Jallikattu Explained

Jallikattu
Nickname:Tamil: Sallikkattu
Tamil: ēru taḻuvuṭal; Tamil: manju virattu
Union:Tamil Nadu Jallikattu Federation
Local organising committees
First:400–100 BCE
Region:Tamil Nadu, India
Contact:Yes
Team:No teams, single competitors
Mgender:No
Type:Traditional sport
Venue:Open ground
Olympic:No
Paralympic:No

Jallikattu (or Sallikkattu), also known as Eru Taḻuvuṭal and Manju-virattu,[1] is a traditional event in which a zebu bull (Bos indicus), such as the Pulikulam[2] or Kangayam breeds,[3] is released into a crowd of people, and many human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape. Participants hold the hump for as long as possible, attempting to bring the bull to a stop. In some cases, participants must ride long enough to remove flags on the bull's horns.[4] [5]

Jallikattu is typically practised in some regions of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (particularly in Southern and Western Tamil Nadu) as a part of Pongal celebrations on Mattu Pongal day, which occurs annually in January.

Because of incidents of injury and death associated with the sport, both to the participants and to the animals forced into it, animal rights organizations have called for a ban on the sport, resulting in the Supreme Court of India banning it several times over the past years. However, with protests from the people against the ban, a new ordinance was made in 2017 to continue the sport.[6]

Etymology

Ancient Tamil Sangams described the practice as Tamil: ēru taḻuvuṭal, literally 'bull embracing'. The modern term Tamil: jallikattu or Tamil: sallikattu is derived from Tamil: salli ('coins') and Tamil: kattu ('package'), which refers to a prize of coins that is tied to the bull's horns and that participants attempt to retrieve.[7] Tamil: Manju virattu literally means 'bull chasing'.

History

Tamil: Jallikattu is known to have been practiced during the Tamil classical period (400–100 BCE).[8] It was a cultural ritual among the Ayar tribal people [9] [10] who lived in the ‘Mullai’ geographical region of the ancient Tamil Nadu.[11] [12] [13] Later, it became a platform for display of bravery, and prize money was introduced for participation encouragement. A seal from the Indus Valley civilization depicting the practice is preserved in the National Museum, New Delhi.[14]

A cave painting in white kaolin discovered near Madurai depicting a lone man trying to control a bull is estimated to be about 1,500 years old.[15]

An ancient tin coin discovered by a numismatist could be a fresh evidence of Jallikattu. R.Krishnamurthy, president of the South Indian Numismatic Society, estimated that the coin belongs to third or fourth century BCE. Since the coin was made of tin, which was then available only in South-East Asian countries.[16]

Jallikattu venues

Well-known jallikattu venues include the following:

!Venue!District
Alanganallur[17] Madurai
AvaniyapuramMadurai
Madurai
ThammampattiSalem
Vanniyan ViduthyPudukkottai
ThiruvapurPudukkottai
SiravayalSivagangai
KandupattiSivagangai
VendanpattiPudukkottai
PallavarayanpattyTheni
Neikarapatti Dindigal
Malayadipatty Trichy
SooriyurTrichy
AllithuraiTrichy
MadhakottaiThanjavur
ThirukkanurpattiThanjavur

Variants and rules

Some variants include:[18]

This is the most common category of Tamil: jallikattu. The bull is released from a closed space (Tamil: vadi vasal) and the contestants attempt to wrap their arms or hands around the hump of the bull and hold on to it to win the award. Only one person is allowed to attempt at a time. This variant is most common in the districts of Madurai, Theni, Thanjavur, and Salem.

In this variant the approach is slightly different as the bull is directly released into open ground. The rules are the same as that of vadi majuviraṭṭu. This is a popular variant in the districts of Sivagangai and Madurai.

In this variant, the bull is tied with a 150NaN0 rope (Tamil: vatam means 'circle' in Tamil). There are no other physical restrictions for the bull and hence it can move freely anywhere. The maximum time period given is 30 minutes. A team of seven to nine members can attempt to untie the gift token that is tied on the bull's horn.

Bulls enter the competition area through a gate called the Tamil: vadi vasal. Typically, participants must only hold onto the bull's hump. In some variations, they are disqualified if they hold onto the bull's neck, horns or tail. There may be several goals to the game depending on the region. In some versions, contestants must either hold the bull's hump for 30 seconds or for 15m (49feet).[19] If the contestant is thrown by the bull or falls, they lose. Some variations only allow for one contestant. If two people grab the hump, then neither person wins.[20]

Breeding

Bos indicus bulls are bred specifically by people of the village for the event. Bulls that are able to participate successfully in the Tamil: jallikattu event are used as studs for breeding. These bulls also fetch higher prices in the markets.[21]

Training and preparation

Training

Kabaddi was played as a warm up sport before the players enter the arena for Jallikattu.

Preparation

With the introduction of the Regulation of Jallikattu Act, 2009,[22] by the Tamil Nadu legislature, the following activities were done in preparation of the event:

  1. A written permission is obtained from the respective collector, thirty days prior to conduct of event along with notification of the event location.
  2. The arena and the way through which the bulls pass through is double-barricaded, in order to avoid injuries to the spectators and by-standers who may be permitted to remain within the barricades.
  3. The necessary gallery areas are built up along the double barricades.
  4. The necessary permissions are obtained from the collector for the participants and the bulls fifteen days prior.
  5. Final preparation before the event include a complete testing by the authorities of the Animal Husbandry Department, to ensure that performance enhancement drugs, liquor or other irritants are not used on the bulls.

Animal rights concerns

Between 2008 and 2014, 43 humans and 4 bulls were killed in the Tamil: jallikattu events. In 2017, there were 23 deaths in addition to about 2,500 human injuries and several instances of injury to the bulls.[23] Year 2020 saw 5 deaths from participation in the event.[24]

Animal welfare concerns are related to the handling of the bulls before they are released and also during competitor's attempts to subdue the bull. Practices before the bull is released include prodding the bull with sharp sticks or scythes, extreme bending of the tail which can fracture the vertebrae, and biting of the bull's tail. There are also reports of the bulls being forced to drink alcohol to disorient them, or chilli peppers being rubbed in their eyes to aggravate the bull.[25]

During attempts to subdue the bull, they are stabbed by various implements such as knives or sticks, punched, jumped on and dragged to the ground. In variants in which the bull is not enclosed, they may run into traffic or other dangerous places, sometimes resulting in broken bones or death.[26] [27] Protestors claim that Tamil: jallikattu is promoted as bull taming, however, others suggest it exploits the bull's natural nervousness as prey animals by deliberately placing them in a terrifying situation in which they are forced to run away from the competitors which they perceive as predators and the practice effectively involves catching a terrified animal.[28] Along with human injuries and fatalities, bulls themselves sometimes sustain injuries or die, which people may interpret as a bad omen for the village.

In his 2012 book Animal Rights Without Liberation, which analyses the use of animals in cultural practices and concerns about hypocrisy, political theorist Alasdair Cochrane argues that culture cannot outweigh animal rights or outweigh animal interests in not being killed, even if this entails the destruction of cultures "defined entirely by the grave harm [they cause] to animals" and cites Tamil: jallikattu as an example to argue that culture or human interests cannot outweigh animal interests in not suffering. An investigation by the Animal Welfare Board of India concluded that "Tamil: jallikattu is inherently cruel to animals".[29] [30]

Animal welfare organisations such as the Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organisations (FIAPO)[31] and PETA India have protested against the practice.[32] [33] The Indian Minister of Women and Child Development Maneka Gandhi denied the claim by Tamil: jallikattu aficionados that the sport is only to demonstrate the "Tamil love for the bull", citing that the Tirukkural does not sanction cruelty to animals.[34] [35]

Ban, protests and authorization

See also: 2017 pro-Jallikattu protests. The Animal Welfare Board of India filed a case in the Supreme Court of India for an outright ban on Tamil: jallikattu because of the cruelty to animals and the threat to public safety involved.

On 27 November 2010, the Supreme Court permitted the Government of Tamil Nadu to allow Tamil: jallikattu for five months in a year and directed the District Collectors to make sure that the animals that participate in Tamil: jallikattu are registered to the Animal Welfare Board and in return the Board would send its representative to monitor the event. The Government of Tamil Nadu ordered that be deposited by the organizers in case of an accident or injury during the event and enacted a rule to allow a team of veterinarians be present at the venue for certifying the bulls for participation in the event and to provide treatment for bulls that get injured.[36]

The Ministry of Environment and Forests issued a notification in 2011 that banned the use of bulls as performing animals, thereby banning the event[37] [38] But the practice continued to be held under Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act No 27 of 2009.[39] On 7 May 2014, the Supreme Court of India struck down the State law and banned Tamil: jallikattu altogether.[40] The Supreme Court noted that any flouting of the ban should result in penalties for cruelty to animals under The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.[41] The court also asked the Government of India to amend the law on preventing cruelty to animals to bring bulls within its ambit. The Supreme Court also ruled that cruelty is inherent in these events, as bulls are not anatomically suited for such activities and making them participate is subjecting them to unnecessary pain and suffering, so such events were outlawed.[42] [43]

On 8 January 2016, the Ministry of Environment and Forests permitted the continuation of the tradition under certain conditions, effectively ending the ban.[44] [45] [46] However, on 14 January 2016, the Supreme Court of India issued a stay on this order, upholding the ban, after a petition filed by the Animal Welfare Board of India and PETA India, leading to protests all over Tamil Nadu.[47] The Supreme Court refused to review its decision on 26 July 2016.[48]

On 16 January 2016, the World Youth Organization (WYO) protested at Chennai against the stay on the order overturning ban on conducting Tamil: jallikattu in Tamil Nadu. The WYO also demanded a ban on PETA in India.[49] [50]

On 8 January 2017, several hundreds of protesters conducted a rally at the Marina in Chennai opposing the ban on Tamil: jallikattu.[51] The participants walked from the lighthouse to the labour statue bearing posters saying "save Tamil: jallikattu".[52] [53] A few churches openly conducted prayer mass and rally against the Supreme Court ruling.[54] Following the protests at Chennai, many students started rallies in various towns of Tamil Nadu.

After hearing the petitions which were led by the Animal Welfare Board of India challenging central government's notification,[55] the Supreme Court of India on 12 January ordered a stay, issued notices to the central government and the Tamil Nadu government[56] [57] [58] and later refused to lift the stay.[59] Numerous Tamil: jallikattu events were held across Tamil Nadu in protest of the ban,[60] and hundreds of participants were detained by police in response.[61] [62] The Supreme Court has agreed to delay its verdict on Tamil: jallikattu for a week following the centre's request that doing so would avoid unrest.

Due to these protests, on 21 January 2017, the governor of Tamil Nadu issued a new ordinance that authorized the continuation of Tamil: jallikattu events.[63] On 23 January 2017 the Tamil Nadu legislature passed a bipartisan bill, with the accession of the Prime Minister, exempting Tamil: jallikattu from the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (1960).[64] [65] The first legal Tamil: jallikattu under this exemption took place on 1 February in Alanganallur, Madurai district.[66]

The legal situation surrounding Tamil: jallikattu is as yet not clearly resolved. Some, such as ex Ministry of External Affairs cabinet minister Salman Khurshid, have stated that the matter will only be truly resolved if the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act is amended as local ordinances and state laws cannot trump Indian federal law.[67] According to The Hindu, many other Indian legal experts agreed with Khurshid's view, as federal laws such as the PCA are always more powerful than state laws, and in that respect the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act of 2017 is not much different from the state law overturned in 2009.[68] For its part, PETA India has said that it will "study" the new ordinance, and has not ruled out a challenge to the new law on the same grounds as it challenged the 2009 law.[69] On Jan 25, the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) started the legal process towards another ban by formally challenging the new law before the Supreme Court,[68] [70] but they withdrew the petition on Jan 26.[71] According to the AWBI's acting chairperson, AWBI does not plan to re-file the petition, but he claimed no knowledge of what other organizations, such as PETA, may do.

Timeline of the legal battle against the performance

Jallikattu Premier League

The Jallikattu Premier League is a professional league in Tamil Nadu for Tamil: jallikattu. The league was announced on 24 February 2018, to be organized in Chennai by the Tamil Nadu Jallikattu Peravai and the Chennai Jallikattu Amaippu.[73] [74]

In popular culture

Tamil: Jallikattu is often shown in Tamil cinema where the hero tames the bull to prove his gallantry.[75] Some of the popular films include:

See also

References

Works cited

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'. Ramakrishnan. T.. The Hindu. 2017-02-26. en.
  2. Book: Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding, 2 Volume Pack . Valerie Porter . Lawrence Alderson . Stephen J.G. Hall . D. Phillip Sponenberg . 9 March 2016 . CAB International . 275. 9781845934668 .
  3. Ramesh, C. . Mariayyah, P. . Senthilkumar, A. . Rajendran, K.. 2014. Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies . 1. 7. 89–94. A Study of Sports and Recreational Activities of Pura Village People and their Attitude Towards these Activities.
  4. Web site: Banning Jallikattu Will Decimate India's Indigenous Cattle Breeds – The Wire. Himakiran. Anugula. 17 January 2017.
  5. Web site: What is Jallikattu? - This 2,000-year-old sport is making news in India. Here's why – The Economic Times. 17 January 2017.
  6. News: Safi. Michael. Tamil Nadu passes order to lift bull-taming ban after angry protests. 2017-01-23. The Guardian. 2020-03-26. en-GB. 0261-3077.
  7. Web site: Politics of Pongal: Outrage over Jallikattu but not over drought in Tamil Nadu. 14 January 2017.
  8. Book: A Western Journalist on India: The Ferengi's Columns. François Gautier. 2001. Har-Anand Publications . 9788124107959.
  9. Web site: 'ஜல்லிக்கட்டு' ஆன 'சல்லிக்கட்டு'... தொன்மையும்‌ வரலாறும்‌ - ஒரு பார்வை. 2023-01-17 . www.puthiyathalaimurai.com . 14 January 2021 . en.
  10. Web site: ஈராயிரம் ஆண்டுகளைக் கடந்து தமிழர் வாழ்வில் அங்கமாக திகழும் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு - வரலாறு என்ன?. 2023-01-17 . www.tamil.news18.com . 13 January 2022 . en.
  11. News: Fearless Boys with Bulls in Avaniapuram. The ritual dates back as far as 2,000 years.... 9 July 2008. The New York Times. Daniel. Grushkin. 22 March 2007.
  12. Web site: Buzzing with bull talk. The Hindu. 8 January 2014 . 8 January 2014.
  13. News: Who said bullfighting is cruel?. Firstpost. 12 January 2012.
  14. News: T. Subramaniam. Bull-baiting of yore. 12 January 2017. The Hindu. 13 January 2008.
  15. Web site: Bull chasing, an ancient Tamil tradition. The Hindu. 13 January 2013. 14 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140114121512/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/bull-chasing-an-ancient-tamil-tradition/article1179359.ece. dead.
  16. Web site: Ancient Tin coin Suggests Existence of Jallikattu in the Sangam Era . 6 August 2015 .
  17. Web site: Popular places to visit in Tamilnadu for Jallikattu? – Tamilnadu Tourism. 20 January 2021 . 2022-01-10. en-US.
  18. News: An ancient tradition sport . . 13 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140626112519/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011553700400.htm . 26 June 2014 . dead .
  19. Web site: 'Bulls cannot be hurt' is the golden rule of Jallikattu, but who follows it?. asianetnews.tv. 16 March 2018.
  20. Web site: Jallikattu: What are the rules of the game. 20 January 2017. Outlook.
  21. News: Jallikattu: Why India bullfighting ban 'threatens native breeds'. Natarajan. Swaminathan. 19 July 2016. BBC News. en-GB. 17 January 2017.
  22. Web site: Laws of India: The Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act, 2009. www.lawsofindia.org. 20 January 2017.
  23. News: 23 died in jallikattu in last one year . The Hindu . Chennai . Kasturi & Sons . 8 February 2018 . 11 February 2018.
  24. Web site: 5 die still Jallikattu all the rage in TN. Pioneer. The. The Pioneer. en. 2020-03-26.
  25. News: Jallikattu cheat sheet: 10 things you should know about the bull-taming sport. Ray, A.. Economic Times. 19 Jan 2017. 23 January 2017.
  26. News: Jallikattu: Why India bullfighting ban 'threatens native breeds'. Natarajan, S.. BBC News. 19 July 2016. 20 January 2017.
  27. Web site: Jallikattu debate: Animal rights experts expose 'cruelty' of Indian bullfighting tradition. Mogul, P.. 12 January 2016 . 3 February 2017. International Business Times.
  28. News: Jallikattu Ban: 'Send Them to the Butchers' is now the only option. The Quint. 11 January 2017.
  29. News: Jallikattu: Bull taming is cruelty at its best, TN parties using it for political gains. Maulekhi, G.. 13 January 2017. 25 January 2017. FirstPost.
  30. News: Rajagopol, Krishnadas . 22 September 2016 . SC to hear Animal Welfare Board's petition challenging jallikattu order . The Hindu .
  31. Web site: Save the bulls, support the ban. FIAPO. 15 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170117203915/http://www.fiapo.org/our-campaigns/save-the-bulls-support-the-ban/. 17 January 2017. dead.
  32. News: PETA: Jallikattu stay 'partial victory' for bulls. PTI. The Hindu. 2017-02-26. en.
  33. News: PETA founder held in India over bullfight protest. Reuters. 8 January 2016.
  34. News: Gandhi . Maneka . Justifying jallikattu by citing Thirukkural is self-defeating: The Tamil text didn't condone animal cruelty . Firstpost . New Delhi . 7 March 2017 . 11 February 2022.
  35. News: Knowing the truth of Thirukkural . Business Economics . Kolkata . 16 March 2017 . 11 February 2022.
  36. News: 1 killed in Jalikattu. https://web.archive.org/web/20160128100152/http://www.sify.com/news/1-killed-30-injured-in-jallikattu-news-national-lbqxadbecdbsi.html. dead. 28 January 2016. Sify. 16 January 2011.
  37. Web site: Animal Welfare Board of India vs. Nagaraja. 7 May 2014.
  38. Web site: SC bans Jalikattu. 7 May 2014 . PETA. 8 January 2016.
  39. Web site: Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act. 21 July 2009. The Wire.
  40. News: J.Venkatesan. Supreme Court bans Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu. The Hindu. 8 May 2014.
  41. News: SC bans Jallikattu bull fights in-Tamil-Nadu . The Times of India. 7 May 2014.
  42. News: 'Jallikattu is an abuse, not a sport': SC to hear pleas against Centre notification lifting ban on Jallikattu. First Post. 12 January 2016.
  43. News: Jallikattu: Red Rag For the Law. The Citizen. 14 January 2016.
  44. News: Centre lifts ban. The Indian Express. 8 January 2016.
  45. News: Ministry of Environment and Forest allows use of bulls in Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu. 7 January 2016. One Law Street.
  46. News: Centre allows Jalikattu. The Hindu. 8 January 2016.
  47. News: Supreme Court refuses to vacate stay on Jallikattu order. The Hindu. 13 January 2016.
  48. News: Supreme Court turns down plea to allow bull-taming sport Jallikattu before Pongal. . 17 January 2017.
  49. Web site: PETA Should be Banned in India : World Youth Organization – Thanthi TV . yarloosai.com . 16 January 2016 . 6 June 2016.
  50. Web site: World Youth Organization demands ban on PETA in India . The News Minute . 16 January 2016 . 16 January 2016.
  51. News: Jallikattu: Supporters organise rally in Chennai for seeking permission to hold bull-taming sport. 8 January 2017. Firstpost. en-US. 11 January 2017.
  52. News: Thousands hit the streets for jallikattu. Staff Reporter. The Hindu. 11 January 2017.
  53. News: Hindu. The. Protest on Marina brings traffic to a standstill. 19 January 2017. The Hindu. 18 January 2017.
  54. News: Hindu. The. Protests, rallies for jallikattu. 19 January 2017. Staff Reporter. The Hindu. 12 January 2017.
  55. News: SC to hear AWBI's petition challenging jallikattu order. The Hindu. 11 January 2016.
  56. News: Supreme Court stays bull taming game Jallikattu; Jaya asks PM for an ordinance [Read Order]]. 12 January 2016. One Law Street.
  57. News: No Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu this year. The Hindu. 12 January 2016.
  58. News: Jallikattu on hold: SC stays govt notification to allow bull taming. Hindustan Times. 12 January 2016.
  59. News: Supreme Court refuses to vacate stay on jallikattu order. The Hindu. 13 January 2016.
  60. Web site: Thousands Protest Across Tamil Nadu In Support Of Jallikattu. 2020-11-21. NDTV.com.
  61. Web site: Jallikattu ban: Over 500 detained for protesting SC ban in Tamil Nadu's Alanganallur. 17 January 2017. 18 January 2017.
  62. Web site: Jallikattu ban: 200 held in Madurai as protests continue across Tamil Nadu. 17 January 2017. 17 January 2017.
  63. News: Mariappan, Julie . 21 January 2017 . Tamil Nadu Governor signs ordinance for jallikattu . The Times of India . https://web.archive.org/web/20170124034249/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-governor-signs-ordinance-for-jallikattu/articleshow/56703340.cms . 24 January 2017 . live . dmy .
  64. News: Tamil Nadu to take ordinance route for conducting Jallikattu. Jesudasan. Dennis S.. The Hindu. 2017-02-26. en.
  65. News: Sivakumar, B. . 23 January 2017 . Jallikattu: Tamil Nadu assembly passes bill to amend PCA Act . The Times of India . https://web.archive.org/web/20170124035945/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-to-amend-pca-act/articleshow/56738068.cms . 24 January 2017 . live . dmy .
  66. News: 23 January 2017 . Jallikattu legalised in Tamil Nadu: State Assembly passes bill without any opposition . FirstPost . 24 January 2017.
  67. News: Jallikattu Row: Matter could still go to Supreme Court and we could get adverse decision, says Salman Khurshid. 2017-01-21. The Financial Express. en-US. 2017-01-21.
  68. News: Jallikattu protesters demand permanent solution. 2017-01-22. The Hindu Business Line. en. 2017-01-25.
  69. News: Jallikattu reflects poorly on India: PETA India CEO after 'bullying'. 2017-01-23. The Hindustan Times. en. 2017-01-25.
  70. News: Jallikattu challenged again in Supreme Court by animal rights body. https://web.archive.org/web/20170125075800/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/25/jallikattu-challenged-again-in-supreme-court-by-animal-rights-body-1563367.html. dead. 25 January 2017. 2017-01-25. The New Indian Express. 2017-01-27.
  71. News: AWBI to withdraw plea against TN Jallikattu law. 2017-01-26. News Today. en. 2017-01-28. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170126115359/http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law. 26 January 2017. dmy-all.
  72. News: B. Tilak Chandar . S. Annamalai . Scarred yet untamed. The Hindu. Chennai. Kasturi & Sons. 20 January 2019. 3 February 2019.
  73. Web site: Get ready. Jallikattu Premier League in Chennai from January 7. 15 December 2017. India Today. 16 March 2018.
  74. Web site: Jallikattu Premier League To Start In Chennai From January 7. https://web.archive.org/web/20171216181608/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/jallikattu-premier-league-to-start-in-chennai-from-january-7.html. dead. 16 December 2017. 15 December 2017. Deccan Chronicle. 16 March 2018.
  75. News: Rajni, Kamal did it. Behindwoods. 8 January 2016.
  76. Web site: 5 best jallikattu scenes from Tamil films, from Murattu Kaalai to Virumaandi.
  77. Web site: Taming of the bull: Jallikattu occupies a prominent place in Tamil cinema. 9 January 2017 .
  78. News: Mirugam movie. Behindwoods. 8 January 2016.
  79. Web site: Five films that showed Jallikattu extensively.
  80. News: Catching a sport by its horns. . 20 January 2017 .

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