Jasmine Explained

Jasmine (botanical name: Jasminum;)[1] is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family of Oleaceae.[2] It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania. Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers. Additionally a number of unrelated species of plants or flowers contain the word "jasmine" in their common names (see Other plants called "jasmine").

Description

See also: Glossary of botanical terms. Jasmine can be either deciduous (leaves falling in autumn) or evergreen (green all year round), and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. Their leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation.

Flowers and fruit

The flowers are typically around 2.5cm (01inches) in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant.

The fruits of jasmines are berries that turn black when ripe.

The basic chromosome number of the genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). However, natural polyploidy exists, particularly in Jasminum sambac (triploid 3n=39), Jasminum flexile (tetraploid 4n=52), Jasminum mesnyi (triploid 3n=39), and Jasminum angustifolium (tetraploid 4n=52).

Distribution and habitat

Jasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia, Africa, Australasia within Oceania, although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe.[3] [4] [5] Their center of diversity is in South Asia and Southeast Asia.[6]

Several jasmine species have become naturalized in Mediterranean Europe. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) was originally from West Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Northeast Africa, and East Africa, and is now naturalized in the Iberian peninsula.

Jasminum fluminense (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and Jasminum dichotomum (Gold Coast Jasmine) are invasive species in Hawaii and Florida. Jasminum polyanthum, also known as pink jasmine, is an invasive weed in Australia.[7]

Etymology

The name comes from Old French jessemin, from Persian: یاسمن‎|yāsamin[8] which is derived from the Middle Persian word Pahlavi: yāsaman and Arabic: yāsamīn (Arabic: يَاسَمِين) in Arabic.[9] [10] The word entered Middle French around 1570 and was first used in English in 16th century England.[10] The Persian name is also the origin of the genus name, Jasminum.[11]

Taxonomy

Species belonging to the genus are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family (Oleaceae).[12] Jasminum is divided into five sections—Alternifolia, Jasminum, Primulina, Trifoliolata, and Unifoliolata.[13]

Species

See main article: List of Jasminum species.

Species include:[14]

Jasmonates

See main article: Jasmonate. Jasmine lends its name to jasmonate plant hormones, as methyl jasmonate isolated from the oil of Jasminum grandiflorum led to the discovery of the molecular structure of jasmonates.[15] Jasmonates occur ubiquitously across the plant kingdom, having key roles in responses to environmental cues, such as heat or cold stress, and participate in the signal transduction pathways of many plants.[16]

Cultural importance

Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry.[17] It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies, and festivals.[18] Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker motiyaa (in Hindi) or mograa (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are common.[19] They may be found around entrances to temples, on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas.

A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987[20] [21] and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called "Jasmine revolutions" in reference to the flower.[22]

"Jasmine" is a common female given name.

Symbolism

Several countries and states consider jasmine as a national symbol.

Other plants called "jasmine"

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Sunset Western Garden Book . 1995 . 606–607.
  2. Web site: Jasminum L. . 2023 . World Flora Online . World Flora Consortium . 25 March 2023.
  3. Townsend, C. C. and Evan Guest (1980). "Jasminum officinale," in Flora of Iraq, Vol. 4.1. Baghdad, pp. 513–519.
  4. Book: Ernst Schmidt . Mervyn Lötter . Warren McCleland . Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana Media. 2002. 530. 978-1-919777-30-6.
  5. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116771 Jasminum @ EFloras.org
  6. Book: Panda, H. . Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. National Institute Of Industrial Research. 2005. 220. 978-81-7833-027-3.
  7. Web site: Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland – Jasminum polyanthum . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140204150633/http://weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php . 2014-02-04 .
  8. Encyclopedia: Jasmine, Jessamine . An etymological dictionary of modern English . 779 . Weekley . Ernest . 1921 . London J. Murray .
  9. Web site: Definition of Jasmine . . 2021-10-23 . 2022-01-20 .
  10. Web site: Jasmine . Online Etymology Dictionary . 2022 . 4 March 2022 .
  11. Book: Bayton . Ross . The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names . 2019 . . London, UK . 978-1-78472-677-5 . 170.
  12. Book: Singh, A. K. . Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management. New India Publishing. 2006. 193–205. 978-81-89422-35-6.
  13. Web site: Jasminum L. . USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program . Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory . November 22, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120126042226/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 . January 26, 2012 . dead .
  14. Web site: Jasminum information from NPGS/GRIN . GRIN . Germplasm Resources Information Network . Taxonomy for Plants . USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program . . October 19, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122055/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6186 . September 24, 2015 .
  15. Demole E . 1962 . Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin. Helv Chim Acta. 45 . 675–85 . 10.1002/hlca.19620450233 . Lederer . E. . Mercier . D. . 2 .
  16. 4701901. 2016. Sharma. M. Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science. 6. 1129. Laxmi. A. 10.3389/fpls.2015.01129. 26779205. free.
  17. Web site: What's So Great About the Jasmine Flower? . 2022-04-27 . Earth.com . en.
  18. Web site: August 8 . Comments . 2018 Micaela Nerguizian . Hopa! Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding . 2022-04-27 . Smithsonian Folklife Festival . en-US.
  19. Web site: 10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants (Photos) - Garden Lovers Club . 2022-04-27 . www.gardenloversclub.com . 22 February 2020 . en-us.
  20. Web site: Michael . Ayari . Vincent Geisser . fr . Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin . Témoignage chrétien . 2011 . 2011-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110128201953/http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml . 2011-01-28 . dead .
  21. Web site: fr . La révolution par le feu et par un clic . Le Quotidien d'Oran/moofid.com . 2011-02-25 . 2011-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110714113629/http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm . 2011-07-14 . dead .
  22. Kim . Elvis H . September 2021 . Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age . International Area Studies Review . en . 24 . 3 . 205–223 . 10.1177/22338659211026006 . 237434616 . 2233-8659.
  23. Web site: Damascus, the City of Jasmine. Anabel Bachour. 23 February 2017. Peacock Plume, Student Media, The American University of Paris, France. 26 May 2019.
  24. News: Hitt . Christine . 1 May 2018 . 7 of Hawaii's Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique . Hawaii Magazine . 1 March 2022.
  25. http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993
  26. Web site: Akhtar . Moin . 26 October 2020 . Pakistan National Flower, Animal and Bird . 2 March 2022 . ILM.com.pk.
  27. Web site: 10 November 2021 . Philippine National Flower- Sampaguita . 2 March 2022 . National Museum of the Philippines.
  28. Web site: Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers. 2017-01-03. Gardening Tips Flower Wiki. en-US. 2019-04-25.

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