List of Internet pioneers explained

Instead of having a single "inventor", the Internet was developed by many people over many years. The following people are Internet pioneers who have been recognized for their contribution to its early and ongoing development. These include theoretical foundations, specifying protocols, and expansion beyond a research tool to wide deployment.

This list includes people who were:

Among the pioneers, along with Cerf and Kahn, Bob Metcalfe, Donald Davies, Louis Pouzin, Steve Crocker and Ray Tomlinson meet three out of the four criteria above; as well as Jon Postel, considering the 2003 IEEE Internet award on which he is cited. Several of the early pioneers are featured in the 1972 documentary film .

Some other Internet pioneers, who have made notable contributions to the development of Internet but do not meet any of the four criteria above, are listed in the final section of the article.

Note: this article is in general chronological order of the development process of the Internet.

J. C. R. Licklider

See main article: J. C. R. Licklider.

Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider (1915–1990) was a faculty member of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and researcher at Bolt, Beranek and Newman. He developed the idea of a universal computer network at the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).[1] [2] He headed the IPTO from 1962 to 1963, and again from 1974 to 1975. His 1960 paper "Man-Computer Symbiosis" envisions that mutually-interdependent, "living together", tightly coupled human brains and computing machines would prove to complement each other's strengths.[3]

In 2013, Licklider was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame "pioneers" award by the Internet Society.

Paul Baran

See main article: Paul Baran. Paul Baran (1926–2011) developed the field of redundant distributed networks while conducting research at RAND Corporation starting in 1960 when Baran began investigating the development of large-scale survivable communication networks.[4] This led to a series of papers titled "On Distributed communications" that in 1964 described a detailed architecture for distributed adaptive message block switching. The proposal was composed of three key ideas: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points; dividing user messages into message blocks; and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching.[5] [6] [7] Baran's network design was never built; it was intended for voice communication using switches that were low-cost electronics, without software switches.[8] [9] [10]

He provided input to the ARPANET project on distributed communications and dynamic routing.[11]

Baran received the inaugural SIGCOMM Award in 1989, the inaugural IEEE Internet Award in 2000 and the inaugural Internet Hall of Fame "pioneers" award from the Internet Society in 2012.[12]

Donald Davies

See main article: Donald Davies. Donald Davies (1924–2000) independently invented and named the concept of packet switching for data communications in 1965 at the United Kingdom's National Physical Laboratory (NPL).[13] [14] [15] In the same year, he proposed a national commercial data network in the UK based on packet switching and high-speed switching nodes; he wrote a paper on this in 1966. He was the first to describe an "interface computer" to act as a router in 1966.[16] [17] Later that year, he headed a team which produced a design for a local-area network to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching while producing a more formal proposal of his national network design based on a high-level network connected to local networks.[18]

Davies gave the first public presentation on packet switching in 1968 and built the local-area NPL network, the first implementation of packet switching and the first to use high-speed links.[19] [20] His work influenced the ARPANET and other research in Europe and Japan.[21] [22] [23] [24] He carried out simulation work on datagram networks on a scale to provide data communication to much of the United Kingdom and designed an adaptive method of congestion control, which he called isarithmic.[25] [26] [27]

In the 1970s, Davies worked on internetworking and secure communication. He was acknowledged by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication.[28]

Davies received the inaugural IEEE Internet Award in 2000 and the inaugural Internet Hall of Fame "pioneers" award from the Internet Society in 2012.[29]

Roger Scantlebury

See main article: article and Roger Scantlebury. Roger Scantlebury (born 1936) led the pioneering work to implement packet switching and associated communication protocols at the NPL in the late 1960s.[30] [31] Scantlebury and his colleague Keith Bartlett were the first to describe the term protocol in a modern data-communications context in an April 1967 memorandum entitled A Protocol for Use in the NPL Data Communications Network.[32] He proposed the use of packet switching in the ARPANET at the inaugural Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in October 1967 and convinced Larry Roberts the economics were favorable to message switching.[33] [34] [35] [36] [37]

During the 1970s, he was a major figure in the International Network Working Group (INWG) through which he was an early contributor to concepts used in the Transmission Control Program which became part of the Internet protocol suite.[38] [39] [40] He was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.

Bob Taylor

See main article: Robert Taylor (computer scientist). Robert W. Taylor (1932–2017) was director of ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) from 1966 through 1969, where he convinced ARPA to fund a computer network.[41] The 1968 paper, "The Computer as a Communication Device", that he wrote together with J.C.R. Licklider starts out: "In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine than face to face."[42] And while their vision would take more than "a few years", the paper lays out the future of what the Internet would eventually become.

From 1970 to 1983, he managed the Computer Science Laboratory of the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), where technologies such as Ethernet and the Xerox Alto were developed.[43] He was the founder and manager of Digital Equipment Corporation's Systems Research Center until 1996.[44]

Larry Roberts

See main article: Larry Roberts (computer scientist). Lawrence G. "Larry" Roberts (1937–2018) was an American computer scientist.[45] After earning his PhD in electrical engineering from MIT in 1963, Roberts continued to work at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory where in 1965 he connected Lincoln Lab's TX-2 computer to the SDC Q-32 computer in Santa Monica.[46]

In 1967, he became a program manager in the ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), where he led the development of the ARPANET, the first wide area packet switching network. Roberts applied Donald Davies' concepts of packet switching in the ARPANET, and sought input from Paul Baran and other researchers on network design. After Robert Taylor left ARPA in 1969, Roberts became director of the IPTO.

In 1973, he left ARPA to commercialize the nascent technology in the form of Telenet, which became one of the first public data networks in the world, and served as its CEO from 1973 to 1980.[47]

In 2012, Roberts was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.

Leonard Kleinrock

See main article: Leonard Kleinrock. Leonard Kleinrock (born 1934) became involved in the ARPANET project in early 1967.[48] [49] He had studied the optimization of message delays in communication networks using queueing theory in his Ph.D. thesis, Message Delay in Communication Nets with Storage, at MIT in 1962.[50] [51] [52]

After this, he moved to UCLA. In 1969, under his supervision, a team at UCLA connected a computer to an Interface Message Processor (IMP), becoming the first node on the ARPANET.[53] [54] Building on his earlier work on queueing theory, during the 1970s, Kleinrock carried out theoretical work to measure and mathematically model the performance of the ARPANET,[55] [56] [57] which underpinned the development of the network and the Transmission Control Program.[58] [59] His theoretical work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today.[60] [61]

In 2012, Kleinrock was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.

Frank Heart

See main article: Frank Heart. Frank Heart (1929–2018) worked for Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) from 1966 to 1994, during which time he led the team that designed and implemented the Interface Message Processors (IMPs), the routing computers for the ARPANET.

Bob Kahn

See main article: Bob Kahn. Robert E. "Bob" Kahn (born 1938) is an American engineer and computer scientist. After earning a Ph.D. degree from Princeton University in 1964, he worked for AT&T Bell Laboratories, as an assistant professor at MIT. He moved to Bolt Beranek & Newman (BBN) where he was the principal designer of the IMP subnetwork and the IMP-Host protocol for the ARPANET.[62]

In 1972, he joined the IPTO within ARPA, where he worked on both satellite packet networks (which led to SATNET) and ground-based radio packet networks (which led to PRNET), and recognized the value of being able to communicate across heterogenous networks. Along with Vint Cerf, he authored the seminal paper on internetworking, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication, in 1974.[63] [64]

Kahn left ARPA in 1986 to found the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), a nonprofit organization providing leadership and funding for research and development of the National Information Infrastructure.[65]

David Walden

See main article: David Walden. David Walden (1942–2022), who worked for BBN, developed the packet switching and routing software for the Interface Message Processor (IMP) of the ARPANET.[66] [67] [68] He developed what became known as the Walden message switching protocol.[69] [70] He was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.

Ray Tomlinson

See main article: Ray Tomlinson. Ray Tomlinson (1941–2016) worked for BBN. He participated in the initial design of TCP during 1973-74, was acknowledged in the specification of TCP version 2 in March 1977,[71] and version 3 in January 1978, which says that many of the changes introduced in that version were first described by Tomlinson the previous year when he put forward a "Proposal for TCP 3".[72] [73] [74]

Experimental message transfers between separate computer systems began on the ARPANET.[75] Tomlinson sent the first message between two computers on the network in 1971, initiating the use of the "@" sign to separate the names of the user and the user's machine.[76] His message was sent from one Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-10 computer to another PDP-10, placed next to each other.[77] [78] Tomlinson's work was adopted across the ARPANET, which significantly increased network traffic.[79] As a result, he has been called "the inventor of modern email".[80] [81]

The use of the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for "network mail" on the ARPANET was proposed in in March 1973.[82] Through,,, and finally in November 1977, a standardized framework was developed for "electronic mail" using FTP mail servers on the ARPANET.[83] [84]

Tomlinson discussed a network mail protocol among the International Network Working Group in INWG Protocol note 2, in September 1974.[85]

He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2004, with David H. Crocker, for networked email.

Steve Crocker

See main article: Steve Crocker.

Steve Crocker (born 1944) has worked in the ARPANET and Internet communities since their inception. As a UCLA graduate student in the 1960s, he led the creation of the ARPANET host-to-host protocol, the Network Control Protocol.[86] He also created the Request for Comments (RFC) series,[87] authoring the very first RFC and many more.[88] He was instrumental in creating the ARPA Network Working Group, the forerunner of the modern Internet Engineering Task Force.

In 1972, Crocker moved to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to become a program manager. He formed the International Network Working Group (INWG),[89] then his research interests shifted to artificial intelligence. He was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.

He was a senior researcher at USC's Information Sciences Institute (ISI) where he contributed to discussions on the Transmission Control Program in August 1977.[90] He was a founder and director of the Computer Science Laboratory at The Aerospace Corporation and a vice president at Trusted Information Systems. In 1994, Crocker was one of the founders and chief technology officer of CyberCash, Inc. He has also been an IETF security area director, a member of the Internet Architecture Board, chair of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Security and Stability Advisory Committee, a board member of the Internet Society and numerous other Internet-related volunteer positions. Crocker is chair of the board of ICANN.[91]

For this work, Crocker was awarded the 2002 IEEE Internet Award "for leadership in creation of key elements in open evolution of Internet protocols". In 2012, Crocker was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.

Jon Postel

See main article: Jon Postel.

Jon Postel (1943–1998) was a researcher at the University of Southern California's (USC's) Information Sciences Institute (ISI). He was editor of much of the early the RFC series as well as versions 3 and 4 of TCP/IP in January 1978 and February 1979, and the final version of TCP and Internet Protocol, which were published in January 1980 by DARPA on behalf of the Defense Communication Agency. He was the creator of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and the co-creator and longtime administrator of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). His beard and sandals made him "the most recognizable archetype of an Internet pioneer".[92]

The International Network Working Group (INWG) discussed protocols for electronic mail in 1979,[93] which was referenced by Postel in his early work on Internet email. Postel first proposed an Internet Message Protocol in 1979 as part of the Internet Experiment Note (IEN) series.[94] [95] [96] In September 1980, Postel and Suzanne Sluizer published which proposed the Mail Transfer Protocol to enable servers to transmit "computer mail" on the ARPANET as a replacement for FTP. of May 1981 removed all references to FTP. In November 1981, Postel published describing the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) protocol, which was updated by in August 1982. Addresses were extended to by in February 1982. RFC 822, written by David H. Crocker, defined the format for messages.

The Internet Society's Postel Award is named in his honor, as is the Postel Center at the Information Sciences Institute. His obituary was written by Vint Cerf and published as RFC 2468 in remembrance of Postel and his work. In 2012, Postel was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.

Vint Cerf

See main article: Vint Cerf.

Vinton G. "Vint" Cerf (born 1943) is an American computer scientist.[97] He is recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet",[98] [99] sharing this title with Bob Kahn.[100] [101]

He earned his Ph.D. from UCLA in 1972. At UCLA he worked in Professor Leonard Kleinrock's networking group that connected the first two nodes of the ARPANET and contributed to the ARPANET host-to-host protocol, the Network Control Program. Cerf was an assistant professor at Stanford University from 1972 to 1976, where he conducted research on packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed the DoD TCP/IP protocol suite. He authored the seminal paper on internetworking, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication, in May 1974 with Bob Kahn; the first specification of TCP with Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine in December that year; and edited the second version of TCP in March 1977. He was a program manager for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) from 1976 to 1982 overseeing the first internetworking experiments with SATNET and PRNET. Cerf was instrumental in the formation of both the Internet Society and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), serving as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992 to 1995 and in 1999 as chairman of the board and as ICANN Chairman from 2000 to 2007.[102]

His many awards include the National Medal of Technology, the Turing Award,[103] the Presidential Medal of Freedom,[104] and membership in the National Academy of Engineering and the Internet Society's Internet Hall of Fame.

Douglas Engelbart

See main article: Douglas Engelbart. Douglas Engelbart (1925–2013) was an early researcher at the Stanford Research Institute. His Augmentation Research Center laboratory became the second node on the ARPANET in October 1969, and SRI became the early Network Information Center, which evolved into the domain name registry.[105]

Engelbart was a committed, vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and computer networks to help cope with the world's increasingly urgent and complex problems.[106] He is best known for his work on the challenges of human–computer interaction, resulting in the invention of the computer mouse,[107] and the development of hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to graphical user interfaces.

John Klensin

See main article: John Klensin.

John Klensin's involvement with Internet began in 1969, when he worked on the File Transfer Protocol.[108] Klensin was involved in the early procedural and definitional work for DNS administration and top-level domain definitions and was part of the committee that worked out the transition of DNS-related responsibilities between USC-ISI and what became ICANN.[109]

His career includes 30 years as a principal research scientist at MIT, a stint as INFOODS Project Coordinator for the United Nations University, Distinguished Engineering Fellow at MCI WorldCom, and Internet Architecture Vice President at AT&T; he is now an independent consultant.[110] In 1992 Randy Bush and John Klensin created the Network Startup Resource Center,[111] helping dozens of countries to establish connections with FidoNet, UseNet, and when possible the Internet.

In 2003, he received an International Committee for Information Technology Standards Merit Award.[112] In 2007, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for contributions to networking standards and Internet applications.[113] In 2012, Klensin was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.

Elizabeth Feinler

See main article: Elizabeth J. Feinler.

Elizabeth J. "Jake" Feinler (born 1931) was a staff member of Doug Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center (ARC) at SRI and PI for the Network Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET and the Defense Data Network (DDN) from 1972 until 1989.[114] [115] In 2012, Feinler was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.

Louis Pouzin

See main article: Louis Pouzin.

Louis Pouzin (born 1931) is a French computer scientist. He built the first implementation of a wide-area datagram packet-communications network, CYCLADES, that demonstrated the feasibility of internetworking, which he called a "catenet".[116] [117] [118] Concepts from his work were reflected in the development of TCP/IP.[119] He was acknowledged by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.

In 1997, Pouzin received the ACM SIGCOMM Award for "pioneering work on connectionless packet communication".[120] He was named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by the French government on 19 March 2003. In 2012, Pouzin was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.

Hubert Zimmermann

See main article: Hubert Zimmermann. Hubert Zimmerman (1941–2012) was a French software engineer who pioneered internetworking with Louis Pouzin.[121] He contributed to early discussions on the Transmission Control Program, and was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.

Gérard Le Lann

See main article: Gérard Le Lann. Gérard Le Lann proposed the sliding window scheme for achieving reliable error and flow control on end-to-end connections.[122] [123] [124] He joined Vint Cerf's research team at Stanford University during 1973-4 and Cerf incorporated his sliding window scheme into the research work for the Transmission Control Program (TCP).[125] [126]

Le Lann is included on the Stanford University "Birth of the Internet" plaque and mentioned in the Stanford TCP project completion report.[127]

Bob Metcalfe

See main article: Robert Metcalfe. Bob Metcalfe (born 1946) produced a design for Ethernet and the PARC Universal Packet for internetworking while studying for his PhD at Harvard University and working at Xerox Parc. He contributed to early discussions on the Transmission Control Program in June 1973, and participated in the initial design of TCP, worked out at Stanford during 1973-74.[128] He was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking. In addition, along with Yogen Dalal, he contributed to discussions leading up to the splitting of TCP into TCP/IP.

John Shoch

See main article: John Shoch. John Shoch worked on internetworking at Xerox Parc. He contributed to early discussions on the Transmission Control Program in June 1973, August 1977, and was acknowledged in an early version of TCP version v4 in September 1978. He published several Internet Experiment Notes in the late 1970s and 1980,[129] and his work was referenced in the final IP version 4 that would be standardized in (1980) and (1981).

Yogen Dalal

Yogen K. Dalal,[130] also known as Yogin Dalal,[131] is an Indian electrical engineer and computer scientist.[130] He was an ARPANET pioneer,[132] and a key contributor to the development of internetworking protocols.[133]

Dalal co-authored the first Transmission Control Program specification, with Vint Cerf and Carl Sunshine between 1973 and 1974.[134] It was published as (Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program) in December 1974.[135] It first used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking, and later RFCs repeated this use.[136] Dalal later proposed splitting Transmission Control Program into Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol between 1976 and 1977, leading to the development of TCP/IP. He also worked at Xerox PARC, where he contributed to the development of the Ethernet, the Xerox Network Systems (XNS), and the Xerox Star.

After receiving a B.Tech in Electrical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,[130] he went to the United States to study for a master's degree at Stanford University in 1972 and then a PhD in 1973.[137] His interest in data communication as a graduate student led him to working with new professor Vint Cerf as a teaching assistant in 1972, and then as a research assistant while studying for his PhD. In Summer 1973, while Cerf and Bob Kahn were attempting to formulate an internetworking protocol, Dalal joined their research team to assist them on developing what eventually became Transmission Control Program.[137] After co-authoring the first internet protocol with Cerf and Sunshine in 1974, Dalal received his PhD in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,[130] and remained active in the development of TCP/IP at Stanford for several years.[137] Between 1976 and 1977, Dalal proposed separating Transmission Control Program's routing and transmission control functions into two discrete layers,[132] which led to the splitting of Transmission Control Program into the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol.[133]

Due to his experience in communication protocols, several key researchers were greatly interested in recruiting him, including Bob Kahn's ARPANET team at DARPA, Ray Tomlinson at BBN, Bob Taylor's team at Xerox PARC, and Steve Crocker at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI).[131] In early 1977, Dalal joined Robert Metcalfe's team at Xerox PARC, where he worked on the development of the Xerox Network Systems.[137] He also worked on the 10Mbps Ethernet Specification at Xerox PARC, along with DEC and Intel, leading to the IEEE 802.3 LAN standard.[133]

He later left Xerox, and became a founding member of the startup tech companies Claris and Metaphor Computer Systems in the early 1980s. He later became a managing partner of Mayfield, and joined the Board of Directors at several tech companies including Narus and Nuance.[130] In 2005, he was recognized by Stanford as one of the pioneers of the Internet.[138]

Carl Sunshine

Carl Sunshine completed his PhD under Vint Cerf at the Digital Systems Laboratory, Stanford University. He worked on the first full TCP specification in December 1974 with Cerf and Yogen Dalal. He later worked for RAND and The Aerospace Corporation. Sunshine published a notable paper on internetworking in 1977,[139] [140] among many papers on networking.[141] During the 1980s, he chaired the International Network Working Group,[142] and edited two books on communication protocols.[143] [144]

Peter Kirstein

See main article: Peter T. Kirstein.

Peter T. Kirstein (1933–2020) was a British computer scientist and a leader in the international development of the Internet.[145] In 1973, he established one of the first two international nodes of the ARPANET.[146] In 1978 he co-authored "Issues in packet-network interconnection" with Vint Cerf, one of the early technical papers on the internet concept.[147] His research group at University College London adopted TCP/IP in 1982, ahead of ARPANET, and played a significant role in the very earliest experimental Internet work.[148] [149] Starting in 1983 he chaired the International Collaboration Board, which involved six NATO countries, served on the Networking Panel of the NATO Science Committee (serving as chair in 2001), and on Advisory Committees for the Australian Research Council, the Canadian Department of Communications, the German GMD, and the Indian Education and Research Network (ERNET) Project. He leads the Silk Project, which provides satellite-based Internet access to the Newly Independent States in the Southern Caucasus and Central Asia. In 2012, Kirstein was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.

Adrian Stokes

See main article: Adrian V. Stokes. Adrian Stokes (1945–2020) was a researcher at UCL's Institute of Computer Science working for Peter Kirstein in 1973. He worked on the first implementation of email in the United Kingdom in 1974 as well as the early monitoring software for the interconnection of the ARPANET with British academic networks, the first international heterogenous computer network.[150]

Judith Estrin

See main article: Judith Estrin.

Judith Estrin worked with Vinton Cerf on the Transmission Control Protocol project at Stanford University in the 1970s.[151] Her role within the research team was to help with the initial implementation tests of TCP with University College London.[152] [153]

Danny Cohen

See main article: Danny Cohen (computer scientist).

Danny Cohen (1937–2019) led several projects on real-time interactive applications over the ARPANet and the Internet starting in 1973.[154] After serving on the computer science faculty at Harvard University (1969–1973) and Caltech (1976), he joined the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at University of Southern California (USC). At ISI (1973–1993) he started many network related projects including, one to allow interactive, real-time speech over the ARPANet, packet-voice, packet-video, and Internet Concepts.[155] He was acknowledged in the specification of TCP version 3 in January 1978.

In 1981 he adapted his visual flight simulator to run over the ARPANet, the first application of packet switching networks to real-time applications. In 1993, he worked on Distributed Interactive Simulation through several projects funded by United States Department of Defense. He is probably best known for his 1980 paper "On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace"[156] which adopted the terminology of endianness for computing.

Cohen was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2006 for contributions to the advanced design, graphics, and real-time network protocols of computer systems[157] and as an IEEE Fellow in 2010 for contributions to protocols for packet switching in real-time applications.[158] In 1993 he received a United States Air Force Meritorious Civilian Service Award. And in 2012, Cohen was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[12]

David J. Farber

See main article: David J. Farber.

Starting in the 1980s Dave Farber (born 1934) helped conceive and organize the major American research networks CSNET, NSFNET, and the National Research and Education Network (NREN). He helped create the NSF/DARPA-funded Gigabit Network Test bed Initiative and served as the Chairman of the Gigabit Test bed Coordinating Committee. He also served as Chief Technologist at the US Federal Communications Commission (2000–2001) and is a founding editor of ICANNWatch.[159]

Farber is an IEEE Fellow, ACM Fellow, recipient of the 1995 SIGCOMM Award for vision and breadth of contributions to and inspiration of others in computer networks, distributed computing, and network infrastructure development,[160] and the 1996 John Scott Award for seminal contributions to the field of computer networks and distributed computer systems. He served on the board of directors of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the Electronic Privacy Information Center advisory board, the Board of Trustees of the Internet Society, and as a member of the Presidential Advisory Committee on High Performance Computing and Communications, Information Technology and Next Generation Internet.

On 3 August 2013, Farber was inducted into the Pioneers Circle of the Internet Hall of Fame for his key role in many systems that converged into today's Internet.[161]

Paul Mockapetris

See main article: Paul Mockapetris. Paul V. Mockapetris (born 1948), while working with Jon Postel at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) in 1983, proposed the Domain Name System (DNS) architecture.[162] [163] He was IETF chair from 1994 to 1996.[164]

Mockapetris received the 1997 John C. Dvorak Telecommunications Excellence Award "Personal Achievement - Network Engineering" for DNS design and implementation, the 2003 IEEE Internet Award for his contributions to DNS, and the Distinguished Alumnus award from the University of California, Irvine. In May 2005, he received the ACM Sigcomm lifetime award. In 2012, Mockapetris was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[12]

David Clark

We reject: kings, presidents and voting.
We believe in: rough consensus and running code.
    -Dave Clark at IETF 24 [165]

See main article: David D. Clark. David D. Clark (born 1944) is an American computer scientist.[166] He was acknowledged in the specification of TCP version 4 in September 1978.

During the period of tremendous growth and expansion of the Internet from 1981 to 1989, he acted as chief protocol architect in the development of the Internet, and chaired the Internet Activities Board, which later became the Internet Architecture Board. He is currently a senior research scientist at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.

In 1990 Clark was awarded the ACM SIGCOMM Award "in recognition of his major contributions to Internet protocol and architecture."[167] In 1998 he received the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal "for leadership and major contributions to the architecture of the Internet as a universal information medium".[168] In 2001 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for "his preeminent role in the development of computer communication and the Internet, including architecture, protocols, security, and telecommunications policy".[169] In 2001, he was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in Telluride, Colorado,[170] and in 2011 the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford "in recognition of his intellectual and institutional contributions to the advance of the Internet."[171]

Susan Estrada

See main article: Susan Estrada. Susan Estrada founded CERFnet, one of the original regional IP networks, in 1988. Through her leadership and collaboration with PSINet and UUnet, Estrada helped form the interconnection enabling the first commercial Internet traffic via the Commercial Internet Exchange.[172] [173] She wrote Connecting to the Internet in 1993 and she was inducted to the Internet Hall of Fame in 2014. She is on the Board of Trustees of the Internet Society.

Dave Mills

See main article: David L. Mills. David L. Mills (1938–2024) was an American computer engineer.[174] Mills earned his PhD in Computer and Communication Sciences from the University of Michigan in 1971. While at Michigan he worked on the ARPA sponsored Conversational Use of Computers (CONCOMP) project and developed DEC PDP-8 based hardware and software to allow terminals to be connected over phone lines to an IBM System/360 mainframe computer.[175] [176]

Mills was the chairman of the Gateway Algorithms and Data Structures Task Force (GADS) and the first chairman of the Internet Architecture Task Force.[177] He invented the Network Time Protocol (1981),[178] [179] the DEC LSI-11 based fuzzball router that was used for the 56 kbit/s NSFNET (1985),[180] the Exterior Gateway Protocol (1984),[181] and inspired the author of ping (1983).[182] He was an emeritus professor at the University of Delaware following his retirement in 2008 after 22 years of teaching for the university. [183]

In 1999 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, and in 2002, as a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). In 2008, Mills was elected to the National Academy of Engineering (NAE). In 2013 he received the IEEE Internet Award "For significant leadership and sustained contributions in the research, development, standardization, and deployment of quality time synchronization capabilities for the Internet."[184]

Radia Perlman

See main article: Radia Perlman. Radia Joy Perlman (born 1951) is the software designer and network engineer who developed the spanning-tree protocol which is fundamental to the operation of network bridges.[185] She also played an important role in the development of link-state routing protocols such as IS-IS (which had a significant influence on OSPF).[186] In 2010 she received the ACM SIGCOMM Award "for her fundamental contributions to the Internet routing and bridging protocols that we all use and take for granted every day."[187]

Dennis M. Jennings

See main article: Dennis Jennings (Internet pioneer).

Dennis M. Jennings is an Irish physicist, academic, Internet pioneer, and venture capitalist. In 1984, the National Science Foundation (NSF) began construction of several regional supercomputing centers to provide very high-speed computing resources for the US research community. In 1985 NSF hired Jennings to lead the establishment of the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) to link five of the super-computing centers to enable sharing of resources and information. Jennings made three critical decisions that shaped the subsequent development of NSFNET:[188]

Jennings was also actively involved in the start-up of research networks in Europe (European Academic Research Network, EARN - President; EBONE - Board member) and Ireland (HEAnet - initial proposal and later board member). He chaired the Board and General Assembly of the Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries (CENTR) from 1999 to early 2001 and was actively involved in the start-up of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). He was a member of the ICANN Board from 2007 to 2010, serving as vice-chair in 2009–2010.[189] In April 2014 Jennings was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.[190]

Steve Wolff

See main article: Stephen Wolff. Stephen "Steve" Wolff participated in the development of ARPANET while working for the U.S. Army.[191] In 1986 he became Division Director for Networking and Communications Research and Infrastructure at the National Science Foundation (NSF) where he managed the development of NSFNET.[192] He also conceived the Gigabit Testbed, a joint NSF-DARPA project to prove the feasibility of IP networking at gigabit speeds.[193] His work at NSF transformed the fledgling internet from a narrowly focused U.S. government project into the modern Internet with scholarly and commercial interest for the entire world.[194] In 1994 he left NSF to join Cisco as a technical manager in Corporate Consulting Engineering.[191] In 2011 he became the CTO at Internet2.[195]

In 2002 the Internet Society recognized Wolff with its Postel Award. When presenting the award, Internet Society (ISOC) President and CEO Lynn St. Amour said "…Steve helped transform the Internet from an activity that served the specific goals of the research community to a worldwide enterprise which has energized scholarship and commerce throughout the world."[196] The Internet Society also recognized Wolff in 1994 for his courage and leadership in advancing the Internet.[196]

Sally Floyd

See main article: Sally Floyd. Sally Floyd (1950–2019) was an American engineer recognized for her extensive contributions to Internet architecture and her work in identifying practical ways to control and stabilize Internet congestion.[197] She invented the random early detection active queue management scheme, which has been implemented in nearly all commercially available routers, and devised the now-common method of adding delay jitter to message timers to avoid synchronization collisions.[198] Floyd, with Vern Paxson, in 1997 identified the lack of knowledge of network topology as the major obstacle in understanding how the Internet works.[199] This paper, "Why We Don't Know How to Simulate the Internet", was re-published as "Difficulties in Simulating the Internet" in 2001 and won the IEEE Communication Society's William R. Bennett Prize Paper Award.

Floyd was also a co-author on the standard for TCP Selective acknowledgement (SACK), Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN), the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) and TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC).

She received the IEEE Internet Award in 2005 and the ACM SIGCOMM Award in 2007 for her contributions to congestion control. She has been involved in the Internet Advisory Board, and, as of 2007, was one of the top-ten most cited researchers in computer science.

Van Jacobson

See main article: Van Jacobson. Van Jacobson is an American computer scientist, best known for his work on TCP/IP network performance and scaling. His work redesigning TCP/IP's flow control algorithms (Jacobson's algorithm)[200] [201] to better handle congestion is said to have saved the Internet from collapsing in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He is also known for the TCP/IP Header Compression protocol described in RFC 1144: Compressing TCP/IP Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links, popularly known as Van Jacobson TCP/IP Header Compression. He is co-author of several widely used network diagnostic tools, including traceroute, tcpdump, and pathchar. He was a leader in the development of the multicast backbone (MBone) and the multimedia tools vic,[202] vat,[203] and wb.[204]

For his work, Jacobson received the 2001 ACM SIGCOMM Award for Lifetime Achievement,[205] the 2003 IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award,[206] and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2006.[207] In 2012, Jacobson was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[12]

Tim Berners-Lee

See main article: Tim Berners-Lee. Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee (born 1955) is a British physicist and computer scientist.[208] In 1980, while working at CERN, he proposed a project using hypertext to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.[209] While there, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.[210] Back at CERN in 1989 he conceived of and, in 1990, together with Robert Cailliau, created the first client and server implementations for what became the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), a standards organization which oversees and encourages the Web's continued development, co-director of the Web Science Trust, and founder of the World Wide Web Foundation.[211]

In 1994, Berners-Lee became one of only six members of the World Wide Web Hall of Fame.[212] In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work.[213] In April 2009, he was elected a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences, based in Washington, D.C.[214] [215] In 2012, Berners-Lee was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[12]

Robert Cailliau

See main article: Robert Cailliau. Robert Cailliau (in French kaˈjo/, born 1947), is a Belgian informatics engineer and computer scientist who, working with Tim Berners-Lee and Nicola Pellow at CERN, developed the World Wide Web.[216] In 2012 he was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[12]

Simon S. Lam

See main article: Simon S. Lam. Simon S. Lam (born 1947) is an American computer scientist. He was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame (2023) by the Internet Society for “inventing secure sockets in 1991 and implementing the first secure sockets layer, named SNP, in 1993.”[217]

In 1990, while a professor at University of Texas at Austin, he was inspired after writing a paper on formal semantics of upper and lower interfaces of a protocol layer [218] and he conceived the idea of a new security sublayer in the Internet protocol stack. The new sublayer, at the bottom of the Application layer, would make use of transport layer sockets for data transfer and offer corresponding secure sockets to application processes. This way, application programmers do not need to know much about implementation details for security. Also, the upper interface of the sublayer would enable implementation changes in the future.

Lam’s idea of a sublayer which offers a “secure sockets interface” to applications was novel and a radical departure from contemporary security research for Internet applications (e.g., MIT’s Kerberos, 1988-1992). Lam wrote a proposal to the NSA University Research Program, which was funded for two years.[219] By early 1993, Lam, with the help of 3 graduate students (Woo, Bindignavle, and Su), designed and implemented the first secure sockets layer, named Secure Network Programming (SNP).They demonstrated SNP to their NSA program manager when he visited UT-Austin in June 1993. They also published and presented SNP in the USENIX Summer Technical Conference on June 8, 1994, including its architecture, system design, and performance evaluation results to demonstrate its efficiency and practicality [220] [221]

SNP was created for Internet applications in general, concurrently and independently of the invention and development of WWW, which had only dozens of servers worldwide in early 1993. Subsequent secure sockets layers, SSL and TLS, developed years later, follow the same architecture and key ideas of SNP. Today’s TLS 1.3 is used for all e-commerce applications (banking, shopping, etc.), for email, and many other Internet applications.

Lam and his students won the 2004 ACM Software System Award for SNP. He received the 2004 ACM SIGCOMM Award for lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks. He was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering in 2007.

Marc Andreessen

See main article: Marc Andreessen. Marc L. Andreessen (born 1971) is an American software engineer, entrepreneur, and investor. Working with Eric Bina while at NCSA, he co-authored Mosaic, the first widely used web browser. He is also co-founder of Netscape Communications Corporation.[222]

Eric Bina

See main article: Eric Bina. Eric J. Bina (born 1964) is an American computer programmer. In 1993, together with Marc Andreessen, he authored the first version of Mosaic while working at NCSA at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.[212] Mosaic is famed as the first killer application that popularized the Internet. He is also a co-founder of Netscape Communications Corporation.[223]

Noel Chiappa

See main article: Noel Chiappa.

Stephen Kent

See main article: Stephen Kent (network security).

David Reed

See main article: David P. Reed.

Yngvar Lundh

See main article: Yngvar G. Lundh.

Pål Spilling

See main article: Pål Spilling.

Bob Braden

See main article: Bob Braden.

Scott Shenker

See main article: Scott Shenker. Scott Shenker received the IEEE Internet Award in 2006 for contributions to the study of resource sharing.

Lixia Zhang

See main article: Lixia Zhang. Lixia Zhang received the IEEE Internet Award in 2009 for Internet architecture and modeling.

Stephen Deering

See main article: Stephen Deering. Stephen Deering received the IEEE Internet Award in 2010 for IP multicasting and IPv6.

Jun Murai

See main article: Jun Murai. Jun Murai is a professor at Keio University. He is the founder of JUNET and the WIDE Project. Murai received the IEEE Internet Award in 2011 for leadership in the development of the global Internet, especially in Asia. He was inducated into the Internet Hall of Fame in 2013, recognizing his administrative and co-ordination efforts in establishing Internet connectivity in Japan, and serving as President of Japan Network Information Center.[224]

Mark Handley

See main article: Mark Handley (computer scientist). Mark Handley is Professor of Networked Systems in the Department of Computer Science of University College London, where he leads the Networks Research Group. He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2012 for exceptional contributions to the advancement of Internet technology for network architecture, mobility, and/or end-use applications.

David Mills

See main article: David L. Mills. David L. Mills is professor emeritus at the University of Delaware. He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2013 for significant leadership and sustained contributions in the research, development, standardization, and deployment of quality time synchronization capabilities for the Internet.

Jon Crowcroft

See main article: Jon Crowcroft. Jon Crowcroft is the Marconi Professor of Communications Systems in the Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge. He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2014 for contributions to research in and teaching of Internet protocols, including multicast, transport, quality of service, security, mobility, and opportunistic networking.

KC Claffy

See main article: KC Claffy. KC Claffy s director of the Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis at the University of California, San Diego. She received the IEEE Internet Award in 2015 for seminal contributions to the field of Internet measurement, including security and network data analysis, and for distinguished leadership in and service to the Internet community by providing open-access data and tools. In 2017 she was awarded the Jonathan B. Postel Service Award and inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame in 2019.

Vern Paxson

See main article: Vern Paxson. Vern Paxson is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley. He is an active member of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) community and served as the chair of the IRTF from 2001 until 2005. From 1998 to 1999 he served on the IESG as Transport Area Director for the IETF.

In 2006 Paxson was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). The ACM's Special Interest Group on Data Communications (SIGCOMM) gave Paxson its 2011 award, "for his seminal contributions to the fields of Internet measurement and Internet security, and for distinguished leadership and service to the Internet community." The annual SIGCOMM Award recognizes lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks.[225] He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2015 for seminal contributions to the field of Internet measurement, including security and network data analysis, and for distinguished leadership in and service to the Internet community by providing open-access data and tools.

Henning Schulzrinne

See main article: Henning Schulzrinne. Henning Schulzrinne received the IEEE Internet Award in 2016.

Deborah Estrin

See main article: Deborah Estrin. Deborah Estrin received the IEEE Internet Award in 2017.

Ramesh Govindan

See main article: Ramesh Govindan. Ramesh Govindan received the IEEE Internet Award in 2018.

Jennifer Rexford

See main article: Jennifer Rexford. Jennifer Rexford received the IEEE Internet Award in 2019.

Eve Schooler

See main article: Eve Schooler. Eve Schooler and Stephen Casner received the IEEE Internet Award in 2020 for contributions to Internet multimedia standards and protocols.

Ian Foster

See main article: Ian Foster (computer scientist). Ian Foster received the IEEE Internet Award in 2023.

Carl Kesselman

See main article: Carl Kesselman. Carl Kesselman received the IEEE Internet Award in 2023.

Birth of the Internet plaque

A plaque commemorating the "Birth of the Internet" was dedicated at a conference on the history and future of the internet on 28 July 2005 and is displayed at the Gates Computer Science Building, Stanford University.[226] The text printed and embossed in black into the brushed bronze surface of the plaque reads:[227]

BIRTH OF THE INTERNET

THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET AND THE DESIGN OFTHE CORE NETWORKING PROTOCOL TCP (WHICH LATER BECAME TCP/IP)WERE CONCEIVED BY VINTON G. CERF AND ROBERT E. KAHN DURING 1973WHILE CERF WAS AT STANFORD'S DIGITAL SYSTEMS LABORATORY ANDKAHN WAS AT ARPA (LATER DARPA). IN THE SUMMER OF 1976, CERF LEFT STANFORDTO MANAGE THE PROGRAM WITH KAHN AT ARPA.

THEIR WORK BECAME KNOWN IN SEPTEMBER 1973 AT A NETWORKING CONFERENCE IN ENGLAND.CERF AND KAHN'S SEMINAL PAPER WAS PUBLISHED IN MAY 1974.

CERF, YOGEN K. DALAL, AND CARL SUNSHINEWROTE THE FIRST FULL TCP SPECIFICATION IN DECEMBER 1974.WITH THE SUPPORT OF DARPA, EARLY IMPLEMENTATIONS OF TCP (AND IP LATER)WERE TESTED BY BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN (BBN),STANFORD, AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON DURING 1975.

BBN BUILT THE FIRST INTERNET GATEWAY, NOW KNOWN AS A ROUTER, TO LINK NETWORKS TOGETHER.IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS, RESEARCHERS AT MIT AND USC-ISI, AMONG MANY OTHERS,PLAYED KEY ROLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SET OF INTERNET PROTOCOLS.

KEY STANFORD RESEARCH ASSOCIATES AND FOREIGN VISITORS

VINTON CERFDAG BELSNES JAMES MATHISRONALD CRANE JUNIOR BOB METCALFEYOGEN DALAL DARRYL RUBINJUDITH ESTRIN JOHN SHOCHRICHARD KARP CARL SUNSHINE

GERARD LE LANN KUNINOBU TANNO

DARPAROBERT KAHN

COLLABORATING GROUPS

BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMANWILLIAM PLUMMER • GINNY STRAZISAR • RAY TOMLINSON

MITNOEL CHIAPPA • DAVID CLARK • STEPHEN KENT • DAVID P. REED

NDREYNGVAR LUNDH • PAAL SPILLING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDONFRANK DEIGNAN • MARTINE GALLAND • PETER HIGGINSONANDREW HINCHLEY • PETER KIRSTEIN • ADRIAN STOKES

USC-ISIROBERT BRADEN • DANNY COHEN • DANIEL LYNCH • JON POSTEL

ULTIMATELY, THOUSANDS IF NOT TENS TO HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDSHAVE CONTRIBUTED THEIR EXPERTISE TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET.

DEDICATED 28 July 2005

Other Internet pioneers

Some other people, who have made notable contributions to the development of Internet but do not meet the criteria defined at the top of the article, include the following.

Wesley Clark

See main article: Wesley A. Clark. Wesley Clark (1927–2016) had a key insight in the planning for the ARPANET. In April 1967, he suggested to Bob Taylor and Larry Roberts the idea of using separate small computers (later named Interface Message Processors) as a way of forming a message switching network and reducing load on the local computers.[228] [229] [230] [231] [232] [233]

Severo Ornstein

See main article: Severo Ornstein. Severo Ornstein (born 1930) was part of the Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) team that wrote the winning proposal submitted in 1968 to ARPA for the ARPANET. He was responsible for the design of the communication interfaces and other special hardware for the Interface Message Processor (IMP).

William Crowther

See main article: William Crowther (programmer). William Crowther (born 1936) was part of the original BBN IMP team. He implemented a distributed distance vector routing system for the ARPAnet.

David Boggs

See main article: David Boggs. David Boggs (1950–2022) worked on internetworking at XEROX PARC. He participated in the initial design of TCP during 1973-74.

Sylvia Wilbur

See main article: Sylvia Wilbur. Sylvia B. Wilbur (born 1938) was a British computer scientist at University College London who programed the local node for the ARPANET connection to British academic networks, was one of the first to exchange email in Britain in 1974, and became a leading researcher on computer-supported cooperative work.

Joyce K. Reynolds

See main article: Joyce K. Reynolds.

Joyce K. Reynolds (1952–2015) was an American computer scientist and served as part of the editorial team of the RFC series from 1987 to 2006. She performed the IANA function with Jon Postel until this was transferred to ICANN, then worked with ICANN in this role until 2001, while remaining an employee of ISI.[234]

As Area Director of the User Services area, she was a member of the Internet Engineering Steering Group of the IETF from 1990 to March 1998.[235]

Together with Bob Braden, she received the 2006 Postel Award in recognition of her services to the Internet.[236] She is mentioned, along with a brief biography, in RFC 1336, Who's Who in the Internet (1992).

Mark P. McCahill

See main article: Mark P. McCahill.

Mark P. McCahill (born 1956) is an American programmer and systems architect. While working at the University of Minnesota he led the development of the Gopher protocol (1991), the effective predecessor of the World Wide Web, and contributed to the development and popularization of a number of other Internet technologies from the 1980s.[237] [238] [239]

Nicola Pellow

See main article: Nicola Pellow. Nicola Pellow, one of the nineteen members of the WWW Project at CERN working with Tim Berners-Lee, is recognized for developing the first cross-platform internet browser, Line Mode Browser, that displayed web-pages on dumb terminals and was released in May 1991.[240] She joined the project in November 1990, while an undergraduate math student enrolled in a sandwich course at Leicester Polytechnic (now De Montfort University).[241] She left CERN at the end of August 1991, but returned after graduating in 1992, and worked with Robert Cailliau on MacWWW,[242] the first web browser for the classic Mac OS.[243]

See also

Sources

External links

Oral histories

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Stewart . Bill . Internet History . 30 March 2011 . Living Internet web book.
  2. Web site: JCR Licklider (1915-1990) . Jay R. . Hauben . Columbia University . 30 March 2011 .
  3. http://medg.lcs.mit.edu/people/psz/Licklider.html "Man-Computer Symbiosis"
  4. Baran . Paul . 2002 . The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts . live . IEEE Communications Magazine . en . 40 . 7 . 42–48 . 10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006 . 0163-6804 . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~lixia/papers/Baran2002.pdf . 2022-10-10 . Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960..
  5. Web site: Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet . 2020-02-15 . RAND Corporation . en.
  6. Roberts . Lawrence G. . November 1978 . The evolution of packet switching . Proceedings of the IEEE . 66 . 11 . 1307–13 . 10.1109/PROC.1978.11141 . 26876676 . Both Paul Baran and Donald Davies in their original papers anticipated the use of T1 trunks.
  7. News: 30 May 2015 . A Flaw in the Design . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108111512/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/ . 8 November 2020 . 20 February 2020 . The Washington Post . The Internet was born of a big idea: Messages could be chopped into chunks, sent through a network in a series of transmissions, then reassembled by destination computers quickly and efficiently. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran. ... The most important institutional force ... was the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ... as ARPA began work on a groundbreaking computer network, the agency recruited scientists affiliated with the nation's top universities..
  8. Kleinrock . L. . 1978 . Principles and lessons in packet communications . Proceedings of the IEEE . 66 . 11 . 1320–1329 . 10.1109/PROC.1978.11143 . 0018-9219 . Paul Baran ... focused on the routing procedures and on the survivability of distributed communication systems in a hostile environment, but did not concentrate on the need for resource sharing in its form as we now understand it; indeed, the concept of a software switch was not present in his work..
  9. Book: Pelkey, James L. . Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988 . 6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969 . As Kahn recalls: ... Paul Baran’s contributions ... I also think Paul was motivated almost entirely by voice considerations. If you look at what he wrote, he was talking about switches that were low-cost electronics. The idea of putting powerful computers in these locations hadn’t quite occurred to him as being cost effective. So the idea of computer switches was missing. The whole notion of protocols didn’t exist at that time. And the idea of computer-to-computer communications was really a secondary concern. . https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/6.1/the-communications-subnet-bbn-1969/.
  10. Book: Waldrop, M. Mitchell . The Dream Machine . 2018 . Stripe Press . 978-1-953953-36-0 . 286 . en . Baran had put more emphasis on digital voice communications than on computer communications..
  11. Book: Abbate . Janet . Inventing the Internet . . 2000 . 978-0-2625-1115-5 . Cambridge, MA . 39, 57–58 . Baran proposed a "distributed adaptive message-block network" [in the early 1960s] ... Roberts recruited Baran to advise the ARPANET planning group on distributed communications and packet switching..
  12. http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012 2012 Inductees
  13. Book: Yates, David M. . Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995 . 1997 . National Museum of Science and Industry . 978-0-901805-94-2 . 132–4 . en . Davies's invention of packet switching and design of computer communication networks ... were a cornerstone of the development which led to the Internet.
  14. Edmondson-Yurkanan . Chris . 2007 . SIGCOMM's archaeological journey into networking's past . Communications of the ACM . en . 50 . 5 . 63–68 . 10.1145/1230819.1230840 . 0001-0782 . In his first draft dated Nov. 10, 1965 [5], Davies forecast today’s “killer app” for his new communication service: “The greatest traffic could only come if the public used this means for everyday purposes such as shopping... People sending enquiries and placing orders for goods of all kinds will make up a large section of the traffic... Business use of the telephone may be reduced by the growth of the kind of service we contemplate.”.
  15. News: 30 May 2015 . A Flaw in the Design . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108111512/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/ . 8 November 2020 . 20 February 2020 . The Washington Post . The Internet was born of a big idea: Messages could be chopped into chunks, sent through a network in a series of transmissions, then reassembled by destination computers quickly and efficiently. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran. ... The most important institutional force ... was the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ... as ARPA began work on a groundbreaking computer network, the agency recruited scientists affiliated with the nation's top universities..
  16. Web site: The ARPANET & Computer Networks. Roberts. Dr. Lawrence G.. May 1995. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160324032800/http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html. 24 March 2016. 13 April 2016. Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, "Proposal for a Digital Communication Network" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an "Interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network..
  17. Book: Pelkey, James . Entrepreneurial Capitalism & Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968 - 1988 . 2007 . paper dated June 1966 ... introduced the concept of an “interface computer” to sit between the user equipment and the packet network. . 2020-02-18 . 30 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200730005552/http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/donald-davies.html . dead .
  18. Davies . Donald . Bartlett . Keith . Scantlebury . Roger . Wilkinson . Peter . October 1967 . A Digital Communication Network for Computers Giving Rapid Response at remote Terminals . ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://people.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/teaching/sp07/sys_seminar/how_did_erope_blow_this_vision.pdf . 2022-10-10 . 2020-09-15 . all users of the network will provide themselves with some kind of error control . live.
  19. Cambell-Kelly . Martin . 1987 . Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975) . Annals of the History of Computing . en . 9 . 3/4 . 221–247 . 10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023 . 8172150.
  20. News: 2010-02-05 . Alan Turing and the Ace computer . 2024-06-05 . en-GB . The NPL network ran at multi-megabit speeds in the late 1960s, faster than any network at the time..
  21. Book: Abbate . Jane . Janet Abbate . Inventing the Internet . 2000 . MIT Press . 978-0262261333 . 37–8, 58–9 . The NPL group influenced a number of American computer scientists in favor of the new technique, and they adopted Davies's term "packet switching" to refer to this type of network. Roberts also adopted some specific aspects of the NPL design..
  22. News: The accelerator of the modern age. BBC News. 19 May 2009 . 5 August 2008.
  23. Book: Pelkey, James . Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988 . 6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971-1972 . The inspiration for datagrams had two sources. One was Donald Davies' studies. . 2021-11-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210617093154/https://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html . 2021-06-17 . dead.
  24. Needham . R. M. . Roger Needham . 2002 . Donald Watts Davies, C.B.E. 7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000 . . 48 . 87–96 . 10.1098/rsbm.2002.0006 . 72835589 . The 1967 Gatlinburg paper was influential on the development of ARPAnet, which might otherwise have been built with less extensible technology. ... In 1969 Davies was invited to Japan to lecture on packet switching. He gave what must have been a quite gruelling series of nine three-hour lectures, concluding with an intense discussion with around 80 people..
  25. Wilkinson . Peter . Summer 2020 . Packet Switching and the NPL Network . RESURRECTION: The Journal of the Computer Conservation Society . 90 . 0958-7403.
  26. Clarke . Peter . Packet and circuit-switched data networks . 1982 . PhD . Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London . "As well as the packet switched network actually built at NPL for communication between their local computing facilities, some simulation experiments have been performed on larger networks. A summary of this work is reported in [69]. The work was carried out to investigate networks of a size capable of providing data communications facilities to most of the U.K. ... Experiments were then carried out using a method of flow control devised by Davies [70] called 'isarithmic' flow control. ... The simulation work carried out at NPL has, in many respects, been more realistic than most of the ARPA network theoretical studies."
  27. Cambell-Kelly . Martin . Autumn 2008 . Pioneer Profiles: Donald Davies . Computer Resurrection . 0958-7403 . 44.
  28. Cerf . V. . Kahn . R. . 1974 . A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication . IEEE Transactions on Communications . 22 . 5 . 637–648 . 10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259 . 1558-0857 . The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations..
  29. Harris . Trevor, University of Wales . 2009 . Pasadeos . Yorgo . Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies . dead . Variety in Mass Communication Research . en . ATINER . 123–134 . 978-960-6672-46-0 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220502025941/https://www.academia.edu/378261/Who_is_the_Father_of_the_Internet_The_Case_for_Donald_Davies . May 2, 2022.
  30. Scantlebury . Roger . Wilkinson . Peter . Barber . Derek . 2001 . NPL, Packet Switching and the Internet . https://web.archive.org/web/20030807200346/http://www.topquark.co.uk/conf/IAP2001.html . dead . 2003-08-07 . Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001 . 2024-06-13 . The system first went 'live' early in 1969 .
  31. Web site: Publications and Conference Papers - Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory - History of Computing Collection: National Physical Laboratory Collection - Archives Hub . 2024-01-21 . archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk.
  32. Book: Naughton, John . A Brief History of the Future . 2015 . Orion . 978-1-4746-0277-8 . en.
  33. Book: Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology . Routledge . 2005 . 9781135455514 . Hempstead . C. . 1, A-L . 574 . It was a seminal meeting as the NPL proposal illustrated how the communications for such a resource-sharing computer network could be realized. . Worthington . W..
  34. Book: Waldrop, M. Mitchell . The Dream Machine . 2018 . Stripe Press . 978-1-953953-36-0 . 285–6 . en . Scantlebury and his companions from the NPL group were happy to sit up with Roberts all that night, sharing technical details and arguing over the finer points..
  35. Web site: Oral-History:Donald Davies & Derek Barber . 13 April 2016 . the ARPA network is being implemented using existing telegraphic techniques simply because the type of network we describe does not exist. It appears that the ideas in the NPL paper at this moment are more advanced than any proposed in the USA.
  36. Barber . Derek . Spring 1993 . The Origins of Packet Switching . The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society . 5 . 0958-7403 . 6 September 2017 . Roger actually convinced Larry that what he was talking about was all wrong and that the way that NPL were proposing to do it was right. I've got some notes that say that first Larry was sceptical but several of the others there sided with Roger and eventually Larry was overwhelmed by the numbers..
  37. Web site: On packet switching . 2024-01-08 . Net History . [Scantlebury said] We referenced Baran's paper in our 1967 Gatlinburg ACM paper. You will find it in the References. Therefore I am sure that we introduced Baran's work to Larry (and hence the BBN guys)..
  38. McKenzie . Alexander . 2011 . INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing . 33 . 1 . 66–71 . 10.1109/MAHC.2011.9 . 1934-1547 . 206443072 . At the New York meeting, a small team of engineers (E. Aupperle, V. Cerf, B. Kahn, A. McKenzie, R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, et al.) with implementation experience in ARPANET (US), Cyclades (F), MERIT (US), and NPL (UK) created a first draft of an International Transmission Protocol (ITP). ... Specifically noted were the Walden Message-Switching Protocol, ARPA H-H Protocol, NPL High-Level Protocol, CYCLADES Protocol, and EPSS Protocol.... Perhaps the only historical difference that would have occurred if DARPA had switched to the INWG 96 protocol is that rather than Cerf and Kahn being routinely cited as “fathers of the Internet,” maybe Cerf, Scantlebury, Zimmermann, and I would have been..
  39. Web site: 24 April 1990 . Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Vinton Cerf . 23 September 2019 . . . Roger Scantlebury was one of the major players. And Donald Davies who ran, at least he was superintendent of the information systems division or something like that. I absolutely had a lot of interaction with NPL at the time. They in fact came to the ICCC 72 and they had been coming to previous meetings of what is now called Datacomm. Its first incarnation was a long title having to do with the analysis and optimization of computer communication networks, or something like that. This started in late 1969, I think, was when the first meeting happened in Pine Hill, Georgia. I didn't go to that one, but I went to the next one that was at Stanford, I think. That's where I met Scantlebury, I believe, for the first time. Then I had a lot more interaction with him. I would come to the UK fairly regularly, partly for IFIP or INWG reasons.
  40. Book: Hafner . Katie . Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet . Lyon . Matthew . 1999-08-19 . Simon and Schuster . 978-0-684-87216-2 . 225–6 . en . 1996.
  41. News: Robert Taylor, Innovator Who Shaped Modern Computing, Dies at 85 . John . Markoff . New York Times . 13 April 2017 .
  42. The Computer as a Communication Device . J.C.R. . Licklider . Robert . Taylor . Science and Technology . April 1968 . J.C.R. Licklider .
  43. News: Softky . Marion . 11 October 2000 . Building the Internet: Bob Taylor won the National Medal of Technology "For visionary leadership in the development of modern computing technology" . 30 March 2011 . The California Almanac.
  44. Book: Naughton, John . A Brief History of the Future: Origins of the Internet . 5 October 2000 . Phoenix . 978-0-7538-1093-4.
  45. Web site: 2001 Draper Prize Recipients' Bios. National Academy of Engineering. 2001.
  46. The n -Dimensional Superswitch. May 2001. Josh. McHugh. Wired Magazine.
  47. Larry Roberts:He made the Net Work. https://web.archive.org/web/20040922070308/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_39/b3901030_mz072.htm. dead. 22 September 2004. Business Week. 27 September 2004. Otis. Port.
  48. Web site: SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings). [1967] ]. https://web.archive.org/web/20110810063347/http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/EngelbartPapers/B1_F20_CompuMtg.html . 2011-08-10 . 2020-02-15 . web.stanford.edu . W. Clark's message switching proposal (appended to Taylor's letter of April 24, 1967, to Engelbart)were reviewed..
  49. Book: Isaacson . Walter . The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution . 2014 . Simon & Schuster . 9781476708690 . 237.
  50. Kleinrock, Leonard . December 1962 . Message Delay in Communication Nets with Storage . Cambridge . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Thesis.
  51. Clarke . Peter . Packet and circuit-switched data networks . 1982 . PhD . Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London . "Many of the theoretical studies of the performance and design of the ARPA Network were developments of earlier work by Kleinrock ... Although these works concerned message switching networks, they were the basis for a lot of the ARPA network investigations ... The intention of the work of Kleinrock [in 1961] was to analyse the performance of store and forward networks, using as the primary performance measure the average message delay. ... Kleinrock [in 1970] extended the theoretical approaches of [his 1961 work] to the early ARPA network."
  52. Book: Davies, Donald Watts . Computer networks and their protocols . 1979 . Wiley . Internet Archive . 978-0-471-99750-4 . See page refs highlighted at url . In mathematical modelling use is made of the theories of queueing processes and of flows in networks, describing the performance of the network in a set of equations. ... The analytic method has been used with success by Kleinrock and others, but only if important simplifying assumptions are made. ... It is heartening in Kleinrock's work to see the good correspondence achieved between the results of analytic methods and those of simulation..
  53. Beranek . Leo . 2000 . Roots of the Internet: A Personal History . Massachusetts Historical Review . 2 . 55–75 . 1526-3894 . 25081152.
  54. Web site: Leonard Kleinrock's Personal History/Biography: The Birth of the Internet . 27 August 1996 . Leonard . Kleinrock . 30 March 2011 .
  55. Book: Abbate, Janet . Inventing the Internet . 1999 . MIT Press . Internet Archive . 978-0-262-01172-3 . See page refs highlighted at url . On Kleinrock's influence, see Frank, Kahn, and Kleinrock 1972, p. 265; Tanenbaum 1989, p. 631..
  56. Book: Roberts . Lawrence G. . Proceedings of the May 5-7, 1970, spring joint computer conference on - AFIPS '70 (Spring) . Wessler . Barry D. . 1970 . Association for Computing Machinery . 978-1-4503-7903-8 . New York, NY, USA . 543–549 . Computer network development to achieve resource sharing . 10.1145/1476936.1477020 . The third paper by Kleinrock [5] derives procedures for optimizing the capacity of the transmission facility in order to minimize cost and average message delay. ... [5] L KLEINROCK. Analytic and simulation methods in Computer Network Design AFIPS Conference Proceedings, May 1970 . https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1476936.1477020 . 9343511.
  57. Kahn . R.E. . 1972 . Resource-sharing computer communications networks . Proceedings of the IEEE . 60 . 11 . 1397–1407 . 10.1109/PROC.1972.8911 . 0018-9219 . 7. H. Frank, R. E. Kahn and L. Kleinrock, "Computer communication network design—experience with theory and practice", AFIPS Spring Joint Comput. Conf., pp. 255-270, 1972..
  58. Web site: Cerf . Vinton G. . Postel . Jon . August 18, 1977 . Specification of Internetwork Transmission Program: TCP Verison 3 . 81.
  59. Web site: Postel . Jon . September 1978 . Specification of Internetwork Transmission Control Protocol: TCP Version 4 . 91–2.
  60. Book: Davies, Donald Watts . Computer networks and their protocols . 1979 . Wiley . Internet Archive . 978-0-471-99750-4 . 110–111 . Hierarchical addressing systems for network routing have been proposed by Fultz and, in greater detail, by McQuillan. A recent very full analysis may be found in Kleinrock and Kamoun..
  61. Book: Feldmann . Anja . Proceedings of the 2009 workshop on Re-architecting the internet . Cittadini . Luca . Mühlbauer . Wolfgang . Bush . Randy . Maennel . Olaf . 2009 . Association for Computing Machinery . 978-1-60558-749-3 . ReArch '09 . New York, NY, USA . 43–48 . HAIR: Hierarchical architecture for internet routing . 10.1145/1658978.1658990 . The hierarchical approach is further motivated by theoretical results (e.g., [16]) which show that, by optimally placing separators, i.e., elements that connect levels in the hierarchy, tremendous gain can be achieved in terms of both routing table size and update message churn. ... [16] KLEINROCK, L., AND KAMOUN, F. Hierarchical routing for large networks: Performance evaluation and optimization. Computer Networks (1977). . https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/326320693.pdf . 2930578.
  62. Book: Pelkey, James L. . Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988 . 6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969 . Kahn, the principal architect . https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/6.1/The-Communications-Subnet-BBN-1969/.
  63. Web site: 2004 . Robert E Kahn . dead . https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120703015809/http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/kahn_4598637.cfm . 3 July 2012 . 23 January 2010 . A. M. Turing Award . ACM . For pioneering work on internetworking, including the design and implementation of the Internet's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking..
  64. Web site: IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal . https://web.archive.org/web/20100406225653/http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/medals/bell.html#sect3 . dead . 6 April 2010 . 28 July 2013 . Ieee.org.
  65. Web site: CNRI Officers and Directors. 25 February 2009. CNRI.
  66. Web site: Dave Walden, Looking back at the ARPANET effort, 34 years later - Internet History . May 8, 2022 . LivingInternet . en-US.
  67. Roberts . Lawrence G. . November 1978 . The evolution of packet switching . Proceedings of the IEEE . 66 . 11 . 1307–13 . 10.1109/PROC.1978.11141 . 26876676 . Significant aspects of the network's internal operation, such as routing, flow control, software design, and network control were developed by a BBN team consisting of Frank Heart, Robert Kahn, Severo Ornstein, William Crowther, and David Walden.
  68. Book: F.E. Froehlich, A. Kent . The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 1 - Access Charges in the U.S.A. to Basics of Digital Communications . 1990 . CRC Press . 0824729005 . 344 . Although there was considerable technical interchange between the NPL group and those who designed and implemented the ARPANET, the NPL Data Network effort appears to have had little fundamental impact on the design of ARPANET. Such major aspects of the NPL Data Network design as the standard network interface, the routing algorithm, and the software structure of the switching node were largely ignored by the ARPANET designers. There is no doubt, however, that in many less fundamental ways the NPL Data Network had and effect on the design and evolution of the ARPANET..
  69. Walden, D. C, "A System tor Interprocess Communication in a Resource Sharing Computer Network," Com. of ACM, April 1972, pp 221-230.
  70. Web site: January 1978 . DESIGN ALTERNATIVES FOR COMPUTER NETWORK SECURITY . The discussion will generally be limited to ARPA-like protocols (CRO-71), but will also consider suggested variations such as Walden's message-switching protocol. ... At the same time, the basic protocol selection should be reviewed to see if the message-switching protocol of Walden might be better suited for a secure net. He discusses the handling of "ports" as capabilities (in an access control sense) but does not consider the potential problems of controlling the establishment of end-to-end communications paths (i.e., setting up the encipherment keys). Since the "connections" in his scheme would only exist for the flow of one message, the dialog-oriented approach that we have taken for the SC might not apply. [*The notion of connection appears to be prerequisite for end-to-end encipherment (using a separate encryption key for each dialog), and to implement the explicit opening and closing of a particular communication path. However, end-to-end protection is possible by a combination of encipherment and other protection means.] In contrast, the current ARPA net protocol is connection-oriented (a connection is created by control commands for use during a dialog) and therefore seems to fit well with our scheme. However, the intuitive appeal of using a message-oriented protocol for a message-switched network deserves additional attention..
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  77. Web site: Tomlinson . Ray . The First Network Email . https://web.archive.org/web/20140209064041/http://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailframe.html . 2014-02-09 . 2014-01-09 . Openmap.bbn.com.
  78. Wave New World, Time Magazine, October 19, 2009, p.48
  79. Book: Abbate, Janet . Janet Abbate . Inventing the Internet . 2000 . . 978-0-2625-1115-5 . Cambridge, MA . 106–111 . 44962566.
  80. Web site: 6 March 2016 . Ray Tomlinson, Inventor Of Modern Email, Dies . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171013013840/http://www.npr.org/2016/03/06/469428062/ray-tomlinson-inventor-of-modern-email-has-died . 13 October 2017 . 5 April 2018 . NPR.org.
  81. Web site: Feinler . Elizabeth . Vittal . John . 2022-07-01 . Email Innovation Timeline . 2023-08-18 . . Elizabeth J. Feinler.
  82. 469. Network Mail Meeting Summary.
  83. 733. 21 November 1977. Standard for the Format of ARPA Network Text Messages.
  84. News: 2023-05-20 . A history of e-mail: Collaboration, innovation and the birth of a system . 2024-07-07 . Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286.
  85. McKenzie . Alexander . 2011 . INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing . 33 . 1 . 66–71 . 10.1109/MAHC.2011.9 . 1934-1547 . 206443072.
  86. Web site: Lyon . Matthew . Fall 1997 . Wired! . UCLA Magazine.
  87. RFC 2468
  88. RFC 1
  89. Book: Pelkey, James . Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988 . 8.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972 . https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/8.3/CYCLADES-Network-and-Louis-Pouzin-1971-1972/.
  90. 3.
  91. Web site: June 2011 . ICANN news release .
  92. Web site: 16 October 2008 . A ten year tribute to Jon Postel: An Internet visionary, 1943-1998 . 30 March 2011 . Internet Society.
  93. Barber, D., and J. Laws, "A Basic Mail Scheme for EIN," INWG 192, February 1979.
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  96. Web site: Internet Experiment Note Index . 2024-07-07 . www.rfc-editor.org.
  97. http://www.icann.org/correspondence/cerf-testimony-08feb01.htm#Vita Cerf's curriculum vitae as of February 2001
  98. (see Interview with Vinton Cerf, from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing Bob Kahn and Leonard Kleinrock in particular as being others with whom he should share that title.
  99. Cerf . V. G. . 2009 . The day the Internet age began . Nature . 461 . 7268 . 1202–1203 . 2009Natur.461.1202C . 10.1038/4611202a . 19865146 . 205049153.
  100. Web site: ACM Turing Award, list of recipients . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091212132624/http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?awd=140&srt=all . 12 December 2009 . 2 December 2011 . Awards.acm.org.
  101. Web site: 7 July 2009 . IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal . https://web.archive.org/web/20100406225653/http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/medals/bell.html#sect3 . dead . 6 April 2010 . 2 December 2011 . Ieee.org.
  102. Web site: Vinton G. Cerf's biography at the Internet Society . 28 July 2013 . Icann.org.
  103. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/16/technology/16internet.html?oref=login Cerf wins Turing Award
  104. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/11/20051109-10.html 2005 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
  105. Web site: A Brief History of the Internet . Barry M. . Leiner . Vinton G. . Cerf . David D. . Clark . Robert E. . Kahn . Leonard . Kleinrock . Daniel C. . Lynch . Jon . Postel . Larry G. . Roberts . Stephen . Wolff . Internet Society . 30 March 2011 .
  106. Web site: The Unfinished Revolution II: Strategy and Means for Coping with Complex Problems. Colloquium at Stanford University. The Doug Engelbart Institute. April 2000. 17 June 2012.
  107. News: Mouse inventor strives for more. Alfred. Hermida. BBC News Online. 5 November 2001. 17 June 2012.
  108. Web site: 3 April 1998 . Internet Experts selected to fill top organizational posts . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110813055217/http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/980403pr.shtml . 13 August 2011 . 23 July 2011 . ISOC.
  109. http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/john-klensin "John Klensin biographical sketch"
  110. Web site: Biography of John Klensin at the ICANN web site . 17 June 2008.
  111. Web site: 1992 . About the Network Startup Resource Center . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110813094354/http://nsrc.org/about.html#support . 13 August 2011 . 25 July 2011 . NSRC.
  112. Web site: INCITS Awards Honor Roll . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130801094436/http://www.incits.org/Awards/honor.htm . 1 August 2013 . 25 July 2011 . INCITS.
  113. Web site: List of 2007 ACM Fellows inductees . 17 June 2008.
  114. http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/Oral_History/102702199.05.01.acc.pdf Oral History of Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler
  115. Web site: Alumni Hall of Fame: Elizabeth J. Feinler . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130201140923/http://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2000#Feinler . 1 February 2013 . 13 June 2013 . SRI International.
  116. Russell . Andrew L. . Schafer . Valérie . 2014 . In the Shadow of ARPANET and Internet: Louis Pouzin and the Cyclades Network in the 1970s . Technology and Culture . en . 55 . 4 . 880–907 . 10.1353/tech.2014.0096 . 1097-3729.
  117. Book: Pelkey, James . Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988 . 6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971-1972 . 3 February 2020 . 17 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210617093154/https://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html . dead .
  118. http://www.acm.org/sigs/sigcomm/sigcomm99/pouzin.html "Biography of Louis Pouzin, 1999 SIGCOMM Award Winner"
  119. News: 2013-11-30 . The internet's fifth man . 2020-04-22 . The Economist . 0013-0613 . In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet..
  120. http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards/postel-and-pouzin-award-details "Postel and Pouzin: 1997 SIGCOMM Award Winners"
  121. Andrew L. Russell . 30 July 2013 . OSI: The Internet That Wasn't . . 50 . 8.
  122. Web site: 9 November 2020 . Between Stanford and Cyclades, a transatlantic perspective on the creation of Internet . 2023-09-04 . Inria.
  123. Book: Brügger . Niels . Oral Histories of the Internet and the Web . Goggin . Gerard . 2022-10-25 . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-000-79781-7 . en.
  124. Le Lann . Gérard . Le Goff . Hervé . 1978-02-01 . Verification and evaluation of communication protocols . Computer Networks (1976) . 2 . 1 . 50–69 . 10.1016/0376-5075(78)90039-9 . 0376-5075.
  125. Web site: 24 April 1990 . Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Vinton Cerf . 23 September 2019 . . . I had a whole team of graduate students, some of whose names are now fairly familiar in the industry. Judy Estrin, who is Gerald Estrin's daughter, was one of my master's degree students. Of course, she went on to found Bridge Communications, and now she's running, or she's executive VP of the company that makes those little NCD X displays. A guy named Richard Karp, another old high school friend of mine, decided to go back to graduate school and I took him on as a research assistant. He wrote the first TCP in BCPL on the PDP 11/20 at Stanford. He went on to get a Ph.D. in theorem proving and now is president of a company called ISDN Technologies out on the west coast in Palo Alto. Another person is Yogan Dalal who was a graduate student at Stanford and was deeply involved in the design of the TCP, the first go around, and also did a lot of work on the first documents that came out in 1974. He is now vice president of software engineering at Claris Corporation, a spin off from Apple. A guy named Carl Sunshine, who has written several books on the subject of internetting, did his dissertation work in my group, and is now running a lab at Aerospace Corporation. He took a job that Steve Crocker vacated in order to go to work for Trusted Information Systems. (Laugh) I mean, you'll never be able to disentangle this group. Let's see. Then I had visitors who were there, not graduate students. I already mentioned that Gerard Lelann was with us for a year. There was another guy from Norway, Dag Belsnes. He did some really interesting work on pure datagram protocols and how you get reliable connection initiation. In fact, he managed to prove that a three way handshake was not enough and that you actually needed a five way handshake to make sure that everything was right. And we decided that was overkill and accepted the limitations the three way handshake imposed on us. There were some others. A guy named James Mathis who went on to work at SRI International on the packet radio project and now is at Apple. He built the first TCP for an Apple system. Also Darryl Rubin, now a vice president at Microsoft, and Ronald Crane who is a key person at Apple..
  126. Russell . Andrew L. . Schafer . Valérie . 2014 . In the Shadow of ARPANET and Internet: Louis Pouzin and the Cyclades Network in the 1970s . Technology and Culture . 55 . 4 . 880–907 . 10.1353/tech.2014.0096 . 0040-165X . 24468474 . 143582561.
  127. 151.
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  129. Web site: Internet Experiment Note Index . 2024-07-01 . www.rfc-editor.org.
  130. Web site: Yogen Dalal . . 30 August 2019.
  131. Book: Pelkey . James L. . Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications, 1968-1988 . 2007 . 6.9 Metcalfe Joins the Systems Development Division of Xerox 1975-1978 . http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.9-MetcalfeJoinsSystemsDevelopmentDivisionXerox75-78.html . 5 September 2019 . 5 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190905165348/http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.9-MetcalfeJoinsSystemsDevelopmentDivisionXerox75-78.html . dead .
  132. Book: Panzaris . Georgios . Machines and romances: the technical and harrative construction of networked computing as a general-purpose platform, 1960-1995 . 2008 . . 128 . Despite the misgivings of Xerox Corporation (which intended to make PUP the basis of a proprietary commercial networking product), researchers at Xerox PARC, including ARPANET pioneers Robert Metcalfe and Yogen Dalal, shared the basic contours of their research with colleagues at TCP and lnternet working group meetings in 1976 and 1977, suggesting the possible benefits of separating TCPs routing and transmission control functions into two discrete layers..
  133. Book: Pelkey . James L. . Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications, 1968-1988 . 2007 . Yogen Dalal . http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/yogen-dalal.html . 5 September 2019 . 5 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190905162105/http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/yogen-dalal.html . dead .
  134. News: Bhatt . Kamla . Interview with Yogen Dalal: Part 1 . 5 September 2019 . . 10 November 2008.
  135. [Vint Cerf|Cerf, Vinton]
  136. Web site: Barry M. . Leiner . Vinton G. . Cerf . Vinton G. Cerf . David D. . Clark . David D. Clark . Robert E. . Kahn . Robert E. Kahn . Leonard . Kleinrock . Leonard Kleinrock . Daniel C. . Lynch . Jon . Postel . Jon Postel . Larry G. . Roberts . Lawrence Roberts (scientist) . Stephen . Wolff . Stephen Wolff . A Brief History of Internet . Internet Society . 2003 . 28 May 2009 . 1999cs........1011L . 1011 . cs/9901011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070604153304/http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml . 4 June 2007 .
  137. Book: Pelkey . James L. . Interview of Yogen Dalal . 2 August 1988 . 2 November 2023.
  138. News: Yogen Dalal's Contribution to Internet Protocol Recognized by Stanford University School of Engineering; Dalal Named on Plaque, Kapoor Moderates Digital Media Discussion at Stanford Conference on Net's Future . 30 August 2019 . . 25 July 2005.
  139. Sunshine . Carl A . 1977 . Interconnection of computer networks . Computer Networks (1976) . 1 . 3 . 175–195 . 10.1016/0376-5075(77)90003-4 . 0376-5075.
  140. Book: Davies, Donald Watts . Computer networks and their protocols . 1979 . Chichester, [Eng.]; New York : Wiley . Internet Archive . 9780471997504 . 109 . The problems of routing in interconnected networks have received limited attention in the literature; notable papers are those by Cerf and Kahn and, more recently, Sunshine..
  141. Web site: Carl A. Sunshine's research . ResearchGate.
  142. Web site: Sunshine . Carl . January 1987 . IFIP WG 6.1 Newsletter 87/1 . 2024-07-09 . umedia.lib.umn.edu.
  143. Book: Communication Protocol Modeling . 1981 . Artech House . 978-0-89006-097-1 . Sunshine . C. A. . The Artech House telecommunications library . Dedham, Mass.
  144. Book: Computer network architectures and protocols . 1989 . Plenum Press . 978-0-306-43189-0 . Sunshine . Carl A. . 2nd . Applications of communications theory . New York . 3–6 . A Brief History of Computer Networking.
  145. http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/030716pr.shtml "Peter T. Kirsten recognized with the Internet Society's Postel Award"
  146. http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/P.Kirstein/internationalactivity.html "Peter Kirstein's International Activities"
  147. Cerf . V.G. . 1978 . Issues in packet-network interconnection . Proceedings of the IEEE . 66 . 11 . 1386–1408 . 10.1109/PROC.1978.11147 . 27658511.
  148. Book: Martin . Olivier . The "Hidden" Prehistory of European Research Networking . 2012 . Trafford Publishing . 978-1466938724.
  149. Kirstein . P.T. . 1999 . Early experiences with the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom . dead . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing . 21 . 1 . 38–44 . 10.1109/85.759368 . 1934-1547 . 1558618 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200207092443/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4773/f19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf . 2020-02-07 . [In] 1975 ... there were already some 40 British academic research groups using the link..
  150. Web site: Tribunals . Council . Implementation of email in the UK . dead . http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100910235604/http://www.council-on-tribunals.gov.uk/adjust/item/profile_stokes.htm . 2010-09-10.
  151. Web site: Interview with Richard A. Karp . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120316081741/http://www.wiwiw.org/test/index.php/wiwiw/pioneers/richard_a_karp . 2012-03-16 . 2014-03-04 . wiwiw.org.
  152. Book: Female Innovators at Work - Women on Top of Tech Danielle Newnham Apress . en.
  153. Web site: Gwiazda . Suzanne Butler . Vinton G. Cerf : An Oral History . 2024-07-12 . Stanford Oral History Collections - Spotlight at Stanford . 98 . en.
  154. http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/danny-cohen "Danny Cohen biography"
  155. "RFC 0741: Specifications for the Network Voice Protocol (NVP)", 22 Nov 1977.
  156. On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace. 137. Cohen. Danny. 1 April 1980. ...which bit should travel first, the bit from the little end of the word, or the bit from the big end of the word? The followers of the former approach are called the Little-Endians, and the followers of the latter are called the Big-Endians.. IETF. Also published at IEEE Computer, October 1981 issue.
  157. http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members+By+UNID/4424CB034570705786257552006B36FC?opendocument National Academy of Engineering member
  158. http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/fellows/chronology/fellows_2010.html IEEE Fellow
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  163. RFC 883 - Domain Names - Implementation and Specification, November 1983
  164. http://www.nominum.com/who-we-are/board-of-directors/paul-mockapetris Biography of Paul Mockapetris
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  175. http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/6635 The Data Concentrator
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  178. http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc778 RFC 778: DCNET Internet Clock Service
  179. http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc958 RFC 958: Network Time Protocol (NTP)
  180. http://nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/fuzzball.htm "Fuzzball: The Innovative Router"
  181. http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc904 RFC 904: Exterior Gateway Protocol Formal Specification
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  187. http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards 2010 SIGCOMM Lifetime Achievement Award given to Radia Perlman
  188. http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_nsfnet.htm "Internet > History > NSFNET -- National Science Foundation Network"
  189. http://www.independent.ie/business/technology/irelandrsquos-real-net-pioneer-1115628.html "Ireland's real net pioneer"
  190. http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/dennis-jennings "Dennis Jennings Internet Hall of Fame Pioneer"
  191. http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/ts_073002.html "Stephen Wolff–Hustling for Innovation"
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  196. http://www.internetsociety.org/stephen-wolff-receives-internet-societys-postel-service-award-2002 "Stephen Wolff Receives the Internet Society's Postel Service Award for 2002"
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  198. IEEE, "Sally Floyd", IEEE Global History Network (last visited 7 October 2012).
  199. Albert-laszlo Barabasi and Jennifer Frangos, Linked: The New Science of Networks (Basic Books, 2002), p.150.
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  201. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=205447.205462 "Congestion avoidance and control"
  202. http://ee.lbl.gov/vic/ "vic - Video Conferencing Tool"
  203. http://ee.lbl.gov/vat/ "vat - LBL Audio Conferencing Tool"
  204. http://ee.lbl.gov/wb/ "wb - LBNL Whiteboard Tool"
  205. http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards 2001 SIGCOMM Award for Lifetime Achievement
  206. https://archive.today/20130616091347/http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/kobayashi_recipients.html#sect10 "Van Jacobson: 2002 IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award Recipient"
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  214. Timothy Berners-Lee Elected to National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Dobb's Journal. 9 June 2009.
  215. 17 January 2011. 28 April 2009. 72 New Members Chosen By Academy. United States National Academy of Sciences.
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  217. https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductee/simon-s-lam Simon S. Lam, 2023 Internet Hall of Fame inductee
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  219. Simon S. Lam (PI/PD), "Applying a Theory of Modules and Interfaces to Security Verification", NSA INFOSEC University Research Program grant no. MDA 904-91-C-7046, 6/28/91 to 6/27/93.
  220. Woo . Thomas . Bindignavle . Raghuram . Su . Shaowen . Lam . Simon . SNP: An Interface for Secure Network Programming . Proceedings USENIX Summer Technical Conference . June 1994 . 1 October 2023.
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  223. http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/Projects/mosaic.html "About NCSA Mosaic"
  224. Web site: Jun Murai | Internet Hall of Fame .
  225. Web site: August 11, 2012 . Vern Paxson Honored . April 8, 2012 . crd.lbl.gov . Lawrence Berkeley Lab.
  226. News: Cyber-pioneer Vint Cerf to headline July 28 forum on the future of Internet . Press release . Stanford Report . 13 July 2005 . David . Orenstein . 7 April 2011 .
  227. http://mercury.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/plaque.html "Stanford University 'Birth of the Internet' Plaque"
  228. Web site: Pelkey . James . 4.7 Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968 in Chapter 4 - Networking: Vision and Packet Switching 1959 - 1968 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20221223230647/https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/4.7/planning-the-arpanet-1967-1968/ . December 23, 2022 . May 9, 2023 . The History of Computer Communications.
  229. Web site: Press . Gil . A Very Short History Of The Internet And The Web . 2020-02-07 . Forbes . en . Roberts’ proposal that all host computers would connect to one another directly ... was not endorsed ... Wesley Clark ... suggested to Roberts that the network be managed by identical small computers, each attached to a host computer. Accepting the idea, Roberts named the small computers dedicated to network administration ‘Interface Message Processors’ (IMPs), which later evolved into today’s routers..
  230. Web site: January 7, 2000 . ARPANET IMP, Interface Message Processor . 2016-02-24 . Livinginternet.com.
  231. Web site: SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings).[1967] ]. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200202062940/https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/EngelbartPapers/B1_F20_CompuMtg.html . 2020-02-02 . 2020-02-15 . web.stanford.edu . W. Clark's message switching proposal (appended to Taylor's letter of April 24, 1967 to Engelbart)were reviewed..
  232. Book: Roberts, Lawrence . Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communications . 1967 . 3.1–3.6 . Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication . 10.1145/800001.811680 . Thus the set of IMP's, plus the telephone lines and data sets would constitute a message switching network . https://people.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/teaching/sp07/sys_seminar/arpanet.pdf . 17409102.
  233. News: Harford . Tim . 2019-10-16 . And 'Lo!' - How the internet was born . 2020-02-19 . BBC News . en-GB . Clark suggested installing a minicomputer at every site on this new network..
  234. Web site: Internet History Project biography, 2003 . 26 July 2009 . 3 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165406/http://www.postel.org/pipermail/internet-history/2003-October/000343.html . dead .
  235. http://www.ietf.org/iesg/past-members.html "Past IESG Members and IETF Chairs"
  236. Web site: 10 November 2006 . Bob Braden and Joyce K. Reynolds recognized with the Internet Society's Postel Award . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111213052355/http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/061110pr.shtml . 13 December 2011 . 30 July 2008.
  237. http://www.opencobalt.org/community/contributors-volunteers/mark-mccahill-collaborative-systems-architect "Mark McCahill, Collaborative Systems Architect"
  238. http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2067063/A-Pre-Web-Search-Engine-Gopher-Turns-Ten "A Pre-Web Search Engine, Gopher Turns Ten"
  239. http://www.jucs.org/jucs_1_4/evolution_of_internet_gopher "Evolution of Internet Gopher"
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  241. Book: Gillies, James . How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web . Cailliau, R. . Oxford University Press . 2000 . 0192862073 . 6 . registration.
  242. Web site: MacWWW: the first web browser for the Apple Macintosh platform . 2 November 2016 . internet-guide.co.uk.
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