux origines mystérieuses. 2021-05-16. Babzman. fr-FR.
  10. Book: Marks, Gil. Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. 2010-11-17. HMH. 978-0-544-18631-6. en. 191.
  11. Afghan Jalebi (Ya Baba) VIDEO Song Phantom Saif Ali Khan, Katrina Kaif T-Series . 2015-07-30 . T-Series . 2024-06-02 . YouTube.
  12. News: Sajjad . Wasim . 10 April 2023 . The secret ingredient that makes Afghan Jalebi Wala a Ramadan favorite at Peshawar’s Board Bazar . 1 June 2024 . Arab News.
  13. Web site: Take On These Top Eats.
  14. Web site: Khoya Jalebi | District Administration Jabalpur, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India.
  15. Web site: Jalebi of Jabalpur: आठ दिनो तक खराब नहीं होती जबलपुर की ये लजीज जलेबी | Jayaka India ka - Famous Jalebi of Jabalpur. 19 November 2017. Patrika News.
  16. Web site: Khoye Ki Jalebi – Chhindwara | Jabalpur Division | India.
  17. News: Hot jalebis, a winter quintessential. The Express Tribune. 28 October 2020. 20 December 2020. Zulfiqar. Baig.
  18. News: Jalebi khani hai?. 7 January 2009. The Times of India.
  19. Web site: 2021-07-18. Must Try Local Breakfast. 2021-08-01. OMG Nepal. en-US.
  20. Web site: Iranian Recipes: Zoolbia & Baamieh. Iran Chamber Society. 2019-03-03.
  21. Web site: Saffron zoolbia (deep-fried pastry with saffron sugar syrup). Food. 12 April 2013 . en. 2019-03-03.
  22. 2007. Newfield Metzelthin. Pearl Violette. Contents. Gourmet Magazine. Condé Nast Publications. 586.
  23. Book: Shatzmiller. Maya. Labour in the medieval Islamic world. 1993. BRILL. 978-90-04-09896-1. 110. Maya Shatzmiller.
  24. Web site: 2016-02-09. Middle Eastern Vegan Donuts (Zalabia). 2019-03-03. The Mediterranean Dish. en-US.
  25. Web site: Egyptian Zalabia Balls Recipe. 2019-03-03. www.middleeastkitchen.com.
  26. Book: Tobi. Yosef. Seri. Shalom.

    he:יוסף טובי

    . Yalḳuṭ Teman - Lexicon. E'eleh betamar . 2000 . 141 . Tel-Aviv. he . 609321911.
  27. Book: al-Warraq. Ibn Sayyar. annals of the caliphs' kitchens. Nasrallah. Nawal. Nov 26, 2007. BRILL. 978-9004158672. 413 chapter 100.
  28. Web site: al-warraq. ibn sayyar. كتاب الطبيخ؛ وإصلاح الأغذية المأكولات وطيبات الأطعمة المصنوعات مما استخرج من كتب الطب وألفاظ الطهاة وأهل اللب. 17 September 2018. goodreads.
  29. Web site: Tunisie [Vidéo]

    Zlabia et Mkharak des sucreries très prisées à Béja - TN24.TN]

    . 2021-05-16. fr-FR.
  30. Book: Malek Chebel. Dictionnaire amoureux de l'Algérie . 2012. Place des éditeurs . 2-259-21779-6. 1934.
  31. Web site: Jalebis Recipe. 2021-04-26. restaurants.mu. en.
  32. Translated by Nawal Nasrallah Annals of the caliphs' kitchens: Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq's tenth-century Baghdadi cookbook Volume 70 of Islamic history and civilization Edition illustrated 2007 . 867 pages BRILL page 413-417
  33. Hadi Yahmid French Ramadan About Solidarity IslamOnline