International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic explained

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) was proclaimed by the Polisario Front on 27 February 1976, in Bir Lehlu, Western Sahara. SADR claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony; however, at present the SADR government controls approximately 20–25% of the territory it claims.[1] It calls the territories under its control the "Liberated Territories", whilst Morocco claims its territories as the "Southern Provinces".

out of a total of United Nations member states. UN member states, but, of these, have since "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition. SADR has, at some point in time, been recognised by of United Nations (UN) member states, 38 out of the other 54 African Union (AU) member states, 18 out of 57 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member states, and 5 out of 22 Arab League (AL) member states. Several states that do not recognize the Sahrawi Republic nonetheless recognize the Polisario Front as the legitimate representative of the population of the Western Sahara, but not as the government-in-exile of a sovereign state.

The SADR has been a member of the African Union (AU), formerly the Organization of African Unity (OAU), since 1984. At the time, Morocco withdrew from the OAU in protest, until 2017, when Morocco again joined the African Union.[2] The SADR also participates as guest on meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement[3] [4] or the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership,[5] over Moroccan objections.

The Arab League supports "Moroccan territorial integrity", without further specification, and withdrew maps "harming Morocco's territorial integrity".[6] [7] In 2020, the United States under Donald Trump was the first country to recognize Morocco's unilateral annexation of Western Sahara.[8] [9] While some countries reiterate support for the "territorial integrity of Morocco", a number of countries have expressed their support for a future status of Western Sahara as an autonomous part of Morocco.[10]

Besides Mexico, Algeria, Iran, Venezuela, Vietnam, Nigeria and South Africa, India was the largest middle power to have ever recognized SADR, having allowed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open an embassy in New Delhi in 1985. However, India withdrew its recognition in 2000.

Background information

See also: History of Western Sahara and Advisory opinion on Western Sahara.

The conflict in the Western Sahara dates back to the early 1970s, when the indigenous Sahrawi Polisario Front sprang up an insurgency in Spanish Sahara, demanding an independent Sahrawi Republic.[11] [12] In 1957, the then-Spanish territory was claimed by Morocco, who declared independence a year before.

On 16 October 1975, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued an advisory opinion that, while some Sahrawi tribes held allegiance to Morocco, found that there were not any ties of sovereignty, from Morocco or Mauritania, over the territory of Western Sahara. Moreover, the ICJ invoked the right of self-determination for Sahrawis through their free and genuine expression of such will.[13] [14] Morocco defied this advisory and staged a Green March across the Sahara.

The Polisario's insurgency and subsequent international pressure led Spain to withdraw from the region in 1975, Spain agreed to the partition of the territory between Morocco and Mauritania despite the ICJ Advisory Opinion.

In 1976, the Polisario Front declared a Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in Bir Lahlou. In 1979, Mauritania gave up its claim to Western Sahara, which led to Morocco taking over the Mauritanian-controlled portion of the territory. Armed conflict continued to break out until a 1991 ceasefire.

Seeking to change the status quo, the Polisario Front blocked the Western Saharan city of Guerguerat, a key trade route between Morocco and Mauritania in 2020. This led to a Moroccan military operation and subsequently led to the 2020 Western Saharan clashes and prompted the Polisario Front to quit observing the 1991 ceasefire.

States that have recognized the SADR

UN member states and South Ossetia either currently recognize the SADR or have recognized it in the past. Of these, have "suspended", "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition. Several African countries and Caribbean or Pacific island-states have taken such actions subsequent to Moroccan lobbying and offers of economic and other exchanges, although the association of such decisions and these efforts is disputable.[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] On the other hand, some states which had "withdrawn" or "frozen" recognition later resumed it (most recently Colombia and South Sudan).

The following lists all the states that have ever recognized the SADR.

style="background:#f5f5f5; border:1px solid #aaa; width:2em;"
States that currently recognize (UN member states and South Ossetia)
States that have "withdrawn", "frozen" or "suspended" recognition (UN member states)
width=20%State[27] !Date of recognition[28] [29] [30] [31] Diplomatic relations[32] ! Relevant membership, further details
1 [33] No AU
Recognized by the Democratic Republic of Madagascar. Recognition frozen 6 April 2005.[34] [35] [36] [37] [38]
2 No AU; Recognition frozen 5 May 2006,[39] [40] resumed 16 June 2008,[41] [42] but withdrawn 25 October 2010.[43] [44] [45] [46]
3 [47] Yes
4 No AU, OIC; Recognized by the People's Republic of Benin. Recognition suspended 21 March 1997.[48] [49] [50] [51]
5 [52] Yes AU; Recognized by the People's Republic of Angola.
6 Yes AU, OIC; Recognized by the People's Republic of Mozambique.
7 No AU, OIC; Recognition withdrawn 2 April 1997,[53] [54] recognition resumed 26 May 2009,[55] [56] [57] but withdrawn again 30 March 2010.[58] [59] [60]
8 Yes -
9 No AU, OIC; Recognition withdrawn 16 June 1997.[61] [62]
10 Yes AU
11 No Arab League, OIC; Recognition granted by People's Democratic Republic of Yemen which unified with the Yemen Arab Republic 22 May 1990.
12 [63] No AU; Recognition withdrawn 17 March 2008.[64] [65] [66]
13 No AU; Recognized by the People's Republic of Congo. Recognition withdrawn 13 September 1996.
14 No AU; Recognition withdrawn 23 October 1996.
15 Yes Recognition suspended 20 November 2013.[67] [68] [69] [70] Resumed 7 January 2016.[71] [72] [73]
16 No AU; Recognition withdrawn 2 May 1980.
17 Yes AU
18 Yes AU; Recognized by the Socialist Ethiopia.
19 [74] [75] Yes
20 Yes Recognized by the People's Republic of Kampuchea.[76] [77]
21 Yes -
22 No OIC; Recognized by the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Recognition withdrawn 11 July 2002.[78] [79]
23 No AU; Recognition frozen 27 July 2007.[80] [81] [82]
24 No Recognition withdrawn 11 August 2010.[83] [84] [85]
25 Yes AU; Recognition frozen May 2001, but resumed 2011.[86]
26 Yes OIC
27 No Recognition withdrawn 22 July 2010.[87] [88]
28 No Recognition withdrawn 21 March 1989,[89] withdrawal reiterated 9 August 2010.[90]
29 No Recognition withdrawn 14 September 2016.[91] Jamaica reiterated its decision 11 December 2019.[92]
30 Yes Recognition frozen 21 July 2000,[93] [94] but diplomatic relations resumed 12 January 2007.[95]
31 Yes AU, OIC
32 Yes -
33 Yes AU
34 [96] No AU; Recognition withdrawn 29 March 2011,[97] [98] [99] resumed 21 November 2012,[100] but withdrawn 2 March 2018.[101] [102]
35 Yes -
36 [103] No OIC
37 Yes AU, OIC; Recognition frozen 16 July 2003,[104] [105] but resumed 20 June 2011.[106]
38 No Arab League, OIC
39 No AU, Arab League, OIC; Recognized by the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
40 No AU; Recognition withdrawn 4 July 1997.
41 Yes AU
42 [107] Yes AU
43 No AU, OIC; Recognition withdrawn 9 May 1997, resumed then withdrawn 17 March 2006.[108] [109]
44 No AU, OIC
45 No Diplomatic relations were frozen 22 April 2000,[110] [111] [112] but recognition continues.[113]
46 Yes Recognition withdrawn 24 November 2000,[114] [115] [116] [117] [118] diplomatic relations resumed 31 July 2008.[119] [120]
47 No Recognition withdrawn 30 March 2011.[121] [122] [123] [124]
48 No Recognition withdrawn 3 September 2000.[125] [126]
49 No Recognition withdrawn 3 September 2000.
50 No Recognition withdrawn 3 September 2000.
51 No Recognition withdrawn January 1989.
52 Yes AU; Recognition withdrawn 17 January 2014,[127] [128] [129] but resumed 23 November 2015.[130] [131]
53 Yes -
54 No OIC; Recognition withdrawn 9 March 2016.[132] [133]
55 [134] Yes Suspended 20 January 2020,[135] [136] resumed 16 September 2021.[137]
56 Yes Recognition withdrawn 14 June 2004,[138] [139] but resumed 8 February 2006.[140]
57 No AU, Arab League, OIC
58 No AU, OIC; Recognized by the Republic of Upper Volta. Recognition withdrawn 5 June 1996.[141] [142]
59 No Recognition frozen 9 September 1996,[143] diplomatic relations resumed 8 September 2021,[144] [145] recognition withdrawn 18 August 2022,[146] President Pedro Castillo reconfirmed recognition 8 September 2022,[147] his successor Dina Boluarte frozen diplomatic relations 9 September 2023.[148]
60 Yes AU, OIC
61 No Recognition granted by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but withdrawn 26 October 2004 by Yugoslavia's self-declared successor state Serbia and Montenegro[149] [150] (whose own successor state is Serbia).
62 [151] Yes Relations frozen 20 December 2000, resumed 10 August 2022.[152] [153]
63 No AU; Recognition withdrawn 5 September 1997,[154] [155] but resumed 30 October 2012 or before.[156]
64 No Recognition withdrawn 26 June 2000.[157] [158]
65 No Recognition frozen April 1998, Guatemala allegedly denied having ever recognized the SADR July 2002.[159]
66 No Recognition frozen 23 May 2002.[160] [161] [162] [163] [164] [165] [166] [167]
67 No -
68 Yes -
69 No Recognition withdrawn 12 August 2010.[168]
70 No Recognition withdrawn 12 August 2010.[169]
71 No OIC; Recognized by the Socialist People's Republic of Albania. Recognition withdrawn 11 November 2004.[170]
72 No Recognition frozen 11 February 2013,[171] [172] [173] [174] withdrawn 21 June 2019.[175]
73 No Recognition withdrawn April 1997, resumed by 6 June 2009,[176] then withdrawn again 15 June 2019.[177]
74 Yes Recognition allegedly withdrawn January 2000,[178] and reiterated by Morocco,[179] but this was denied by the SADR.[180] On 5 June 2013 the two states signed an agreement that in part "expressed their wish to initiate the process for the restoration of diplomatic relations".[181] [182] [183] [184]
75 [185] Yes AU
76 No AU; Recognition withdrawn 26 June 2001,[186] diplomatic relations established 24 March 2002,[187] [188] recognition withdrawn 27 December 2002,[189] diplomatic relations reestablished 1 February 2008,[190] [191] [192] recognition withdrawn 16 September 2008,[193] [194] [195] [196] [197] [198] [199] [200] diplomatic relations resumed 6 March 2014,[201] [202] and recognition was withdrawn again on 5 May 2017.[203]
77 [204] No Recognition frozen 25 July 2000, resumed 12 August 2008,[205] but suspended 3 January 2014.[206] [207] [208] [209] [210]
78 [211] No Recognition frozen 13 February 2013.[212] [213] [214]
79 [215] Yes -
80 [216] [217] [218] Yes AU
81 Yes AU; Diplomatic relations temporally frozen 18 October 2006,[219] [220] recognition frozen 26 June 2007,[221] [222] then resumed 6 February 2014 or before.[223] [224] Kenya reiterated recognition 16 September 2022.[225] [226]
82 [227] [228] [229] Yes -
83 [230] No Recognition withdrawn 2 October 2013.[231] [232] [233] [234] [235]
- [236] No
84 [237] Yes AU; Recognition withdrawn 28 September 2018,[238] diplomatic relations resumed 20 September 2022.[239] [240]

States whose parliaments have voted to recognize SADR

The parliaments of several states that do not recognize the Sahrawi Republic have called on their respective governments to recognize SADR. The parliament of Sweden was the first in the EU voted to recognize Western Sahara in December 2012, but this has not been enacted by the Swedish government. Declarations were also adopted by the parliaments of Chile and Brazil.

The following lists states whose parliaments have recognized the SADR.

width=20%State !Date of approval Approval by Relevant membership, further details
1


Foreign Minister of Chile reported 30 November 1999 by official letter to Sahrawi Chancellor the decision of the President of Chile to recognize the SADR. But it has not been implemented. Therefore, the lower house of Chile's parliament subsequently repeatedly called for the recognition of SADR and establishment of diplomatic relations with it.[241] [242]
2 Australian Senate adopted a motion where "urges Australian government to positively consider extending diplomatic recognition to SADR at the appropriate time."[243]
3

Brazilian Chamber of Deputies repeatedly asked government of Brazil to recognize SADR and establish diplomatic relations with it.[244] [245] [246]

The Senate proposed that the Brazilian government adopted measures related to the recognition of the SADR as a State with a legitimate right to sovereignty and self-determination; the establishment of diplomatic relations; the institution of a continuous process of humanitarian aid to refugees; the granting to MINURSO of competence to deal with Human Rights in the occupied area; and the installation of a Representative Office in the Country.[247] Moreover, a Senate Resolution Draft is under analysis and proposes the creation of a Parliamentary Front in defense of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.[248]
4 EU; Swedish parliament voted to recommend that the Swedish government "recognises the SADR as soon as possible".[249]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Sáhara Occidental – cuadro zonas mapa político-militar. es . 21 August 2012.
  2. Web site: Morocco rejoins the African Union after 33 years. 2021-07-18. www.aljazeera.com. en.
  3. News: NAM reiterates support to right of Saharawi people to determination . . 30 August 2012 . 27 September 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150429234549/http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/nam-reiterates-support-right-saharawi-people-determination . 29 April 2015 . dmy-all .
  4. News: Algeria praises NAM's continued support to struggle of Saharawi people for self-determination . . 2 September 2012 . 27 September 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113235/http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/algeria-praises-nam%E2%80%99s-continued-support-struggle-saharawi-people-self-determination . 24 December 2013 . dmy-all .
  5. News: South Africa. ARSO – Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 9 September 2006. 27 September 2012.
  6. News: Arab League supports Morocco's territorial integrity . Arabic News . 8 January 1999 . 21 August 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120907145632/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/990108/1999010849.html . 7 September 2012 . dmy-all .
  7. News: Arab League withdraws inaccurate Moroccan maps . Arabic News . 17 December 1998 . 21 August 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120907145653/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/981217/1998121758.html . 7 September 2012 . dmy-all .
  8. Web site: International law allows the recognition of Western Sahara. 7 November 2015.
  9. Web site: The U.S. recognized Moroccan sovereignty over the disputed Western Sahara. Here's what that means.. Washingtonpost.
  10. Web site: More countries reiterate territorial integrity of Morocco and Azerbaijan . DND. 17 June 2019 .
  11. News: 2011-07-11 . Western Sahara profile . en-GB . BBC News . 2023-06-13.
  12. Web site: 2023-04-28 . Western Sahara . 2023-06-13 . Encyclopædia Britannica . en . 2023-04-28.
  13. Web site: Advisory Opinion of 16 October 1975 – Western Sahara . International Court of Justice . 1975-10-16 . en,fr . pp. 13-14, 68–69 (PDF pages: 5–8, 115–118) . 2021-02-27.
  14. Book: Jensen, Erik . Western Sahara: anatomy of a stalemate? . 2012 . Lynne Rienner . 978-1-58826-807-5 . 2nd . Boulder, Colo..
  15. News: Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer increases possibilities for cooperation with African and European countries . Government of Antigua and Barbuda – Press releases . 24 September 2010 . 9 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110706070950/http://ab.gov.ag/gov_v4/article_details.php?id=970&category=38 . 6 July 2011 . dmy-all .
  16. News: Morocco to fund hotel project in Dominica . Caribbean daily news . 4 August 2010 . 9 December 2010 .
  17. News: Talking diplomatic ties and cooperation with Morocco . Government Information Service – Grenada . 11 August 2010 . 9 December 2010 . 3 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190103055956/https://www.gov.gd/egov/news/2010/aug10/11_08_10/item_1/diplomatic_ties_morocco.html . dead .
  18. News: Moroccan assistance to Grenada confirmed . Grenada broadcast . 13 August 2010 . 9 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110711125952/http://www.grenadabroadcast.com/content/view/9096/51/ . 11 July 2011 . dmy-all .
  19. News: Moroccan assistance – Ten scholarships annually and EC$1 million for Grenada . Grenada broadcast . 24 August 2010 . 9 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110711130001/http://www.grenadabroadcast.com/content/view/8949/51/ . 11 July 2011 . dmy-all .
  20. News: St. Kitts and Nevis gets assistance from Morocco in education and youth empowerment. CUOPM. 20 August 2010. 3 March 2012.
  21. News: Morocco offers 15 scholarships to St. Kitts and Nevis. CUOPM. 17 August 2012. 3 March 2012.
  22. News: Zambia in diplomatic scandal – Citizen. Truly Zambian. 16 August 2011. 21 August 2012. dead. https://archive.today/20120913072123/http://www.trulyzambian.com/entertainment/zambia-in-diplomatic-scandal-%E2%80%93-citizen-5657. 13 September 2012. dmy-all.
  23. News: Mount St. John's Medical Centre Receives Moroccan Gifts. PM Spencer announces Accreditation of the Institution as a Teaching Hospital. Official website for the Government of Antigua and Barbuda. 4 March 2011. 29 March 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130801021652/http://www.ab.gov.ag/article_details.php?id=1229&category=38. 1 August 2013. dmy-all.
  24. News: Antigua-Barbuda to benefit from cooperation with African and European countries. Caribbean News Now. 2 October 2010. 29 March 2012. 7 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003422/http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/topstory-Antigua-Barbuda-to-benefit-from-cooperation-with-African-and-European-countries-2303.html. dead.
  25. News: The Government of Morocco commits to building a fifty-room hotel in Dominica. Tarnia Green. Government Information Service – Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica. February 2011. 29 March 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110908052327/http://www.gis.dominica.gov.dm/news/feb2011/gomctbfrhid.php. 8 September 2011. dmy-all.
  26. News: L'Etat marocain construit un hôtel de luxe aux Caraïbes. Christophe Guguen. Lakome.com. 8 February 2013. 3 November 2013. fr. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131104124834/https://fr.lakome.com/index.php/maroc/362-l-etat-marocain-construit-un-hotel-de-luxe-aux-caraibes. 4 November 2013. dmy-all.
  27. States with limited recognition are included, but not numbered in the first column.
  28. Web site: States recognizing the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic . ar . Official Website of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic . 21 April 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071031153428/http://www.rasd-state.ws/reconocimientos_rasd.htm . 31 October 2007.
  29. Web site: 22 October 2006 . version:http://www.amb-rasd.org/ARAB/1ar12.htm--> Listado de Paises Que Han Reconocido a La Republica Arabe Saharaui Democratica . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120510164330/http://www.amb-rasd.org/ES/1e1es.htm . 10 May 2012 . 25 August 2012 . Embajada de la República Saharaui en Argelia . es.
  30. Web site: States which recognize the SADR. ARSO – Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 2009. 21 July 2012.
  31. Web site: Country recognitions of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic. https://web.archive.org/web/20060221020514/http://www.wsahara.net/recognitions.html. Western Sahara Online. 21 February 2006. 21 August 2012.
  32. The information in this column is taken from Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
  33. Book: Western Sahara: anatomy of a stalemate. 2005. 1-58826-305-3. Erik Jensen. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.. 7 August 2011. 29–30.
  34. Web site: TEXTE DU COMMUNIQUE CONJOINT MAROCO-MALGACHE. 6 April 2005. 24 August 2013. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 14 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131214044542/http://www.diplomatie.ma/articledetails.aspx?id=2147. dead.
  35. Web site: M. Mohamed Benaissa salue la décision de Madagascar de geler sa reconnaissance de la "rasd". 6 April 2005. 24 August 2013. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 14 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131214044633/http://www.diplomatie.ma/articledetails.aspx?id=2148. dead.
  36. Web site: Recognition freeze. ARSO – Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 6 April 2005. 26 August 2012.
  37. News: Madagascar freezes recognition of so-called Sahrawi Republic . Arabic News . 7 April 2005 . 17 September 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005102/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/050407/2005040718.html . 3 December 2013 . dmy-all .
  38. Web site: Gel ne signifie pas rupture . 18 April 2005. 26 August 2013. Jeune Afrique.
  39. Web site: La République du Burundi gèle sa reconnaissance de la prétendue "RASD". 10 May 2006. 24 August 2013. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 16 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140116194442/http://www.diplomatie.ma/articledetails.aspx?id=3242. dead.
  40. Web site: Burundi freezes recognition of so-called Sahrawi republic. 10 May 2006. 26 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20060520082428/http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/politics/burundi_freezes_reco/view. 20 May 2006. Agence Maghreb Arab Presse.
  41. Web site: La République de Burundi réitère sa reconnaissance de la République arabe sahraouie démocratique (RASD). 16 June 2008. Sahrawi Press Service. https://web.archive.org/web/20080830072639/http://www.spsrasd.info/fr/archive/archive.php?a=2008&m=06. 30 August 2008.
  42. News: SADR Recognition reaffirmed . ARSO – Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental . 17 June 2008 . 9 June 2010.
  43. Web site: Le Burundi retire sa reconnaissance à la "rasd". 25 October 2010. 23 August 2013. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 16 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140116191826/http://www.diplomatie.ma/articledetails.aspx?id=5664. dead.
  44. News: Burundi withdraws recognition of 'SADR'. 25 October 2010 . 22 September 2012. Maghreb Arab Press. https://web.archive.org/web/20101027183913/http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/politics/burundi_withdraws_re/view . 27 October 2010.
  45. News: Visite d'adieu d'Aziria Abdelkader, Ambassadeur algérien au Burundi . fr . Républic de Burundi – Portail du Gouvernement . 13 March 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130313165515/http://www.burundi-gov.bi/Visite-d-adieu-d-Aziria-Abdelkader . 13 March 2013 . dmy-all .
  46. Web site: le Burundi retire sa reconnaissance à la RASD. 26 October 2010. 25 August 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131215154030/http://www.africa-times-news.com/2010/10/le-burundi-retire-sa-reconnaissance-a-la-rasd/. 15 December 2013. dmy-all.
  47. Book: The Western Saharans: Background to Conflict. 1980. 0-7099-0369-3. Virginia McLean Thompson . Virginia Thompson . Richard Adloff . 7 August 2011. 286. Croom Helm .
  48. Book: Africa analysis: A fortnightly bulletin on financial and political trends. 1997. Africa Analysis Ltd. 7 August 2011. 109. The Polisario Front of Western Sahara suffered another diplomatic setback when Benin announced on 21 March that it was suspending recognition of the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (Sadr) as a state. Benin, which had recognized Sadr on 11 March 1976....
  49. Web site: M. Bio Toro Orou Guiwa, Ambassadeur du Bénin. 31 August 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150502071445/http://lvc.ma/index.php/interviews/item/152-m-bio-toro-orou-guiwa-ambassadeur-du-benin. 2 May 2015. dmy-all.
  50. Web site: Le Bénin salue les réformes politiques et constitutionnelles engagée par le Maroc. 29 August 2011. 31 August 2013. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 15 January 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120115120415/http://www.diplomatie.ma/Politique%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re/Afrique/Relationsbilaterales/tabid/177/vw/1/ItemID/3891/language/fr-FR/Default.aspx. dead.
  51. Web site: Le Bénin salue les réformes politiques et constitutionnelles engagée par le Maroc (Ministre AE). 29 August 2011. 31 August 2013.
  52. Book: ARR: Arab report and record. 1976. Economic Features, ltd.. 158.
  53. Web site: La Guinée Bissau apporte son appui à l'initiative marocaine. 1 March 2008. 25 August 2013. Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb. http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224001808/http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=86626 . 24 February 2011. dead. dmy-all.
  54. Book: West Africa, 4144–4159. 1997. Afrimedia International. 7 August 2011.
  55. Web site: La Guinée Bissau décide de rétablir ses relations diplomatiques avec la RASD. 27 May 2009. 25 August 2013. Sahrawi Press Service. https://web.archive.org/web/20090530032337/http://www.spsrasd.info/fr/detail.php?id=5482. 30 May 2009.
  56. News: Guinea Bissau decide restablecer el reconocimiento a la RASD. 22 September 2012. 30 May 2009. es. . https://web.archive.org/web/20110719235334/http://www.adn.es/politica/20090530/NWS-1122-RASD-Guinea-Bissau-reconocimiento-restablecer.html. 19 July 2011.
  57. Web site: Guinea Bissau decide restablecer el reconocimiento a la RASD. 30 May 2009. 26 August 2013.
  58. News: Guinea Bissau withdraw its recognition of SADR and supports the autonomy initiative. 22 September 2012. 30 March 2010. es. . https://web.archive.org/web/20110719235533/http://www.adn.es/internacional/20100330/NWS-2715-RASD-Bissau-Guinea-reconocimiento-iniciativa.html. 19 July 2011.
  59. Web site: La Guinée-Bissau met un terme à sa reconnaissance de la fantomatique RASD et soutient l'autonomie. 30 March 2010. 25 August 2013.
  60. Web site: Guinea Bissau retira su reconocimiento a la RASD y apoya iniciativa autonomía. 30 March 2013. 26 August 2013. 17 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140117133105/http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=329992. dead.
  61. Web site: ACTUALITES HEBDOMADAIRES – SEMAINE 25 16. – 22.06.1997. 16 June 1997. 31 August 2013. Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental.
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  63. Book: ARR: Arab report and record. 1978. Economic Features, ltd.. 7 August 2011.
  64. Web site: Seychelles: Les Seychelles ne reconnaissent plus la RASD. 3 April 2008. 25 August 2013. AllAfrica.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20081123021412/http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200804040427.html. 23 November 2008.
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