In linguistics, an inflected preposition is a type of word that occurs in some languages, that corresponds to the combination of a preposition and a personal pronoun. For instance, the Welsh word Welsh: iddo (pronounced as //ɪðɔ//) is an inflected form of the preposition i meaning "to/for him"; it would not be grammatically correct to say *Welsh: i ef.
There are many different names for inflected prepositions, including conjugated preposition, pronominal preposition, prepositional pronoun, and suffixed pronoun.[1] (But note that the term prepositional pronoun also has a different sense, for which see Prepositional pronoun.)
Historically, inflected prepositions can develop from the contraction of a preposition with a personal pronoun; however, they are commonly reanalysed as inflected words by native speakers and by traditional grammar.
Language change over time can obscure the similarity between the conjugated preposition and the preposition-pronoun combination. For example, in Scottish Gaelic "with" is Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: le pronounced as //lɛ// and "him" is Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: e pronounced as //ɛ//, but "with him" is Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: leis pronounced as //leʃ//.
All Insular Celtic languages have inflected prepositions; these languages include Scottish Gaelic, Irish, Manx, Welsh, Cornish and Breton.
The following table shows the inflected forms of the preposition Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: aig . These forms are a combination of preposition and pronoun, and are obligatory; that is, the separate preposition plus pronoun Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: *aig mi is ungrammatical. Also no separate pronoun may also be given after these combined forms. (So Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: *agam mi is ungrammatical.)
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: agam | Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: againn | |
| 2nd Person | Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: agad | Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: agaibh | |
| 3rd Person | Masculine | Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: aige | Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: aca |
| Feminine | Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: aice | ||
The following table shows the colloquial inflected forms of the preposition Welsh: i . The optional pronouns that follow the inflected forms are given in parentheses.
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | Welsh: imi, i mi, ifi, i fi | Welsh: ini, i ni, inni | |
| 2nd Person | Welsh: iti, i ti | Welsh: ichi, i chi | |
| 3rd Person | Masculine | Welsh: iddo (fe/fo) | Welsh: iddyn (nhw) |
| Feminine | Welsh: iddi (hi) | ||
The sentence Welsh: Mae hi wedi ei roi '''iddo fo''' required the inflected form of Welsh: i, Welsh: *mae hi wedi ei roi '''i fo''' is not grammatically correct.
The following table gives the inflected colloquial forms of the preposition Welsh: o . The optional pronouns that follow the inflected forms are given in parentheses.
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | Welsh: ohonof (i), ohono (i) | Welsh: ohonon (ni) | |
| 2nd Person | Welsh: ohonot (ti) | Welsh: ohonoch (chi) | |
| 3rd Person | Masculine | Welsh: ohono (fe/fo) | Welsh: ohonyn (nhw) |
| Feminine | Welsh: ohoni (hi) | ||
Inflected prepositions are found in many Semitic languages, including Hebrew,[2] Arabic, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic and Amharic.
For example, the Arabic preposition Arabic: على (pronounced as /lang=ar/) inflects as Arabic: علَيَّ (pronounced as /lang=ar/), Arabic: علَيْكَ) (pronounced as /lang=ar/), Arabic: علَيْهِ (pronounced as /lang=ar/), etc.
Some Iranic languages, including Persian, have developed inflected prepositions. For example, Persian becomes ; becomes . These forms are non-obligatory and are used especially in the colloquial register, though some of them are also possible in the standard language. As the two examples show, they are not mere contractions but a system of inflectional endings attached to the preposition.
Languages that do not have full paradigms of inflected prepositions may nonetheless allow contraction of prepositions and pronouns to a more limited extent.
In formal registers of Polish, a handful of common prepositions allow amalgamated forms with third-person pronouns: Polish: na niego → Polish: nań.[3] These contracted forms were often recommended to use in formal writing.[4] However, they are rarely heard in daily speech.
In many Iberian Romance languages, such as Spanish and Portuguese, the preposition Spanish; Castilian: con or Portuguese: com has special forms incorporating certain pronouns (depending on the language). For example, in Spanish and Asturian Spanish; Castilian: conmigo means . Historically, this developed from the Latin use of Latin: cum after a pronoun, as in Latin: mecum .
As languages can make use of postpositions rather than prepositions, so do some languages have inflected postpositions. Bororo, an indigenous language of Brazil, uses postpositions in all contexts: tori ji . When these modify a pronoun rather than a full noun, the phrase contracts into an inflected postposition[5] (and therefore looks like a pronominal prefix, rather than a suffix as in the examples above: bagai, i-wagai).