Ixodes Explained

Ixodes is a genus of hard-bodied ticks (family Ixodidae). It includes important disease vectors of animals and humans (tick-borne disease), and some species (notably Ixodes holocyclus) inject toxins that can cause paralysis. Some ticks in this genus may transmit the pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi^[1] responsible for causing Lyme disease. Additional organisms that may be transmitted by Ixodes are parasites from the genus Babesia, which cause babesiosis, and bacteria from the related genus Anaplasma, which cause anaplasmosis.

Species

These species are recognised within the genus Ixodes:^[2]

• Ixodes abrocomae Lahille, 1917
• Ixodes acer Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020^[3]
• Ixodes acuminatus Neumann, 1901
• Ixodes acutitarsus (Karsch, 1880)
• Ixodes affinis Neumann, 1899^[4]
• Ixodes albignaci Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1969
• Ixodes alluaudi Neumann, 1913
• Ixodes amarali Fonseca, 1935
• Ixodes amersoni Kohls, 1966^[5]
• Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904
• Ixodes andinus Kohls, 1956
• Ixodes angustus Neumann, 1899
• Ixodes antechini Roberts, 1960
• Ixodes apronophorus Schulze, 1924
• Ixodes arabukiensis Arthur, 1959
• Ixodes aragaoi Fonseca, 1935
• Ixodes arboricola Schulze & Schlottke, 1930^[6]
• Ixodes arebiensis Arthur, 1956
• Ixodes asanumai Kitaoka, 1973
• Ixodes aulacodi Arthur, 1956
• Ixodes auriculaelongae Arthur, 1958
• Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904
• Ixodes australiensis Neumann, 1904
• Ixodes baergi Cooley & Kohls, 1942
• Ixodes bakeri Arthur & Clifford, 1961
• Ixodes banksi Bishopp, 1911
• Ixodes barkeri Barker, 2019^[7]
• Ixodes bedfordi Arthur, 1959
• Ixodes bequaerti Cooley & Kohls, 1945
• Ixodes berlesei Birula, 1895
• Ixodes bivari Santos Dias, 1990
• Ixodes boliviensis Neumann, 1904
• Ixodes brewsterae Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982
• Ixodes browningi Arthur, 1956
• Ixodes brumpti Morel, 1965
• Ixodes brunneus Koch, 1844
• Ixodes calcarhebes Arthur & Zulu, 1980
• Ixodes caledonicus Nuttall, 1910
• Ixodes canisuga Johnston, 1849
• Ixodes capromydis Cerný, 1966
• Ixodes catherinei Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982
• Ixodes cavipalpus Nuttall & Warburton, 1908
• Ixodes ceylonensis Kohls, 1950
• Ixodes chilensis Kohls, 1956
• Ixodes colasbelcouri Arthur, 1957
• Ixodes collocaliae Schulze, 1937
• Ixodes columnae Takada & Fujita, 1992
• Ixodes conepati Cooley & Kohls, 1943
• Ixodes confusus Roberts, 1960
• Ixodes cookei Packard, 1869
• Ixodes cooleyi Aragão & Fonseca, 1951
• Ixodes copei Wilson, 1980
• Ixodes cordifer Neumann, 1908
• Ixodes cornuae Arthur, 1960
• Ixodes cornuatus Roberts, 1960
• Ixodes corwini Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982
• Ixodes crenulatus Koch, 1844
• Ixodes cuernavacensis Kohls & Clifford, 1966
• Ixodes cumulatimpunctatus Schulze, 1943
• Ixodes dampfi Cooley, 1943
• Ixodes daveyi Nuttall, 1913
• Ixodes dawesi Arthur, 1956
• Ixodes dendrolagi Wilson, 1967
• Ixodes dentatus Marx, 1899^[8]
• Ixodes dicei Keirans & Ajohda, 2003
• Ixodes diomedeae Arthur, 1958
• Ixodes diversifossus Neumann, 1899
• Ixodes djaronensis Neumann, 1907
• Ixodes domerguei Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1965
• Ixodes downsi Kohls, 1957
• Ixodes drakensbergensis Clifford, Theiler & Baker, 1975
• Ixodes eadsi Kohls & Clifford, 1964
• Ixodes eastoni Keirans & Clifford, 1983
• Ixodes eichhorni Nuttall, 1916
• Ixodes eldaricus Dzhaparidze, 1950
• Ixodes elongatus Bedford, 1929
• Ixodes eudyptidis Maskell, 1885
• Ixodes euplecti Arthur, 1958
• Ixodes evansi Arthur, 1956
• Ixodes fecialis Warburton & Nuttall, 1909
• Ixodes festai Rondelli, 1926 ^[9]
• Ixodes fossulatus Neumann, 1899
• Ixodes frontalis Panzer, 1798
• Ixodes fuscipes Koch, 1844
• Ixodes galapagoensis Clifford & Hoogstraal, 1980
• Ixodes ghilarovi Filippova & Panova, 1988
• Ixodes gibbosus Nuttall, 1916
• Ixodes giluwensis Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020^[3]
• Ixodes goliath Apanaskevich and Lemon, 2018^[10]
• Ixodes granulatus Supino, 1897
• Ixodes gregsoni Lindquist, Wu & Redner, 1999
• Ixodes guatemalensis Kohls, 1956
• Ixodes hearlei Gregson, 1941
• Ixodes heathi Kwak, Madden & Wicker, 2018^[11]
• Ixodes heinrichi Arthur, 1962
• Ixodes hexagonus Leach, 1815
• Ixodes himalayensis Dhanda & Kulkarni, 1969
• Ixodes hirsti Hassall, 1931
• Ixodes holocyclus Neumann, 1899
• Ixodes hoogstraali Arthur, 1955
• Ixodes howelli Cooley & Kohls, 1938
• Ixodes hyatti Clifford, Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1971
• Ixodes hydromyidis Swan, 1931
• Ixodes jacksoni Hoogstraal, 1967
• Ixodes jellisoni Cooley & Kohls, 1938
• Ixodes jonesae Kohls, Sonenshine & Clifford, 1969
• Ixodes kaiseri Arthur, 1957
• Ixodes kaschmiricus Pomerantsev, 1948
• Ixodes kazakstani Olenev & Sorokoumov, 1934
• Ixodes kerguelenensis André & Colas-Belcour, 1942
• Ixodes kingi Bishopp, 1911
• Ixodes kohlsi Arthur, 1955
• Ixodes kopsteini Oudemans, 1926
• Ixodes kuntzi Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1965
• Ixodes laguri Olenev, 1929
• Ixodes lasallei Méndez Arocha & Ortiz, 1958
• Ixodes latus Arthur, 1958
• Ixodes laysanensis Wilson, 1964
• Ixodes lemuris Arthur, 1958
• Ixodes lewisi Arthur, 1965
• Ixodes lividus Koch, 1844
• Ixodes longiscutatus Boero, 1944
• Ixodes loricatus Neumann, 1899
• Ixodes loveridgei Arthur, 1958
• Ixodes luciae Sénevet, 1940
• Ixodes lunatus Neumann, 1907
• Ixodes luxuriosus Schulze, 1932
• Ixodes macfarlanei Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982
• Ixodes malayensis Kohls, 1962
• Ixodes marmotae Cooley & Kohls, 1938
• Ixodes marxi Banks, 1908^[8]
• Ixodes maslovi Emelyanova & Kozlovskaya, 1967
• Ixodes matopi Spickett, Keirans, Norval & Clifford, 1981
• Ixodes mexicanus Cooley & Kohls, 1942
• Ixodes microgalei Apanaskevich, Soarimalala & Goodman, 2013^[12]
• Ixodes minor Neumann, 1902
• Ixodes minutae Arthur, 1959
• Ixodes mirzai Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020^[3]
• Ixodes mitchelli Kohls, Clifford & Hoogstraal, 1970
• Ixodes monospinosus Saito, 1968
• Ixodes montoyanus Cooley, 1944
• Ixodes moreli Arthur, 1957
• Ixodes moscharius Teng, 1982
• Ixodes moschiferi Nemenz, 1968
• Ixodes muniensis Arthur & Burrow, 1957
• Ixodes muris Bishopp & Smith, 1937^[8]
• Ixodes murreleti Cooley & Kohls, 1945
• Ixodes myospalacis Teng, 1986
• Ixodes myotomys Clifford & Hoogstraal, 1970
• Ixodes myrmecobii Roberts, 1962
• Ixodes nairobiensis Nuttall, 1916
• Ixodes nchisiensis Arthur, 1958
• Ixodes nectomys Kohls, 1956
• Ixodes neitzi Clifford, Walker & Keirans, 1977
• Ixodes nesomys Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1969
• Ixodes neuquenensis Ringuelet, 1947
• Ixodes nicolasi Santos Dias, 1982
• Ixodes nipponensis Kitaoka & Saito, 1967
• Ixodes nitens Neumann, 1904^[13]
• Ixodes nuttalli Lahille, 1913
• Ixodes nuttallianus Schulze, 1930
• Ixodes occultus Pomerantsev, 1946
• Ixodes ochotonae Gregson, 1941
• Ixodes okapiae Arthur, 1956
• Ixodes oldi Nuttall, 1913
• Ixodes ornithorhynchi Lucas, 1846
• Ixodes ovatus Neumann, 1899
• Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls, 1943
• Ixodes paranaensis Barros-Battesti, Arzua, Pichorim & Keirans, 2003
• Ixodes pararicinus Keirans & Clifford, in Keirans, Clifford, Guglielmone & Mangold, 1985
• Ixodes pavlovskyi Pomerantsev, 1946
• Ixodes percavatus Neumann, 1906
• Ixodes peromysci Augustson, 1940
• Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, 1930
• Ixodes petauristae Warburton, 1933
• Ixodes philipi Keirans & Kohls, 1970
• Ixodes pilosus Koch, 1844
• Ixodes planiscutatus Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020^[3]
• Ixodes pomerantzi Kohls, 1956
• Ixodes pomeranzevi Serdyukova, 1941
• Ixodes priscicollaris Schulze, 1932
• Ixodes procaviae Arthur & Burrow, 1957
• Ixodes prokopjevi (Emelyanova, 1979)
• Ixodes radfordi Kohls, 1948
• Ixodes rageaui Arthur, 1958
• Ixodes randrianasoloi Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1969
• Ixodes rangtangensis Teng, 1973
• Ixodes rasus Neumann, 1899
• Ixodes redikorzevi Olenev, 1927
• Ixodes rhabdomysae Arthur, 1959
• Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Ixodes rothschildi Nuttall & Warburton, 1911
• Ixodes rotundatus Arthur, 1958^[14]
• Ixodes rubicundus Neumann, 1904
• Ixodes rubidus Neumann, 1901
• Ixodes rugicollis Schulze & Schlottke, 1930
• Ixodes rugosus Bishopp, 1911
• Ixodes sachalinensis Filippova, 1971
• Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821
• Ixodes schillingsi Neumann, 1901
• Ixodes schulzei Aragão & Fonseca, 1951
• Ixodes sculptus Neumann, 1904
• Ixodes semenovi Olenev, 1929
• Ixodes serrafreirei Amorim, Gazeta, Bossi & Linhares, 2003
• Ixodes shahi Clifford, Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1971
• Ixodes siamensis Kitaoka & Suzuki, 1983^{[15] [16]}
• Ixodes sigelos Keirans, Clifford & Corwin, 1976
• Ixodes signatus Birula, 1895
• Ixodes simplex Neumann, 1906
• Ixodes sinaloa Kohls & Clifford, 1966
• Ixodes sinensis Teng, 1977
• Ixodes soarimalalae Apanaskevich & Goodman, 2020
• Ixodes soricis Gregson, 1942
• Ixodes spinae Arthur, 1958^[14]
• Ixodes spinicoxalis Neumann, 1899
• Ixodes spinipalpis Hadwen & Nuttall, 1916
• Ixodes steini Schulze, 1932
• Ixodes stellae Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020^[3]
• Ixodes stilesi Neumann, 1911
• Ixodes stromi Filippova, 1957
• Ixodes subterranus Filippova, 1961
• Ixodes succineus Weidner, 1964
• Ixodes taglei Kohls, 1969
• Ixodes tamaulipas Kohls & Clifford, 1966
• Ixodes tancitarius Cooley & Kohls, 1942
• Ixodes tanuki Saito, 1964
• Ixodes tapirus Kohls, 1956
• Ixodes tasmani Neumann, 1899
• Ixodes tecpanensis Kohls, 1956
• Ixodes tertiarius Scudder
• Ixodes texanus Banks, 1909
• Ixodes theilerae Arthur, 1953
• Ixodes thomasae Arthur & Burrow, 1957
• Ixodes tiptoni Kohls & Clifford, 1962
• Ixodes tovari Cooley, 1945
• Ixodes transvaalensis Clifford & Hoogstraal, 1966
• Ixodes trianguliceps Birula, 1895
• Ixodes trichosuri Roberts, 1960
• Ixodes tropicalis Kohls, 1956
• Ixodes turdus Nakatsuji, 1942
• Ixodes ugandanus Neumann, 1906
• Ixodes uilenbergi Apanaskevich & Goodman, 2020^[17]
• Ixodes uncus Apanaskevich & Goodman, 2020^[17]
• Ixodes unicavatus Neumann, 1908
• Ixodes uriae White, 1852
• Ixodes vanidicus Schulze, 1943
• Ixodes venezuelensis Kohls, 1953
• Ixodes ventalloi Gil Collado, 1936
• Ixodes vespertilionis Koch, 1844
• Ixodes vestitus Neumann, 1908
• Ixodes victoriensis Nuttall, 1916
• Ixodes walkerae Clifford, Kohls & Hoogstraal, 1968
• Ixodes werneri Kohls, 1950
• Ixodes woodi Bishopp, 1911
• Ixodes zaglossi Kohls, 1960
• Ixodes zairensis Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982
• Ixodes zumpti Arthur, 1960

Notes and References

1. Book: Fisher, Bruce . Harvey, Richard P. . Champe, Pamela C. . Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . Hagerstown, MD . 2007. 334. 978-0-7817-8215-9 .
2. Web site: Ixodidae C.L.Koch, 1844 . Catalog of the Acari . Jim Amrine . . https://web.archive.org/web/20040314015102/https://insects.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/acari/Ixodidae.txt . December 4, 2013. 2004-03-14 .
3. Apanaskevich . Dmitry A. . Schenk . John J. . Description of five new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. luxuriosus Schulze, 1935, I. steini Schulze, 1935 and I. zaglossi Kohls, 1960, parasites of marsupials, rodents and echidnas in New Guinea Island . Systematic Parasitology . 2020 . 97 . 3 . 223–266 . 10.1007/s11230-020-09909-5. 32328810 . 216085891 .
4. Web site: Ixodes affinis Neumann, 1899 . www.gbif.org . en.
5. Kohls . GM . A new sea bird tick, Ixodes amersoni, from Phoenix Island (Acarina: Ixodidae) . . 3 . 1 . 38–40 . April 1966 . 5941563 . 10.1093/jmedent/3.1.38. free .
6. Web site: Ixodes arboricola Schulze & Schlottke, 1930 . www.gbif.org . en.
7. Barker . Dayana . Ixodes barkeri n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) from the short-beaked echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus, with a revised key to the male Ixodes of Australia, and list of the subgenera and species of Ixodes known to occur in Australia . Zootaxa . 2019 . 4658 . 2 . 331–342 . 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.2.7. 31716747 . 202031409 .
8. Keirans . James E. . Lacombe . Eleanor H. . First Records of Amblyomma americanum, Ixodes (Ixodes) dentatus, and Ixodes (Ceratixodes) uriae (Acari: Ixodidae) from Maine . The Journal of Parasitology . [The American Society of Parasitologists, Allen Press] . 84 . 3 . 1998 . 3284739 . 629–631 . 2022-03-23.
9. Contini. C.. Palmas. C.. Seu. V.. Stancampiano. L.. Usai. F.. Redescription of the male of Ixodes festai Rondelli, 1926 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) on specimens from Sardinia (Italy). Parasite. 18. 3. 2011. 235–240. 10.1051/parasite/2011183235. 21894264. 3671470.
10. Apanaskevich . Dmitry A. . Lemon . Howard E. . Description of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. priscicollaris Schulze, 1932, parasites of New Guinea rodents (Rodentia: Muridae) . Systematic Parasitology . 2018 . 95 . 4 . 373–382 . 10.1007/s11230-018-9786-0 . 29536248 . 4504691 . Ixodes goliath n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), is described based on females collected from the eastern hyomys, Hyomys goliath (Milne-Edwards) (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua New Guinea..
11. Kwak . M. L. . Madden . C. . Wicker . L. . Ixodes heathi n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), a co-endangered tick from the critically endangered mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus), with notes on its biology and conservation . Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2018 . 76 . 3 . 413–419 . 10.1007/s10493-018-0312-5 . 30302626 . 52945250 . A new species of co-endangered tick, Ixodes heathi n. sp., is described from specimens of the nymph collected on the critically endangered mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus Broom) from the alpine region of Victoria, Australia. Its biology is discussed along with strategies for its conservation..
12. Apanaskevich. D. A.. Soarimalala. V.. Goodman. S. M.. 2013. A new Ixodes species (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of shrew tenrecs (Afrosoricida: Tenrecidae) in Madagascar. 4833386. Journal of Parasitology. 99. 6. 970–972. 10.1645/13-306.1. 23901784.
13. Parasites & Vectors . 2011. 4. 71. 10.1186/1756-3305-4-71. 21554736. 3114005. Coendangered hard-ticks: threatened or threatening?. Andrei Daniel Mihalca. Călin Mircea Gherman. Vasile Cozma. amp . free .
14. Arthur . Don Ramsay . 1958 . New species of Ixodes ticks from eastern Africa, with a description of the male and nymph of Ixodes oldi Nuttall, 1913 . Parasitology . 48 . 1–2 . 38–69 . 10.1017/S0031182000021053.
15. Shigeo . Kitaoka . Hiroshi . Suzuki . 1983 . Studies on the Parasite Fauna of Thailand: 5. Parasitic ticks on mammals and description of Ixodes siamensis sp. n. and Rhipicephalus tetracornus sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae) . Tropical Medicine . 25 . 4 . 205–219 . 10069/4366 . Ixodes siamensis sp. n. is the second species of the subgenus Paltipalpiger..
16. Guglielmone . Alberto A. . Robbins . Richard G. . Apanaskevich . Dmitry A. . Petney . Trevor N. . Estrada-Peña . Agustín . Horak . Ivan G. . Comments on controversial tick (Acari: Ixodida) species names and species described or resurrected from 2003 to 2008 . . 2009 . 48 . 4 . 311–327 . 10.1007/s10493-009-9246-2 . 19169832 . We consider the following 40 names valid…Ixodes siamensis Kitaoka and Suzuki, 1983.. 2263/13757 . 29053875 . free .
17. Apanaskevich . Dmitry A. . Goodman . Steven M. . Description of three new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), parasites of tenrecs (Afrotheria: Tenrecidae) on Madagascar . Systematic Parasitology . 2020 . 97 . 6 . 623–637 . 10.1007/s11230-020-09944-2. 33150511 . 226258587 .