| Subarachnoid space | |
| Latin: | Spatium subarachnoideum, cavum subarachnoideale |
Intrathecal administration is a route of administration for drugs via an injection into the spinal canal, or into the subarachnoid space so that it reaches the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is useful in several applications, such as for spinal anesthesia, chemotherapy, or pain management. This route is also used to introduce drugs that fight certain infections, particularly post-neurosurgical. Typically, the drug is given this way to avoid being stopped by the blood–brain barrier, as it may not be able to pass into the brain when given orally. Drugs given by the intrathecal route often have to be compounded specially by a pharmacist or technician because they cannot contain any preservative or other potentially harmful inactive ingredients that are sometimes found in standard injectable drug preparations.
Intrathecal pseudodelivery is a technique where the drug is encapsulated in a porous capsule that is placed in communication with the cerebrospinal CSF. In this method, the drug is not released into the CSF. Instead, the CSF is in communication with the capsule through its porous walls, allowing the drug to interact with its target within the capsule itself. This allows for localized treatment while avoiding systemic distribution of the drug, potentially reducing side effects and enhancing the therapeutic efficacy for conditions affecting the central nervous system.
The route of administration is sometimes simply referred to as "intrathecal"; however, the term is also an adjective that refers to something occurring in or introduced into the anatomic space or potential space inside a sheath, most commonly the arachnoid membrane of the brain or spinal cord[1] (under which is the subarachnoid space). For example, intrathecal immunoglobulin production is production of antibodies in the spinal cord.[2] The abbreviation "IT" is best not used; instead, "intrathecal" is spelled out to avoid medical mistakes.
Intrathecal administration is often used for a single 24-hour dose of analgesia (opioid with local anesthetic). Caution should be exercised with intrathecal opioids due to the risk of late onset hypoventilation. The use of intrathecal morphine may be limited by severe pruritus and urinary retention.
Pethidine has the unusual property of being both a local anaesthetic and opioid analgesic, which occasionally permits its use as the sole intrathecal anaesthetic agent.
An intrathecal pump system can be used to deliver a local anaesthetic, and/or an opioid and/or an atypical analgesic agent as ziconotide.
Amphotericin B is administered intrathecally for CNS infections.[3]
Currently, only four agents are licensed for intrathecal chemotherapy: Methotrexate, cytarabine (Ara-C), hydrocortisone, and thiotepa.[4]
Administration of any vinca alkaloids, especially vincristine, via the intrathecal route is nearly always fatal.[5] [6]
Often reserved for spastic cerebral palsy, baclofen can be administered through an intrathecal pump implanted just below the skin of the abdomen or behind the chest wall, with a catheter connected directly to the base of the spine. Intrathecal baclofen pumps sometimes carry serious clinical risks, such as infection or a possibly fatal sudden malfunction.