Indie game explained

An indie video game or indie game, short for independent video game, is a video game created by individuals or smaller development teams without the financial and technical support of a large game publisher, in contrast to most "AAA" (triple-A) games. Because of their independence and freedom to develop, indie games often focus on innovation, experimental gameplay, and taking risks not usually afforded in AAA games. Indie games tend to be sold through digital distribution channels rather than at retail due to a lack of publisher support. The term is analogous to independent music or independent film in those respective mediums.

Indie game development bore out from the same concepts of amateur and hobbyist programming that grew with the introduction of the personal computer and the simple BASIC computer language in the 1970s and 1980s. So-called bedroom coders, particularly in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, made their own games and used mail order to distribute their products, although they later shifted to other software distribution methods with the onset of the Internet in the 1990s, such as shareware and other file sharing distribution methods. However, by this time, interest in hobbyist programming had waned due to rising costs of development and competition from video game publishers and home consoles.

The modern take on the indie game scene resulted from a combination of numerous factors in the early 2000s, including technical, economic, and social concepts that made indie games less expensive to make and distribute but more visible to larger audiences and offered non-traditional gameplay from the current mainstream games. A number of indie games at that time became success stories that drove more interest in the area. New industry opportunities have arisen since then, including new digital storefronts, crowdfunding, and other indie funding mechanisms to help new teams get their games off the ground. There are also low-cost and open-source development tools available for smaller teams across all gaming platforms, boutique indie game publishers that leave creative freedom to the developers, and industry recognition of indie games alongside mainstream ones at major game award events.

Around 2015, the increasing number of indie games being published led to fears of an "indiepocalypse", referring to an oversupply of games that would make the entire market unprofitable. Although the market did not collapse, discoverability remains an issue for most indie developers, with many games not being financially profitable. Examples of successful indie games include Cave Story, Braid, Super Meat Boy, Terraria, Minecraft, Fez, Hotline Miami, Shovel Knight, the Five Nights at Freddy's series, Undertale, Cuphead, and Among Us.

Definition

The term "indie game" itself is based on similar terms like independent film and independent music, where the concept is often related to self-publishing and independence from major studios or distributors.^[1] However, as with both indie films and music, there is no exact, widely accepted definition of what constitutes an "indie game" besides falling well outside the bounds of triple-A video game development by large publishers and development studios.^{[2] [3] [4] [5]} One simple definition, described by Laura Parker for GameSpot, says "independent video game development is the business of making games without the support of publishers", but this does not cover all situations.^[6] Dan Pearce of IGN stated that the only consensus for what constitutes an indie game is a "I know it when I see it"-type assessment, since no single definition can capture what games are broadly considered indie.^[7]

Indie games generally share certain common characteristics. One method to define an indie game is the nature of independence, which can either be:^[8]

• Financial independence: In such situations, the developers have paid for the development and/or publication of the game themselves or from other funding sources such as crowd funding, and specifically without financial support of a large publisher.
• Independence of thought: In this case, the developers crafted their game without any oversight or directional influence by a third party such as a publisher.

Another means to evaluate a game as indie is to examine its development team, with indie games being developed by individuals, small teams, or small independent companies that are often specifically formed for the development of one specific game.^{[3] [9] [10]} Typically, indie games are smaller than mainstream titles.^[10] Indie game developers are generally not financially backed by video game publishers, who are risk-averse and prefer "big-budget games".^[11] Instead, indie game developers usually have smaller budgets, usually sourcing from personal funds or via crowdfunding.^{[2] [3] [5] [12] [13]} Being independent, developers do not have controlling interests^[4] or creative limitations,^{[3] [14] [5]} and do not require the approval of a publisher,^[2] as mainstream game developers usually do. Design decisions are thus also not limited by an allocated budget.^[14] Furthermore, smaller team sizes increase individual involvement.^[15]

However, this view is not all-encompassing, as there are numerous cases of games where development is not independent of a major publisher but still considered indie.^[1] Some notable instances of games include:

• Journey was created by thatgamecompany, but had financial backing of Sony as well as publishing support. Kellee Santiago of thatgamecompany believes that they are an independent studio because they were able to innovate on their game without Sony's involvement.^[1]
• Bastion, similarly, was developed by Supergiant Games, but with publishing by Warner Bros. Entertainment, primarily to avoid difficulties with the certification process on Xbox Live.^[16] Greg Kasavin of Supergiant notes they consider their studio indie as they lack any parent company.^{[1] [17]}
• The Witness was developed by Jonathan Blow and his studio Thekla, Inc. Though self-funded and published, the game's development cost around $6 million and was priced at $40, in contrast to most indie games typically priced up to $20. Blow believed this type of game represented something between indie and AAA publishing.^[18]
• No Man's Sky was developed by Hello Games, though with publishing but non-financial support from Sony; the game on release had a price equal to a typical AAA title. Sean Murray of Hello Games believes that because they are still a small team and the game is highly experimental that they consider themselves indie.^[19]
• Dave the Diver was developed by Mintrocket, a thirty-person studio owned by Nexon. Despite this corporate ownership, and the studio itself stating they do not consider themselves as an indie studio, the game's approach was considered less traditional as to be considered an indie game by the industry, including being nominated for Best Indie Game at The Game Awards 2023.^{[20] [21] [22] [23] [24]}

Yet another angle to evaluate a game as indie is from its innovation, creativity, and artistic experimentation, factors enabled by small teams free of financial and creative oversight. This definition is reflective of an "indie spirit" that is diametrically opposite of the corporate culture of AAA development, and makes a game "indie", where the factors of financial and creative independence make a game "independent".^{[25] [26] [27]} Developers with limited ability to create graphics can rely on gameplay innovation.^[28] This often leads to indie games having a retro style of the 8-bit and 16-bit generations, with simpler graphics atop the more complex mechanics. Indie games may fall into classic game genres, but new gameplay innovations have been seen. However, being "indie" does not imply that the game focuses on innovation.^[29] In fact, many games with the "indie" label can be of poor quality and may not be made for profit.

Jesper Juul, an associate professor at The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts that has studied the video game market, wrote in his book Handmade Pixels that the definition of an indie game is vague, and depends on different subjective considerations. Juul classified three ways games can be considered indie: those that are financially independent of large publishers, those that are aesthetically independent of and significantly different from the mainstream art and visual styles used in AAA games, and those that present cultural ideas that are independent from mainstream games. Juul however wrote that ultimately the labeling of a game as "indie" still can be highly subjective and no single rule helps delineate indie games from non-indie ones.^[30]

Games that are not as large as most triple-A games, but are developed by larger independent studios with or without publisher backing and that can apply triple-A design principles and polish due to the experience of the team, have sometimes been called "triple-I" games, reflecting the middle ground between these extremes. Ninja Theory's is considered a prime example of a triple-I game.^{[31] [32]} A further distinction from indie games are those considered double-A ("AA"), tending to be from mid to large-size studios ranging from 50 to 100 team members and larger than typically associated with indie games, that often work under similar practices as triple-A studios but still retain creative control of their titles from a publisher.^{[7] [33]}

Indie games are distinct from open source games. The latter are games which are developed with the intent to release the source code and other assets under an open source license. While many of the same principles used to develop open source games are the same as for indie games, open source games are not developed for commercial gain and instead as a hobbyist pursuit.^[34] However, commercial sales are not a requirement for an indie game and such games can be offered as freeware, most notably with Spelunky on its original release and Dwarf Fortress, with the exception of its enhanced visual front-end version while its base version remains free.^[35]

History

The onset of indie game development is difficult to track due to the broadness of what defines an indie game, and the term was not really in use until the early 2000s.^[36] Until the 2000s, other terms like amateur, enthusiast, and hobbyist software or games were used to describe such software.^[37] Today, terms like amateur and hobbyist development are more reflective of those that create mods for existing games, or work with specific technologies or game parts rather than the development of full games.^[4] Such hobbyists usually produce non-commercial products and may range from novices to industry veterans.^[4]

Before home computers

There is some debate as to whether independent game development started prior to the 1977 home computer revolution with games developed for mainframe computers at universities and other large institutions. 1962's Spacewar! was not commercially financed and was made by a small team, but there was no commercial sector of the video game industry at that time to distinguish from independent works.

Joyce Weisbecker, who considers herself the first indie designer, created several games for the RCA Studio II home console in 1976 as an independent contractor for RCA.^[38]

Home computers (late 1970s-1980s)

When the first personal computers were released in 1977, they each included a pre-installed version of the BASIC computer language along with example programs, including games, to show what users could do with these systems. The availability of BASIC led to people trying to make their own programs. Sales of the 1978 rerelease of the book BASIC Computer Games by David H. Ahl that included the source code for over one hundred games, eventually surpassed over one million copies.^[39] The availability of BASIC inspired a number of people to start writing their own games.^{[3] [27]}

Many personal computer games written by individuals or two person teams were self-distributed in stores or sold through mail order.^[36] Atari, Inc. launched the Atari Program Exchange in 1981 to publish user-written software, including games, for Atari 8-bit computers.^[40] Print magazines such as SoftSide, Compute!, and Antic solicited games from hobbyists, written in BASIC or assembly language, to publish as type-in listings.

In the United Kingdom, early microcomputers such as the ZX Spectrum were popular, launching a range of "bedroom coders" which initiated the UK's video game industry.^{[41] [42]} During this period, the idea that indie games could provide experimental gameplay concepts or demonstrate niche arthouse appeal had been established. Many games from the bedroom coders of the United Kingdom, such as Manic Miner (1983), incorporated the quirkiness of British humour and made them highly experimental games.^{[43] [44]} Other games like Alien Garden (1982) showed highly-experimental gameplay. Infocom itself advertised its text-based interactive fiction games by emphasizing their lack of graphics in lieu of the players' imagination, at a time that graphics-heavy action games were commonplace.

Shareware and chasing the console (1990s)

By the mid-1990s, the recognition of the personal computer as a viable gaming option, and advances in technology that led to 3D gaming created many commercial opportunities for video games. During the last part of the 1990s, visibility of games from these single or small team studios scene waned, since a small team could not readily compete in costs, speed and distribution as a commercial entity could. The industry had started to coalesce around video game publishers that could pay larger developers to make games and handle all the marketing and publication costs as well as opportunities to franchise game series.^[42] Publishers tended to be risk averse due to high costs of production, and they would reject all small-size and too innovative concepts of small game developers.^[45] The market also became fractured due to the prevalence of video game consoles, which required expensive or difficult-to-acquire game development kits typically reserved for larger developers and publishers.^[27]

There were still significant developments from smaller teams that laid the basis of indie games going forward. Shareware games became a popular means to distribute demos or partially complete games in the 1980s and into the 1990s, where players could purchase the full game from the vendor after trying it. As such demos were generally free to distribute, shareware demo compilations would frequently be included in gaming magazines at that time, providing an easy means for amateur and hobbyist developers to be recognized. The ability to produce numerous copies of games, even if just shareware/demo versions, at a low cost helped to propel the idea as the PC as a gaming platform.^{[27] [36]} At the time, shareware was generally associated with hobbyist programmers, but the releases of Wolfenstein 3D in 1992 and Doom in 1993 showed the shareware route to be a viable platform for titles from mainstream developers.^[46]

Rise of indie games from digital distribution (2000−2005)

The current, common understanding of indie games on personal computer took shape in the early 2000s from several factors. Key was the availability of online distribution over the Internet, allowing game developers to sell directly to players and bypassing limitations of retail distribution and the need for a publisher.^[36] Software technologies used to drive the growth of the World Wide Web, like Adobe Flash, were available at low cost to developers, and provided another means for indie games to grow.^{[28] [36] [47]} The new interest in indie games led to middleware and game engine developers to offer their products at low or no cost for indie development,^[36] in addition to open source libraries and engines.^[48] Dedicated software like GameMaker Studio and tools for unified game engines like Unity and Unreal Engine removed much of the programming barriers needed for a prospective indie developer to create these games.^[36] The commercial possibilities for indie games at this point helped to distinguish these games from any prior amateur game.^[37]

There were other shifts in the commercial environment that were seen as drivers for the rise of indie games in the 2000s. Many of the games to be indie games of this period were considered to be the antithesis of mainstream games and which highlighted the independence of how these games were made compared to the collective of mainstream titles. Many of them took a retro-style approach to their design, art, or other factors in development, such as Cave Story in 2004, which proved popular with players.^{[37] [49]} Social and political changes also led to the use of indie games not only for entertainment purposes but to also tell a message related to these factors, something that could not be done in mainstream titles.^[37] In comparing indie games to independent film and the state of their respective industries, the indie game's rise was occurring approximately at the same relative time as its market was starting to grow exponentially and be seen as a supporting offshoot of the mainstream works.^[37]

Shifting industry and increased visibility (2005−2014)

Indie games saw a large boost in visibility within the video game industry and the rest of the world starting around 2005. A key driver was the transition into new digital distribution methods with storefronts like Steam that offered indie games alongside traditional AAA titles, as well as specialized storefronts for indie games. While direct online distribution helped indie games to reach players, these storefronts allowed developers to publish, update, and advertise their games directly, and players to download the games anywhere, with the storefront otherwise handling the distribution and sales factors.^{[28] [3] [26] [27]} While Steam itself initially began heavy curation, it eventually allowed for indie publishing with its Steam Greenlight and Steam Direct programs, vastly increasing the number of games available.^[36]

Further indie game growth in this period came from the departure of large publishers like Electronic Arts and Activision from their smaller, one-off titles to focus on their larger, more successful properties, leaving the indie game space to provide shorter and more experimental titles as alternatives.^[50] Costs of developing AAA games had risen greatly, to an average cost of tens of millions of dollars in 2007–2008 per title, and there was little room for risks in gameplay experimentation.^[51] Another driver came from discussions related to whether video games could be seen as an art form; movie critic Roger Ebert postulated in open debates that video games could not be art in 2005 and 2006, leading to developers creating indie games to specifically challenge that notion.^[52]

Indie video game development saw a further boost by the use of crowdfunding as a means for indie developers to raise funds to produce a game and to determine the desire for a game, rather than risk time and investment into a game that does not sell well. While video games had used crowdfunding prior to 2012, several large indie game-related projects successfully raised millions of dollars through Kickstarter, and since then, several other similar crowdfunding options for game developers have become available. Crowdfunding eliminated some of the cost risk associated with indie game development, and created more opportunities for indie developers to take chances on new titles. With more indie titles emerging during this period, larger publishers and the industry as a whole started taking notice of indie games as a significant movement within the field. One of the first examples of this was World of Goo (2008), whose developers 2D Boy had tried but failed to gain any publisher support prior to release. On release, the game was recognized at various award events including the Independent Games Festival, leading to publishers that had previously rejected World of Goo to offer to publish it.^[53] The success of indie video games on crowdfunding platforms also inspired a wave of indie tabletop role-playing game developers to follow the same business model.^{[54] [55]}

Console manufacturers also helped increase recognition of indie games in this period. By the seventh generation of consoles in 2005, each platform provided online services for players–namely Xbox Live, PlayStation Network, and Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection–which included digital game distribution. Following the increased popularity of indie games on computers, these services started publishing them alongside larger releases.^[3] The Xbox 360 had launched in 2005 with Xbox Live Arcade (XBLA), a service that included some indie games, though these drew little attention in the first few years. In 2008, Microsoft ran its "XBLA Summer of Arcade" promotion, which included the releases of indie games Braid, Castle Crashers, and alongside two AAA games. While all three indie games had a high number of downloads, Braid received critical acclaim and drew mainstream media recognition for being a game developed by two people.^{[56] [57]} Microsoft continued to follow up on this promotion in the following years, bringing in more games onto XBLA such as Super Meat Boy, Limbo, and Fez.^{[58] [59]} Sony and Nintendo followed suit, encouraging indie developers to bring games onto their platforms.^[56] By 2013, all three console manufacturers had established programs that allowed indie developers to apply for low-cost development toolkits and licenses to publish directly onto the console's respective storefronts following approval processes.^[56] A number of "boutique" indie game publishers were founded in this period to support funding, technical support, and publishing of indie games across various digital and retail platforms.^[60] In 2012, Journey became the first Indie game to win the Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year and D.I.C.E. Award for Game of the Year.^{[61] [62]}

Several other indie games were released during this period to critical and/or commercial success.^[63] Minecraft (2011), the best-selling video game of all time as of 2024,^[64] was originally released as an indie game^[65] before its developer Mojang Studios was acquired by Microsoft in 2014 and brought into Xbox Game Studios.^[66] Another indie game, Terraria, was released that same year and has become the eighth best selling video game of all time,^[67] as well the highest rated game on Steam as of 2022.^[68] Other successful indie games released during this time include Hotline Miami (2012),^[69] Shovel Knight (2014),^[70] and Five Nights at Freddy's (2014).^[71] Hotline Miami inspired many to begin developing games^[72] and contributed to the rise in indie game released during this time period,^[73] while Shovel Knight and Five Nights at Freddy's spawned successful media franchises, with the latter becoming a cultural phenomenon.^[74] Mobile games also became popular with indie developers, with inexpensive development tools and low-barrier storefronts with the App Store and Google Play opening in the late 2000s.^[75] In 2012, a documentary, , was created that covers several successful games from this period.

Fears regarding saturation and discoverability (2015−present)

Leading into 2015, there was concern that the rise of easy-to-use tools to create and distribute video games could lead to an oversupply of video games, which was termed the "indiepocalypse".^[76] This perception of an indiepocalypse is not unanimous; Jeff Vogel stated in a talk at GDC 2016 that any downturn was just part of the standard business cycle. The size of the indie game market was estimated in March 2016 to be at least $1 billion per year for just those games offered through Steam.^[77] Mike Wilson, Graeme Struthers and Harry Miller, the co-founders of indie publisher Devolver Digital, stated in April 2016 that the market in indie games is more competitive than ever but continues to appear healthy with no signs of faltering.^[78] Gamasutra said that by the end of 2016, while there had not be any type of catastrophic collapse of the indie game market, there were signs that the growth of the market had significantly slowed and that it has entered a "post-indiepocalypse" phase as business models related to indie games adjust to these new market conditions.^[79]

While there has not been any type of collapse of the indie game field since 2015, there are concerns that the market is far too large for many developers to get noticed. Very few selected indie titles get wide coverage in the media, and are typically referred to as "indie darlings". In some cases, indie darlings are identified through consumer reactions that praise the game rather than direct industry influence, leading to further coverage; examples of such games include Celeste and Untitled Goose Game. However, there are also times where the video game media may see a future title as a success and position it as an indie darling before its release, only to have the game fail to make a strong impression on players, such as in the case of No Man's Sky and Where the Water Tastes Like Wine.^{[80] [81]}

Discoverability has become an issue for indie developers as well. With the Steam distribution service allowing any developer to offer their game with minimal cost to them, there are thousands of games being added each year, and developers have come to rely heavily on Steam's discovery tools – methods to tailor catalog pages to customers based on past purchases – to help sell their titles.^[82] Mobile app stores have had similar problems with large volumes of offers but poor means for discovery by consumers in the late 2010s. Several indie developers have found it critical to have a good public relations campaign across social media and to interact with the press to make sure a game is noticed early on in its development cycle to get interest and maintain that interest through release, which adds to costs of development.^{[83] [84]}

Several games during this time have still seen success, including games that were referred to as "indie darlings." Some of the most popular indie games from this time were primarily popularized over social media and spawned cultural phenomena, such as Undertale (2015) and Among Us (2018),^[85] with the later being one of the most popular games during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 with half a billion players. A similar example is Lethal Company, which released in 2023 and was popularized through internet culture, becoming one of the most played games of 2023. More commercially successful games from this time include Stardew Valley, Hollow Knight,^[86] and Cuphead.^[87]

Other regions

Indie games are generally associated with Western regions, specifically with North American, European, and Oceanic areas. However, other countries have had similar expansions of indie games that have intersected with the global industry.

Japanese doujin soft

See main article: Doujin soft.

In Japan, the doujin soft community has generally been treated as a hobbyist activity up through the 2010s. Computers and bedroom coding had taken off similarly in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but the computer market was quickly overwhelmed by consoles. Still, hobbyist programmers continued to develop games. One area that Japan had focused on were game development kits, specialized software that would allow users to create their own games. A key line of these were produced by ASCII Corporation, which published ASCII, a hobbyist programming magazine that users could share their programs with. Over time, ASCII saw the opportunity to publish game development kits, and by 1992, released the first commercial version of the RPG Maker software. While the software cost money to obtain, users could release completed games with it as freeware or commercial products, which established the potential for a commercial independent games market by the early 2000s, aligning with the popularity of indie games in the West.^[88]

Like other Japanese fan-created works in other media, doujin games were often built from existing assets and did not receive much respect or interest from consumers, and instead were generally made to be played and shared with other interested players and at conventions. Around 2013, market forces began to shift with the popularity of indie games in the Western regions, bringing more interest to doujin games as legitimate titles. The Tokyo Game Show first offered a special area for doujin games in 2013 with support from Sony Interactive Entertainment who had been a promoter of Western indie games in prior years, and has expanded that since.^[89] The distinction between Japanese-developed doujin games and indie games is ambiguous - the use of the term usually refers to if their popularity formed in Western or Eastern markets before the mid-2010s, and if they are made with the aim of selling large copies or just as a passion project; the long-running bullet hell Touhou Project series, developed entirely by one-man independent developer ZUN since 1995, has been called both indie and doujinshi.^{[90] [91]} Meanwhile, despite being Japanese-developed, Cave Story is primarily referred to as an "indie game" because of its success in the Western market. It is one of the most influential indie games, also contributing to the resurgence of the Metroidvania genre.^{[89] [92] [93]} Doujin games also got a strong interest in Western markets after some English-speaking groups translated various titles with permission for English release, most notably with , the first such doujin to be published on Steam in 2010.^{[94] [95]}

Mikhail Fiadotau, a lecturer in video game studies at Tallinn University, identified three primary distinctions between the established doujin culture and the Western idea of indie games. From a conceptual view, indie games generally promote independence and novelty in thought, while doujin games tend to be ideas shared by a common group of people and tend to not veer from established concepts (such as strong favoritism towards the well-established RPG genre). From a genealogical standpoint, the nature of doujin dates back as far as the 19th century, while the indie phenomena is relatively new. Finally, only until recently, doujin games tended to only be talked about in the same circles as other doujin culture (fan artwork and writing) and rarely mixed with commercial productions, whereas indie games have shared the same stage with AAA games.^{[96] [97]}

Development

See main article: Video game development. Many of the same basic concepts behind video game development for mainstream titles also apply to indie game development, particularly around the software development aspects. Key differences lie in how the development of the game ties in with the publisher or lack thereof.

Development teams

There is no definitive size for how big an independent game development studio might be. Several successful indie games, such as the Touhou Project series, Axiom Verge, Cave Story, Papers, Please, and Spelunky, were developed by a single person, though often with support of artists and musicians for those assets.^[98] More common are small teams of developers, from two to a few dozen, with additional support from external artists. While it is possible for development teams to be larger, with this comes a higher cost overhead of running the studio, which may be risky if the game does not perform well.^[99]

Indie teams can arise from many different directions. One common path recently includes student projects, developed as prototypes as part of their coursework, which the students then take into a commercial opportunity after graduating from school. Examples of such games are And Yet It Moves,^[100] ,^[101] Risk of Rain,^[102] and Outer Wilds.^[103] In some cases, students may drop out of school to pursue the commercial opportunity or for other reasons; Vlambeer's founders, for example, had started to develop a commercial game while still in school and dropped out when the school demanded rights to the game.^[104]

Another route for indie development teams comes from experienced developers in the industry who either voluntarily leave to pursue indie projects, typically due to creative burnout from the corporate process, or resulting from termination from the company. Examples of games from such groups include ,^[105] Papers, Please,^[106] Darkest Dungeon,^[107] and Gone Home.^[108]

Yet another route is simply those with little to no experience in the games industry, although they may have computer-programming skills and experience, and they may come in with ideas and fresh perspectives for games, with ideas that are generally more personable and close to their hearts. These developers are usually self-taught and thus may not have certain disciplines of typical programmers, thereby allowing for more creative freedom and new ideas.^[109] However, some may see amateur work less favorably than those that have had experience, whether from school or from the industry, relying on game development toolkits rather than programming languages, and they may associate such titles as amateur or hobbyist.^[110] Some such amateur-developed games have found great success. Examples of these include Braid,^[111] Super Meat Boy,^[112] Dwarf Fortress,^[113] and Undertale.^[114]

Typically, a starting indie-game studio will be primarily programmers and developers. Art assets including artwork and music may be outsourced to work-for-hire artists and composers.^[115]

Development tools

For development of personal computer games, indie games typically rely on existing game engines, middleware and game development kits to build their titles, lacking the resources to build custom engines.^[116] Common game engines include Unreal Engine and Unity, but there are numerous others as well. Small studios that do not anticipate large sales are generally afforded reduced prices for mainstream game engines and middleware. These products may be offered free, or be offered at a substantial royalty discount that only increases if their sales exceed certain numbers.^[117] Indie developers may also use open source software (such as Godot) or by taking advantage of homebrew libraries, which are freely available but may lack technically-advanced features compared to equivalent commercial engines.^{[118] [119]}

Prior to 2010, development of indie games on consoles was highly restrictive due to costly access to software development kits (SDKs), typically a version of the console with added debugging features that would cost several thousands of dollars and come with numerous restrictions on its use to prevent trade secrets related to the console from being leaked. Console manufacturers may have also restricted sales of SDKs to only certain developers that met specific criteria, leaving potential indie developers unable to acquire them.^[120] When indie games became more popular by 2010, the console manufacturers as well as mobile device operating system providers released special software-based SDKs to build and test games first on personal computers and then on these consoles or mobile devices. These SDKs were still offered at commercial rates to larger developers, but reduced pricing was provided to those who would generally self-publish via digital distribution on the console or mobile device's storefront, such as with the ID@Xbox program or the iOS SDK.

Publishers

While most indie games lack a publisher with the developer serving in that role, a number of publishers geared towards indie games have been established since 2010, also known as boutique game publishers; these include Raw Fury, Devolver Digital, Annapurna Interactive, Finji, and Adult Swim Games. There also have been a number of indie developers that have grown large enough on their own to also support publishing for smaller developers, such as Chucklefish, Coffee Stain Studios, and Team17. These boutique publishers, having experience in making indie games themselves, typically will provide necessary financial support and marketing but have little to no creative control on developers' product as to maintain the "indie" nature of the game. In some cases, the publisher may be more selective of the type of games it supports; Annapurna Interactive sought games that were "personal, emotional and original".^[121]

Funding

The lack of a publisher requires an indie developer to find means to fund the game themselves. Existing studios may be able to rely on past funds and incoming revenue, but new studios may need to use their own personal funds ("bootstrapping"), personal or bank loans, or investments to cover development costs,^{[13] [122] [123]} or building community support while in development.^{[124] [125]}

More recently, crowd-funding campaigns, both reward-based and equity-based, have been used to obtain the funds from interested consumers before development begins in earnest. While using crowd-funding for video games took off in 2012, its practice has significantly waned as consumers became wary of campaigns that failed to deliver on promised goods. A successful crowd-funded campaign now typically requires significant development work and costs associated with this before the campaign is launched, in order to demonstrate that the game will likely be completed in a timely manner and draw in funds.^[126]

Another mechanism offered through digital distribution is the early access model, in which interested players can buy playable beta versions of the game to provide software testing and gameplay feedback. Those consumers become entitled to the full game for free on release, while others may have to pay a higher price for the final game. This can provide funding midway though development, but like with crowd-funding, consumers expect a game that is near completion, so significant development and costs will likely need to have been invested already.^[127] Minecraft was considered an indie game during its original development, and was one of the first titles to successfully demonstrate this approach to funding.^[128]

More recently, a number of dedicated investor-based indie game funds have been established such as the Indie Fund. Indie developers can submit applications requesting grants from these funds. The money is typically provided as a seed investment to be repaid through game royalties.^[125] Several national governments, through their public arts agencies, also have made similar grants available to indie developers.^[129]

Distribution

Prior to digital distribution, hobbyist programmers typically relied on mail order to distribute their product. They would place ads in local papers or hobbyist computer magazines such as Creative Computing and Byte and, once payment was received, fulfill orders by hand, making copies of their game to cassette tape, floppy disc, or CD-ROM along with documentation. Others would provide copies to their local computer store to sell. In the United Kingdom, where personal computer game development took off in the early 1980s, a market developed for game distributors that handled the copying and distribution of games for these hobbyist programmers.^[43] In Japan, doujinshi conventions like Comiket, the largest fan convention in the world, have allowed independent developers to sell and promote their physical products since its inauguration in 1975, allowing game series like Touhou Project and Fate to spread in popularity and dominate the convention for years.^{[130] [131] [132]}

As the media shifted to higher-capacity formats and with the ability for users to make their own copies of programs, the simple mail order method was threatened since one person could buy the game and then make copies for their friends. The shareware model of distribution emerged in the 1980s accepting that users would likely make copies freely and share these around. The shareware version of the software would be limited, and require payment to the developer to unlock the remaining features. This approach became popular with hobbyist games in the early 1990s, notably with the releases of Wolfenstein 3D and ZZT, "indie" games from fledgling developers id Software and Tim Sweeney (later founder of Epic Games), respectively. Game magazines started to include shareware games on pack-in demo discs with each issue, and as with mail-order, companies arose that provided shareware sampler discs and served to help with shareware payment and redemption processing. Shareware remained a popular form of distribution even with availability of bulletin board systems and the Internet.^[133] By the 2000s, indie developers relied on the Internet as their primary distribution means as without a publisher, it was nearly impossible to stock an indie game at retail, the mail order concept having long since died out.

Continued Internet growth led to dedicated video game sites that served as repositories for shareware and other games, indie and mainstream alike, such as GameSpy FilePlanet.^[134] A new issue had arisen for larger mainstream games that featured multiplayer elements, in that updates and patches could easily be distributed through these sites but making sure all users were equally informed of the updates was difficult, and without the updates, some players would be unable to participate in multiplayer modes. Valve built the Steam software client originally to serve these updates automatically for their games, but over time, it became a digital storefront that users could also purchase games through.^[135] For indie games, Steam started curating third-party titles (including some indies) onto the service by 2005, later adding Steam Greenlight in 2012 that allowed any developer to propose their game for addition onto the service to the userbase, and ultimately replacing Greenlight with Steam Direct in 2017 where any developer can add their game to the service for a small fee.

While Steam remains the largest digital storefront for personal computer distribution, a number of other storefronts have since opened. For example, Itch.io, established in 2013, has been more focused on serving indie games over mainstream ones, providing the developers with store pages and other tools to help with marketing. Other services act more as digital retailers, giving tools to the indie developer to be able to accept and redeem online purchases and distribute the game, such as Humble Bundle, but otherwise leaving the marketing to the developer.^[136]

On consoles, the distribution of an indie game is handled by the console's game store, once the developer has been approved by the console manufacturer. Similarly, for mobile games, the distribution of the game is handled by the app store provider once the developer has been approved to release apps on that type of device. In either case, all aspects of payment, redemption and distribution are handled at the manufacturer/app store provider level.^[137]

A recent trend for some of the more popular indies is a limited physical release, typical for console-based versions. The distributor Limited Run Games was formed to produce limited runs of games, most commonly successful indie titles that have a proven following that would have a market for a physical edition. These versions are typically produced as special editions with additional physical products like art books, stickers, and other small items in the game's case. Other such distributors include Super Rare Games, Special Reserve Games, and Strictly Limited Games.

In nearly all cases with digital distribution, the distribution platform takes a revenue cut of each sale with the rest of the sale going to the developer, as a means to pay for the costs of maintaining the digital storefront.

Industry

Most indie games do not make a significant profit, and only a handful have made large profits.^[138] Instead, indie games are generally seen as a career stepping stone rather than a commercial opportunity. The Dunning–Kruger effect has been shown to apply to indie games: some people with little experience have been able to develop successful games from the start, but for most, it takes upwards of ten years of experience within the industry before one regularly starts making games with financial success. Most in the industry caution that indie games should not be seen a financially-rewarding career for this reason.^[139]

The industry perception towards indie games have also shifted, making the tactics of how to develop and market indie games difficult in contrast to AAA games. In 2008, a developer could earn around 17% of a game's retail price, and around 85% if sold digitally. This can lead to the appearance of more "risky" creative projects. Furthermore, the expansion of social websites has introduced gaming to casual gamers. Recent years have brought the importance of drawing social media influencers to help promote indie games as well.^[140]

There is contention as to how prominent indie video game development is in the video game industry. Most games are not widely known or successful, and mainstream media attention remains with mainstream titles.^[141] This can be attributed to a lack of marketing for indie games, but indie games can be targeted at niche markets.

Industry recognition of indie games through awards has grown significantly over time. The Independent Games Festival was established in 1998 to recognize the best of indie games, and since its first event in 1999 has been held in conjunction with the Game Developers Conference in the first part of each year alongside the Game Developers Choice Awards (GDCA).^[142] However, it was not until 2010 when indie games were seen as similar competition to major gaming awards, with the 2010 GDCA recognizing games like Limbo, Minecraft, and Super Meat Boy among AAA titles.^[143] Since then, indie games have frequently been included in award nominations alongside AAA games in the major awards events like the GDCA, the D.I.C.E. Awards, The Game Awards, and the BAFTA Video Games Awards. Indie games like What Remains of Edith Finch, Outer Wilds, Untitled Goose Game, Hades, Inscryption, and Vampire Survivors have been awarded various Game of the Year awards.^{[144] [145] [146] [147] [148] [149]}

Community

Indie developers are generally considered a highly collaborative community with development teams sharing knowledge between each other, providing testing, technical support, and feedback, as generally indie developers are not in any direct competition with each other once they have achieved funding for their project. Indie developers also tend to be open with their target player community, using beta testing and early access to get feedback, and engaging users regularly through storefront pages and communication channels such as Discord.^[150]

Indie game developers can be involved with various indie game trade shows, such as Independent Games Festival, held alongside the Game Developers Conference, and IndieCade held prior to the annual E3 convention.^{[2] [151]} The Indie Megabooth was established in 2012 as a large showcase at various trade shows to allow indie developers to show off their titles. These events act as intermediaries between indie developers and the larger industry, as they allow for indie developers to connect with larger developers and publishers for business opportunities, as well as to get word of their games out to the press prior to release.^[152]

Game jams, including Ludum Dare, the Indie Game Jam, the Nordic Game Jam, and the Global Game Jam, are typically annual competitions in which game developers are given a theme, concept and/or specific requirements and given a limited amount of time, on the order of a few days, to come up with a game prototype to submit for review and voting by judges, with the potential to win small cash prizes.^{[153] [154]} Companies can also have internal game jams as a means to relieve stress which may generate ideas for future games, as has notably been the case for developer Double Fine and its Amnesia Fortnight game jams. The structure of such jams can influence whether the end games are more experimental or serious, and whether they are to be more playful or more expressive.^[155] While many game jam prototypes go no further, some developers have subsequently expanded the prototype into a full release after the game jam into successful indie games, such as Superhot, Super Time Force, Gods Will Be Watching, Hollow Knight, Surgeon Simulator, and Goat Simulator.^[156]

Impact and popularity

Indie games are recognized for helping to generate or revitalize video game genres, either bringing new ideas to stagnant gameplay concepts or creating whole new experiences. The expansion of roguelikes from ASCII, tile-based hack-and-slash games to a wide variety of so-called "rogue-lites" that maintain the roguelike procedural generation and permadeath features bore out directly from indie games Strange Adventures in Infinite Space (2002) and its sequel (2005), Spelunky (2008), The Binding of Isaac (2011), (2012) and Rogue Legacy (2012).^[157] In turn, new takes on the roguelike genre were inspired by Slay the Spire (2019), which popularized the roguelike deck-building game,^[158] and Vampire Survivors (2022), which led to numerous "bullet heaven" or reverse bullet hell games using roguelike mechanics.^[159] Metroidvanias resurged following the releases of Cave Story (2004) and Shadow Complex (2009).^[93] Stardew Valley (2016) created a resurgence in life simulation games.^[160] Art games have gained attention through indie developers with early indie titles such as Samorost (2003)^[161] and The Endless Forest (2005).^[162]

The following table lists indie games that have reported total sales over one million copies, based on the last reported sales figures. These results exclude downloaded copies for games that had transitioned to a free-to-play model such as Rocket League, or copies sold after acquisition by a larger publisher and no longer being considered an indie game, such as Minecraft.

List of indie games surpassing a million sales

Game		Release	Developer	Publisher	Notes
Minecraft	60	2011	Mojang	Mojang	By October 2014 at the time Mojang was purchased by Microsoft.^[163] Minecraft has since sold more than 200 million copies by May 2020.^[164]
Terraria	58.7	2011	Re-Logic	Re-Logic, 505 Games	As of July 2024^[165] ^[166]
	30	2016	No Brakes Games	Curve Digital	As of July 2021^[167]
Stardew Valley	30	2016	ConcernedApe	ConcernedApe, Chucklefish	As of February 2024.^[168] ConcernedApe ceased working with Chucklefish in March 2022^[169]
Castle Crashers	20	2008	The Behemoth	The Behemoth	As of August 2019^[170]
Garry's Mod	20	2006	Facepunch Studios	Valve	As of September 2021^[171]
PowerWash Simulator	12	2022	FuturLab	Square Enix Collective	As of April 2024^[172]
Fall Guys	11	2020	Mediatonic	Devolver Digital	As of December 2020. Includes only sales on personal computers and not consoles,^[173] and prior to its acquisition by Epic Games and the conversion of the game to a free to play title in June 2022.^[174]
Rocket League	10.5	2015	Psyonix	Psyonix	As of April 2017, and does not include free copies given as part of an early PlayStation Plus promotion. In 2019, Psyonix was acquired by Epic Games and in 2020, the game transitioned to free to play.^[175]
Lethal Company	10+	2023	Zeekerss	Zeekerss	As of January 2024, still in early access^[176]
Dead Cells	10	2018	Motion Twin	Motion Twin	As of June 2023^[177]
Valheim	10	2021	Iron Gate Studios	Coffee Stain Publishing	As of April 2022, still in early access^[178]
Rust	9	2018	Facepunch Studios	Facepunch Studios	As of December 2019^[179]
Cuphead	6	2017	Studio MDHR	Studio MDHR	As of July 2020^[180]
Satisfactory	5.5	2019	Coffee Stain Studios	Coffee Stain Publishing	As of January 2024, still in early access^[181]
Subnautica	5.2	2018	Unknown Worlds Entertainment	Unknown Worlds Entertainment	As of January 2020, discounting free copies from promotional offers^[182]
The Binding of Isaac	5	2011	Edmund McMillen/Nicalis	Edmund McMillen/Nicalis	Includes both the Flash-based version (which sold 3 million alone as of July 2014) and .^[183]
Papers, Please	5	2013	3909 LLC	3909 LLC	As of August 2023^[184]
Slime Rancher	5	2017	Monomi Park	Monomi Park	As of January 2022^[185]
Beat Saber	4	2019	Beat Games	Beat Games	As of February 2021^[186]
Hotline Miami	4	2012	Dennaton Games	Devolver Digital	As of April 2023, only includes sales for the Steam version.^[187]
Risk of Rain 2	4	2020	Hopoo Games	Gearbox Publishing	As of March 2021, only includes sales for Steam version.^[188]
Factorio	3.5	2020	Wube Software	Wube Software	As of December 2022, includes sales during early access since February 2016.^[189]
Cult of the Lamb	3.5	2022	Massive Monster	Devolver Digital	As of January 2024^[190]
Among Us	3.2	2018	Innersloth	Innersloth	As of December 2020, only includes sales for Nintendo Switch version. Game is sold on other platforms but also available as a free app for mobile platforms.^[191]
Bastion	3	2011	Supergiant Games	Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment/Supergiant Games	As of January 2015^[192]
Deep Rock Galactic	3	2020	Ghost Ship Games	Coffee Stain Publishing	As of November 2021^[193]
Enter the Gungeon	3	2016	Dodge Roll	Devolver Digital	As of January 2020^[194]
Limbo	3	2010	Playdead	Playdead	As of June 2013^[195]
Risk of Rain	3	2013	Hopoo Games	Chucklefish	As of April 2019^[196]
Hollow Knight	2.8	2017	Team Cherry	Team Cherry	As of February 2019^[197]
Shovel Knight	2.6	2014	Yacht Club Games	Yacht Club Games	As of September 2019^[198]
Goat Simulator	2.5	2014	Coffee Stain Studios	Coffee Stain Studios	As of January 2015^[199]
Darkest Dungeon	2	2016	Red Hook Studios	Red Hook Studios	As of April 2020^[200]
Manor Lords	2	2024	Slavic Magic	Hooded Horse	As of May 2024, achieved within three weeks of early access^[201] ^[202]
Superhot	2	2016	Superhot Team	Superhot Team	As of May 2019^[203]
Super Meat Boy	2	2010	Team Meat	Team Meat	As of April 2014^[204]
BattleBit Remastered	1.8	2023	SgtOkiDoki, Vilaskis, and TheLiquidHorse	SgtOkiDoki	As of July 2023^[205]
Dyson Sphere Program	1.7	2021	Youthcat Studio	Gamera Game	As of September 2021, still in early access^[206]
Slay the Spire	1.5	2017	MegaCrit	Humble Bundle	As of March 2019^[207]
	1.5	2011	Superbrothers, Capybara Games	Capybara Games	As of July 2013^[208]
	1.4	2010	Frictional Games	Frictional Games	As of September 2012^[209]
Magicka	1.3	2011	Arrowhead Game Studios	Paradox Interactive	As of January 2012^[210]
Teardown	1.1	2022	Tuxedo Labs	Tuxedo Labs	As of March 2023^[211]
Balatro	1	2024	LocalThunk	Playstack	As of March 2024.^[212]
Brotato	1	2023	Blobfish	Blobfish	As of March 2023, which includes sales during early access in 2022.^[213]
Buckshot Roulette	1	2024	Mike Klubnika	Critical Reflex	As of April 2024^[214]
Celeste	1	2018	Extremely OK Games	Extremely OK Games	As of March 2020^[215]
Content Warning	1	2024	Skog, Zorro, Wilnyl, Philip, thePetHen	Landfall Games	As of April 2024, does not include 6.6 million units claimed during the game's free launch^[216]
Core Keeper	1	2022	Pugstorm	Fireshine Games	As of July 2022^[217]
Dave the Diver	1	2023	Mintocket	Nexon	As of July 2023^[218]
	1	2024	Funday Games	Ghost Ship Publishing	As of March 2024^[219]
Dredge	1	2023	Black Salt Games	Team17	As of October 2023^[220]
	1	2012	Humble Hearts	Microsoft Studios	As of March 2014^[221]
Fez	1	2012	Polytron Corporation	Trapdoor	As of January 2014^[222]
Firewatch	1	2016	Campo Santo	Panic Inc.	As of January 2017^[223]
Gris	1	2018	Nomada Studio	Devolver Digital	As of April 2020^[224]
Hades	1	2020	Supergiant Games	Supergiant Games	As of September 2020. Includes 700,000 sales during an early access period^[225]
Inscryption	1	2021	Daniel Mullins Games	Devolver Digital	As of January 2022^[226]
Loop Hero	1	2021	Four Quarters	Devolver Digital	As of December 2021^[227]
Moonlighter	1	2018	Digital Sun	11 Bit Studios	As of June 2020^[228]
Omori	1	2020	Omocat	Omocat	As of December 2022^[229]
Pizza Tower	1	2023	Tour De Pizza		As of January 2024.^[230]
Rimworld	1	2018	Ludeon Studios	Ludeon Studios	As of August 2020^[231]
Sifu	1	2022	Sloclap	Sloclap	As of March 2022.^[232]
Spiritfarer	1	2020	Thunder Lotus Games	Thunder Lotus Games	As of December 2021^[233]
	1	2021	SouthPAW Games	NEOWIZ	As of January 2022^[234]
Thomas Was Alone	1	2012	Mike Bithell	Mike Bithell	As of April 2014^[235]
Timberborn	1	2021	Mechanistry	Mechanistry	As of September 2023^[236]
Transistor	1	2014	Supergiant Games	Supergiant Games	As of December 2015^[237]
Undertale	1	2015	Toby Fox	Toby Fox	As of October 2018^[238]
Unpacking	1	2021	Witch Beam	Humble Games	As of November 2022^[239]
Untitled Goose Game	1	2019	House House	Panic Inc.	As of December 2019^[240]

References

Literature

• Book: Bates, Bob . Game Design . 2004 . 2nd . Thomson Course Technology . 1-59200-493-8 . Bob Bates .
• Book: Bethke, Erik . Game development and production . Erik Bethke . Wordware Publishing . 2003 . Texas . 1-55622-951-8 .
• Book: Chandler, Heather Maxwell . The Game Production Handbook . 2nd . Infinity Science Press . Hingham, Massachusetts . 2009 . 978-1-934015-40-7 .
• Book: Game design workshop: a playcentric approach to creating innovative games . Tracy . Fullerton . Tracy Fullerton . Christopher . Swain . Steven . Hoffman . https://books.google.com/books?id=OjIYWtqWxtAC&q=%22Indie+Game+Jam%22&pg=PA405 . 978-0-240-80974-8 . . 2nd . Indie Game Jam: An outlet for Innovation and Experimental Game Design . . 2008 . 2020-10-18 . 2024-01-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240122164432/https://books.google.com/books?id=OjIYWtqWxtAC&q=%22Indie+Game+Jam%22&pg=PA405#v=snippet&q=%22Indie%20Game%20Jam%22&f=false . live .
• Book: End-to-End Game Development: Creating Independent Serious Games and Simulations from Start to Finish . registration . Nick . Iuppa . Terry . Borst . 2009 . Focal Press . 978-0-240-81179-6 .
• Book: Creating Games: Mechanics, Content, and Technology . Morgan . McGuire . Odest Chadwicke . Jenkins . A K Peters . Wellesley, Massachusetts . 2009 . 978-1-56881-305-9 .
• Book: Game Industry Career Guide . Moore . Michael E. . Novak . Jeannie . 2010 . Cengage Learning . Delmar . 978-1-4283-7647-2 .
• Book: Game Design: Principles, Practice, and Techniques - The Ultimate Guide for the Aspiring Game Designer . Jim . Thompson . Barnaby . Berbank-Green . Nic . Cusworth . 978-0-471-96894-8 . Wiley . 2007 . 2020-10-18 . 2024-01-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240122164413/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zyh4HXuHTPMC&q=%22Indie+Game+Jam%22&pg=PA83#v=snippet&q=%22Indie%20Game%20Jam%22&f=false . live .

External links

• The Creativity of Indie Video Games Documentary produced by Off Book

Notes and References

1. Web site: What is Indie? . Fred . Dutton . 2012-04-18 . 2016-03-04 . . 2016-03-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307031114/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-04-16-what-is-indie . live .
2. Web site: What Exactly is an Indie Game? . Mike . Gnade . July 15, 2010 . The Indie Game Magazine . January 9, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130927182457/http://www.indiegamemag.com/what-is-an-indie-game/ . September 27, 2013 . dead.
3. Web site: The State of Indie Gaming . Juan . Gril . . April 30, 2008 . January 14, 2011 . December 7, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131207214919/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3640/the_state_of_indie_gaming.php . live .
4. Web site: Understanding "Independent" . Dan . MacDonald . May 3, 2005 . Game Tunnel . January 18, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090615003836/http://www.gametunnel.com/indie-innovation-article.php . June 15, 2009.
5. Web site: The 'Indie' Delusion: The Gaming Category that Doesn't Exist . Thomsen, Michael . January 25, 2011 . . December 4, 2012 . February 22, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140222083504/http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/01/26/the-indie-delusion-the-gaming-category-that-doesnt-exist . live .
6. Web site: The Rise of the Indie Developer . Laura . Parker . 2011-02-13 . 2016-03-04 . . 2016-03-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160321215506/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-rise-of-the-indie-developer/1100-6298425/ . live .
7. Web site: Opinion: 'Indie' Has Lost Its Meaning . Dan . Pearce . July 9, 2021 . July 23, 2021 . . July 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210712164919/https://www.ign.com/articles/opinion-indie-has-lost-all-meaning . live .
8. Web site: The State of Indie Gaming . . Juan . Gril . 2008-04-30 . 2016-03-04 . 2015-12-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151213140607/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/132041/the_state_of_indie_gaming.php? . live .

9. ; ;

10. Web site: Indie Innovation? . Russell . Carroll . June 14, 2004 . February 7, 2011 . GameTunnel . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090615003836/http://www.gametunnel.com/indie-innovation-article.php . June 15, 2009 .
11. Web site: Videogame Publishers Place Big Bets on Big-Budget Games . MARCELO PRINCE, PETER ROTH . 2004-12-21 . 2013-07-01 . . The jump in development and marketing costs has made the videogame industry "enormously risk averse,[...]Publishers have largely focused on making sequels to successful titles or games based on movie or comic book characters, which are seen as less risky. "We don't green light any more things that will be small or average size games.[...]" .

12. ; ;

13. Web site: The Rise of the Indie Developer . Parker, Laura . February 14, 2011 . . December 4, 2012 . November 8, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121108174237/http://www.gamespot.com/features/the-rise-of-the-indie-developer-6298425/ . live .
14. Web site: SXSW 2009: Being Indie and Successful in the Video Game Industry . March 17, 2009 . Kevin . Kelly . . February 4, 2011 . October 21, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121021004111/http://www.joystiq.com/2009/03/17/sxsw-2009-being-indie-and-successful-in-the-video-game-industry/ . live .
15. Web site: Indie game studios 'will always be more creative' . Rob . Crossley . May 19, 2009 . . January 18, 2011 . June 5, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090605212542/http://www.mcvuk.com/news/34326/Indie-game-studios-will-always-be-more-creative . live .
16. Web site: Why Supergiant ditched publishers for the release of Transistor – interview. Dave. Cook. VG247. May 13, 2014. April 26, 2016. September 8, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150908044808/http://www.vg247.com/2014/05/13/transistor-supergiant-interview-ps4-pc/. live.
17. Web site: Bastion developer talks indie publishing . Herny . Winchester . November 14, 2011 . August 26, 2015 . . September 24, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145720/http://www.pcgamer.com/bastion-developer-talks-indie-publishing/ . live .
18. Web site: Traveling through time with 'Braid' creator Jonathan Blow . . . Jessica . Conditt . January 21, 2016 . January 21, 2016 . January 21, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160121193259/http://www.engadget.com/2016/01/21/traveling-through-time-with-braid-creator-jonathan-blow/ . live .
19. No Man's Sky director: 'everything is to the wire, we work all night' . Matt . Kamen . 2016-03-04 . 2016-03-04 . . 2016-03-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305112500/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2016-03/04/no-mans-sky-sean-murray-interview . live .
20. Web site: Dave the Diver, a chill RPG about fishing and sushi, is one of 2023's biggest Steam success stories . Hirun . Cyrer . June 30, 2023 . November 14, 2023 . . July 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230711073918/https://www.gamesradar.com/dave-the-diver-a-chill-rpg-about-fishing-and-sushi-is-one-of-2023s-biggest-steam-success-stories/ . live .
21. Web site: Indie RPG and sushi restaurant sim Dave the Diver reaches 1m sales . Liv . Ngan . July 11, 2023 . November 14, 2023 . . July 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230718124815/https://www.eurogamer.net/indie-rpg-and-sushi-restaurant-sim-dave-the-diver-reaches-1m-sales . live .
22. Web site: The Game Awards 2023 Nominations: Alan Wake 2, Baldur's Gate 3 Lead the Pack With Eight Noms Each . Todd . Spangler . November 13, 2023 . November 14, 2023 . . November 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113173426/https://variety.com/2023/gaming/news/game-awards-2023-nominations-alan-wake-baldurs-gate-full-list-1235787390/ . live .
23. Web site: The Game Awards Nominees Reveal The Event's Biggest Blind Spot . Rowe . Willa . . . November 14, 2023 . November 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231114233123/https://www.inverse.com/gaming/game-awards-2023-nomination-snubs-and-surprises . November 14, 2023 . live .
24. Web site: Keighley weighs in on debate over Dave the Diver qualifying for Best Indie Game . 27 November 2023 . 27 November 2023 . 27 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231127151105/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/keighley-weighs-in-on-debate-over-dave-the-diver-qualifying-for-best-indie-game/ . live .
25. Web site: GDC: The Future of Indie Games . Vince . Diamante . March 7, 2007 . . January 18, 2011 . December 7, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131207214402/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=13027 . live .
26. Web site: Q&A: Independent Game Creators On Importance Of Indie Movement . Gamasutra staff . . October 4, 2007 . February 25, 2011 . December 7, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131207213309/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/15743/QA_Independent_Game_Creators_On_Importance_Of_Indie_Movement.php . live .
27. Web site: Is indie gaming the future? . Richard . Cobbett . September 19, 2010 . . 1 . February 24, 2011 . December 23, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101223080159/http://www.techradar.com/news/gaming/is-indie-gaming-the-future--716500 . live .
28. Web site: Indie Game Developers Rise Up . Mary Jane . Irwin . November 20, 2008 . . January 10, 2011 . May 17, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190517132942/https://www.forbes.com/2008/11/20/games-indie-developers-tech-ebiz-cx_mji_1120indiegames.html . live .
29. Web site: GDC: Analyzing Innovation in Indie Games . Diamante, Vincent . March 6, 2007 . . December 4, 2012 . December 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171205194620/https://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=12995 . live .
30. Web site: What Does It Really Mean to Be an Indie Game? . Cameron . Kunzelman . January 15, 2020 . January 15, 2020 . . January 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200115161838/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/epgnjn/jesper-juul-handmade-pixels-review . live .
31. Web site: The 5 Myths of the Indiepocalypse . Ryan . Clark . September 8, 2015 . December 14, 2017 . . December 15, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053846/https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/RyanClark/20150908/253087/The_5_Myths_of_the_Indiepocalypse.php . live .
32. Web site: How Itch.io became an indie PC game haven—and Steam's antithesis . Jared . Newman . March 31, 2017 . December 14, 2017 . . February 26, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180226181347/https://www.pcworld.com/article/3184388/gaming/how-itchio-became-an-indie-pc-game-havenand-steams-antithesis.html . live .
33. Styhre . Alexander . Björn . Remneland-Wikhamn . The video game as agencement and the image of new gaming experiences: the work of indie video game developers . Culture and Organization . 2021 . 1–14 .
34. Book: End-to-End Game Development: Creating Independent Serious Games and Simulations from Start to Finish . Nick . Iuppa . Terry . Borst . Chris . Simpson . . 2012 . 10 .
35. Indie Game: The Movie: The Paper – Documentary Films and the Subfield of Independent Games . Milan . Jacevic . Proceedings of DiGRA 2018 . 2018 .
36. Web site: From shareware superstars to the Steam gold rush: How indie conquered the PC . Richard . Cobbett . September 22, 2017 . September 25, 2017 . . September 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210909121952/https://www.pcgamer.com/from-shareware-superstars-to-the-steam-gold-rush-how-indie-conquered-the-pc/ . live .
37. Indie Game Studies Year Eleven . Felan . Parker . Proceedings of DiGRA 2013: DeFragging Game Studies . 2013 . .
38. News: Rediscovering History's Lost First Female Video Game Designer . Edwards . Benj . 2017-10-27 . Fast Company . 2017-10-27 . en-US . 2017-11-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171109090030/https://www.fastcodesign.com/90147592/rediscovering-historys-lost-first-female-video-game-designer . live .
39. Harry . McCracken . Fifty Years of BASIC, the Programming Language That Made Computers Personal . . April 29, 2014 . August 24, 2020 . February 5, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160205214236/http://time.com/69316/basic/ . live .
40. News: Introducing the Atari Program Exchange . Atari Program Exchange Software Catalog . Summer 1981 . Nov 7, 2020 . 1–2.
41. Web site: Death of the bedroom coder . 24 January 2004 . 30 September 2019 . . 30 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190930161504/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2004/jan/24/games.gameswatch . live .
42. Industry evolution and cross-sectoral skill transfers: a comparative analysis of the video game industry in Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom . Hiro . Izushi . Yuko . Aoyama . 2006 . Environment and Planning A . 38 . 10 . 1843–1861 . 10.1068/a37205 . 2006EnPlA..38.1843I . 143373406 .
43. Sinclair ZX80 and the Dawn of 'Surreal' U.K. Game Industry . Chris . Baker . 6 August 2010 . 30 September 2019 . . 26 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190726200228/https://www.wired.com/2010/06/sinclair-zx80/ . live .
44. Web site: Manic Miner 360: Revisiting a Classic . Christian . Donlan . 26 July 2012 . 30 September 2019 . . 30 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190930161504/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-07-26-manic-miner-360-revisiting-a-classic . live .
45. Web site: Videogame Publishers Place Big Bets on Big-Budget Games . MARCELO PRINCE, PETER ROTH . 2004-12-21 . 2013-07-01 . The Wall Street Journal Online . The jump in development and marketing costs has made the videogame industry "enormously risk averse,[...]Publishers have largely focused on making sequels to successful titles or games based on movie or comic book characters, which are seen as less risky. "We don't green light any more things that will be small or average size games.[...]" .
46. Web site: The indie explosion that's been going on for 30 years (give or take) . Jesper . Juul . November 15, 2019 . November 15, 2019 . . November 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191115155230/https://www.polygon.com/2019/11/15/20962788/indie-development-history-handmade-pixels . live .
47. Web site: Tracing the Sprawling Roots of Flash Preservation . Khee Hoon . Chan . March 18, 2021 . March 18, 2021 . . August 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210807112623/https://www.vice.com/en/article/wx8y5y/tracing-the-sprawling-roots-of-flash-preservation . live .
48. Web site: PC Gaming: Doomed? or zDoomed? - Some of the most rewarding PC games out there were built by indie developers using open source code . Michael . Blake . June 22, 2011 . September 25, 2017 . . February 21, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140221222302/http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/06/23/pc-gaming-doomed-or-zdoomed . live .
49. Web site: March Of The Indies: The Punk Rockers Of Video Games . Steve . Mullis . November 4, 2013 . July 18, 2021 . . July 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210718171757/https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2013/11/04/243036458/march-of-the-indies-the-punk-rockers-of-video-games . live .
50. Web site: The Independent Game Development Boom: Interview with Stephanie Barish, CEO of IndieCade . October 22, 2014 . October 15, 2019 . . October 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191015185903/https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/indie-game-development-interview-with-stephanie-barish/ . live .
51. Web site: Cost headache for game developers . Yo . Takatsuki . December 27, 2007 . August 31, 2020 . . July 4, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200704085326/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7151961.stm . live .
52. Web site: Can D.I.Y. Supplant the First-Person Shooter? . Joshuah . Bearman . November 13, 2009 . January 20, 2020 . . December 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191223080126/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/magazine/15videogames-t.html . live .
53. Web site: How the World of Goo became one of the indie video game hits of 2008 . Sahana . Mysore . January 2, 2009 . January 29, 2020 . . September 12, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190912091610/https://venturebeat.com/2009/01/02/the-world-of-goo-became-one-of-the-indie-hits-of-2008/ . live .
54. Web site: Carter . Chase . 2022-12-13 . Tabletop games have made over $1.5 billion on Kickstarter . 2024-10-02 . Dicebreaker . en.
55. Web site: Arndt . Dan . 2023-03-01 . Zine Quest and Zine Month took tabletop RPGs in weird new directions . 2024-10-02 . Polygon . en-US.
56. Web site: How indies made an impact on a generation of game consoles . Mike . Rose . November 19, 2013 . August 26, 2020 . . October 1, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201001165141/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/205136/how_indies_made_an_impact_on_a_.php . live .
57. Web site: Can D.I.Y. Supplant the First-Person Shooter? . . Joshuah . Bearman . November 15, 2009 . September 23, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150906121102/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/magazine/15videogames-t.html?pagewanted=all . September 6, 2015 . live .
58. Web site: How Fez's first-day sales compare to Braid, Limbo, and other XBLA hits . Jeff . Grubb . February 14, 2012 . October 15, 2019 . . August 9, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140809194302/http://venturebeat.com/2012/04/14/fez-20000-units-sold-on-first-day/ . live .
59. Web site: Xbox's 'Braid' A Surprise Hit, For Surprising Reasons . Heather . Chaplin . August 27, 2008 . NPR . February 4, 2011 . March 27, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190327210204/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94025221 . live .
60. Web site: Indie game publishers are the new indie rock labels . Andrew . Webster . April 4, 2018 . April 4, 2018 . . April 4, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180404204758/https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/4/17199388/indie-game-publishers-double-fine-annapurna-devolver-skybound . live .
61. Web site: 2021-04-23 . Archive - 13th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards . 2022-06-29 . Game Developers Choice Awards . en-US . 2022-06-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220623151337/https://gamechoiceawards.com/archive/gdca_13th . live .
62. Web site: Awards Category Details . 2022-06-29 . www.interactive.org . 2022-04-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141043/https://www.interactive.org/awards/award_category_details.asp?idAward=2013&idGameAwardType=65 . live .
63. Web site: Faber . Tom . July 15, 2019 . Cats, cancer and mental breakdown: the unexpected joys of indie games . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190919095544/https://www.ft.com/content/5b36fe2c-a6e3-11e9-90e9-fc4b9d9528b4 . September 19, 2019 . October 1, 2019 . Financial Times.
64. News: 2023-10-16 . Minecraft becomes first video game to hit 300m sales . 2024-07-15 . en-GB.
65. Web site: Plunkett . Luke . January 4, 2011 . Why Minecraft Is So Damn Popular . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110109012135/http://kotaku.com/5724989/why-minecraft-is-so-damn-popular . January 9, 2011 . February 4, 2011 . Kotaku.
66. Web site: Molina . Brett . 15 September 2014 . Microsoft to acquire 'Minecraft' maker Mojang for $2.5B . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170907123208/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/gaming/2014/09/15/microsoft-minecraft/15658383/ . 7 September 2017 . 5 September 2017 . USA Today.
67. Web site: Sirani . Jordan . 2024-07-11 . The 10 Best-Selling Video Games of All Time . 2024-07-15 . IGN . en.
68. Web site: Ostler . Anne-Marie . 2022-08-30 . Terraria might be the best-reviewed Steam game ever, with over a million reviews and a 97% positive rating . 2024-07-15 . gamesradar . en.
69. Web site: Gordon . Lewis . 2022-10-25 . Ten Years Later, Hotline Miami Remains a Queasy, Ultraviolent Classic . 2024-07-15 . The Ringer . en.
70. Web site: Matar . Joe . June 26, 2019 . Shovel Knight: An Indie Masterpiece . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211201101819/https://www.denofgeek.com/games/shovel-knight-an-indie-masterpiece/ . December 1, 2021 . September 14, 2021 . Den of Geek.
71. Book: Brey . Betsy . Indie Games in the Digital Age . Clarke . M.J. . Wang . Cynthia . . 2020 . 978-1501356438 . 74.
72. Web site: Argüello . Diego Nicolás . 2022-10-26 . Hotline Miami's ultra-violence has influenced games for a decade . 2024-07-15 . The Verge . en.
73. Web site: Corcoran . Nina . 2023-03-08 . Hotline Miami and the Rise of Techno in Ultra-Violent Video Games . 2024-07-15 . Pitchfork . en-US.
74. Web site: In-depth: Yacht Club gets transparent with sales numbers . 2024-07-15 . www.gamedeveloper.com . en.
75. Web site: Wright . Steven . September 28, 2018 . There are too many video games. What now? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191024233035/https://www.polygon.com/2018/9/28/17911372/there-are-too-many-video-games-what-now-indiepocalypse . October 24, 2019 . October 15, 2019 . Polygon.
76. Web site: The 5 trends that defined the game industry in 2015 . Kris . Graft . December 10, 2015 . December 10, 2015 . . December 11, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151211042124/http://gamasutra.com/view/news/261462/The_5_trends_that_defined_the_game_industry_in_2015.php . live .
77. Web site: Devs share real talk about surviving the latest 'indiepocalypse' . Alex . Wawro . March 15, 2016 . March 15, 2016 . . August 19, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170819152007/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/268134/Devs_share_real_talk_about_surviving_the_latest_indiepocalypse.php . live .
78. Web site: Every year has been better than the last. Thriving is the best way to put it. . Dan . Pearson . . April 13, 2016 . April 13, 2016 . April 16, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160416022145/http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016-04-13-devolver-indiepocalypse-what-indiepocalypse . live .
79. Web site: The 5 trends that defined the game industry in 2016 . Kris . Graft . December 13, 2016 . December 13, 2016 . . December 14, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161214172243/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/287485/The_5_trends_that_defined_the_game_industry_in_2016.php . live .
80. Web site: Bycer . Josh . October 15, 2019 . The Problem of the Indie Game Pedestal . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20191014211441/https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/JoshBycer/20191014/352119/The_Problem_of_the_Indie_Game_Pedestal.php . October 14, 2019 . October 15, 2019 . Gamasutra.
81. One Year Later, No Man's Sky—And Its Evolution—Is Worth Exploring . Julie . Muncy . 15 August 2017 . 17 August 2017 . . 18 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170818011719/https://www.wired.com/story/no-mans-sky-one-year-later/ . live .
82. Web site: Indies on Steam are betting on discoverability . Rebekah . Valentine . July 19, 2019 . October 15, 2019 . . October 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191004155944/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2019-07-19-steam-indies-and-betting-on-discoverability . live .
83. Web site: 'Good' isn't good enough - releasing an indie game in 2015 . Daniel . West . September 8, 2015 . October 15, 2019 . . October 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191015190657/https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/DanielWest/20150908/253040/Good_isnt_good_enough__releasing_an_indie_game_in_2015.php . live .
84. Web site: How it feels to release an indie game in 2019 . Xalavier Jr. . Nelson . March 12, 2019 . October 15, 2019 . . February 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200227050031/https://www.polygon.com/2019/3/12/18256052/indie-game-release-steam . live .
85. Web site: Diaz . Ana . October 17, 2020 . Make Love, Not War: Five Years Of 'Undertale' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201018051829/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/17/924581553/make-love-not-war-five-years-of-undertale . October 18, 2020 . 2023-11-12 . NPR.
86. Web site: Walker . Alex . 2018-07-05 . Hollow Knight Has Sold More Than 1 Million Copies On PC . https://web.archive.org/web/20180705034951/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2018/07/hollow-knight-has-sold-more-than-1-million-copies-on-pc/ . dead . July 5, 2018 . 2024-03-27 . Kotaku Australia . en-AU.
87. Web site: Grubb . Jeff . September 30, 2019 . Cuphead surpasses 5 million copies sold . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200116144643/https://venturebeat.com/2019/09/30/cuphead-surpasses-5-million-copies-sold/ . January 16, 2020 . January 28, 2020 . Venture Beat.
88. Possibilities of Non-Commercial Games: The Case of Amateur Role Playing Games Designers in Japan . Kenji . Ito . Proceedings of DiGRA 2005 Conference: Changing Views – Worlds in Play . 2005 . .
89. Web site: Dōjin nation: does 'indie' gaming really exist in Japan? . Cara . Ellison . October 1, 2014 . February 1, 2020 . . February 1, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200201155841/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/01/dojin-nation-indie-gaming-japan . live .
90. Web site: The story of the Touhou sensation. PCGamer. PC Gamer. 17 July 2021. 24 November 2014. 17 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210717025315/https://www.pcgamer.com/uk/the-story-behind-the-touhou-sensation/. live.
91. Web site: 『UNDERTALE』トビー・フォックス×『東方』ZUN×Onion Games木村祥朗鼎談──自分が幸せでいられる道を進んだらこうなった──同人の魂、インディーの自由を大いに語る. 21 July 2021. 19 October 2018. Japanese. 4 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210504133203/https://news.denfaminicogamer.jp/interview/181019. live.
92. Web site: Indie Game Developers Revive Platformers . Will . Greenwald . April 12, 2013 . March 14, 2015 . . live . http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150315014115/https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2417667,00.asp . March 15, 2015 .
93. Web site: The undying allure of the Metroidvania . Christian . Nutt . February 13, 2015 . February 13, 2015 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150512033009/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/236410/The_undying_allure_of_the_Metroidvania.php . May 12, 2015 .
94. Web site: Opinion: Comic Market And Indie Games In Japan . Ben . Carter . August 11, 2011 . February 1, 2020 . . February 1, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200201155837/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/126610/Opinion_Comic_Market_And_Indie_Games_In_Japan.php . live .
95. News: Steam's First Indie JRPG Is a Hit . Tom . Goldman . . 2010-10-01 . 2010-12-21 . 2010-10-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101004155454/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/103956-Steams-First-Indie-JRPG-Is-a-Hit . dead .
96. Fiadotau. Mikhail. 2017. Indie and dōjin games: a cross-cultural comparison. Proceedings of the Digital Games Research Association 2017 Conference (DiGRA'17). en. 1–2. Academia.edu. 2020-03-24. 2022-02-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20220210170929/https://www.academia.edu/35666898. live.
97. Indie and Dōjin Games: A Multilayered Cross-Cultural Comparison . Mikhail . Fiadotau . Gamevironments . 10 . 2019 . 34–84 . February 1, 2020 . February 1, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200201163457/http://elib.suub.uni-bremen.de/edocs/00107541-1.pdf . dead .
98. Web site: The 14 Best Games Developed By Only One Person . Jordan . Ramée . July 28, 2018 . January 28, 2020 . . January 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200128221431/https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/the-14-best-games-developed-by-only-one-person/2900-2172/6/ . live .
99. Web site: Indie Game Makers Open Up About The Money They Actually Make . Lewis . Gordon . October 9, 2019 . January 28, 2020 . . February 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210208104911/https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/9/20903139/indie-game-developers-creators-money-funding . live .
100. Web site: And Yet It Moves To WiiWare . https://web.archive.org/web/20091025191827/http://wii.ign.com/articles/103/1037884p1.html . dead . October 25, 2009 . Casamassina, Matt . . October 22, 2009.
101. Web site: Coding and coexisting in the corral: How Octodad's team manages living and working together. Andrew. Hayward. Joystiq. 2012-10-12. 2015-06-13. 2024-01-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20240122164427/https://www.engadget.com/2012-10-01-coding-and-coexisting-in-the-corral-how-octodads-team-manages.html. live.
102. Web site: Risk of Rain hands-on: Retro agoraphobia . Dave . Tach . August 23, 2013 . January 23, 2014 . . January 23, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140123021742/http://www.polygon.com/2013/8/28/4664064/risk-of-rain-hands-on-impf . live .
103. Web site: Road to the IGF: Alex Beachum's Outer Wilds . Cameron . Phill . January 27, 2015 . . . March 11, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091355/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/235008/Road_to_the_IGF_Alex_Beachums_Outer_Wilds.php . April 2, 2015 . live .
104. Web site: Vlambeer: Just making games is the key to becoming successful . Samit . Sarkar . 14 February 2014 . 30 January 2018 . . 31 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180131024112/https://www.polygon.com/2014/2/14/5412752/vlambeer-rami-ismail-indiecade-east-2014-keynote-just-making-games . live .
105. Web site: Kickstart to Lightspeed – An FTL Interview . CjnLion . May 10, 2012 . September 20, 2012 . . October 17, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121017204604/http://www.destructoid.com/blogs/CjnLion/kickstart-to-lightspeed-an-ftl-interview-227284.phtml . live .
106. The Making Of: Papers, Please . Edge Staff . January 20, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140122052214/http://www.edge-online.com/features/the-making-of-papers-please/ . January 22, 2014 . Edge.
107. Web site: Road to the IGF: Red Hook Studios' Darkest Dungeon . . February 8, 2016 . February 8, 2016 . Kris . Graft . February 12, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160212001929/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/265011/Road_to_the_IGF_Red_Hook_Studios_Darkest_Dungeon.php . live .
108. Web site: Meet Me In Portland: The Fullbright Company's Journey Home . Mike . Mahardy . 13 August 2013 . 16 August 2018 . . 17 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023027/https://www.polygon.com/features/2013/8/13/4568900/the-fullbright-company-gone-home . live .
109. The Independent Production of Culture: A Digital Games Case Study . Chase Bowen . Martin . Mark . Deuze . . 4 . 3 . July 2009 . 276–295 . 10.1177/1555412009339732 . 8568117 .
110. Web site: Opinion: Amateur vs Indie Games - The War? . Andrew . Doull . February 6, 2008 . August 31, 2020 . . April 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210418114925/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/108183/Opinion_Amateur_vs_Indie_Games__The_War.php . live .
111. Web site: "A Higher Standard" — Game Designer Jonathan Blow Challenges Super Mario's Gold Coins, "Unethical" MMO Design And Everything Else You May Hold Dear About Video Games . MTV . Stephen . Totilo . August 8, 2007 . February 19, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100316214832/http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2007/08/08/a-higher-standard-game-designer-jonathan-blow-challenges-super-marios-gold-coins-unethical-mmo-design-and-everything-else-you-may-hold-dear-about-video-games/ . March 16, 2010 . mdy-all .
112. Web site: Postmortem: Team Meat's Super Meat Boy . 1 . . 2011-04-14 . 2011-04-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110507070140/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/6348/postmortem_team_meats_super_meat_.php . 2011-05-07 . live . McMillen . Edmund . Refenes . Tommy . Edmund McMillen . Tommy Refenes .
113. Adams . Tarn . Tarn Adams . Josh Harris . 27 February 2008 . Interview: The Making Of Dwarf Fortress . Gamasutra . https://web.archive.org/web/20131112052256/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/131954/interview_the_making_of_dwarf_.php?print=1 . 2013-11-12 . live . 17 April 2014.
114. Web site: INTERVIEW: TOBY FOX OF UNDERTALE . Feeld . Julian . Existential Gamer . Feeld . October 9, 2015 . January 20, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160122152103/http://existentialgamer.com/interview-toby-fox-of-undertale . January 22, 2016 . dead .
115. Web site: Tips for working with a game art outsourcing studio and avoiding the typical roadblocks on the way . Tom . Safarov . December 12, 2019 . August 28, 2020 . . April 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210418111721/https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/TomSafarov/20191212/355578/Tips_for_working_with_a_game_art_outsourcing_studio_and_avoiding_the_typical_roadblocks_on_the_way.php . live .
116. Is Every Indie Game Independent? Towards the Concept of Independent Game. Maria B. . Garda . Paweł . Grabarczyk . Game Studies . 16 . 1 . October 2016 . 1604-7982 .
117. Examining Indie's Independence: The Meaning of "Indie" Games, the Politics of Production, and Mainstream Co-optation . Nadav . Lipkin . The Journal of the Canadian Game Studies Association . 7 . 11 . 8–24. December 31, 2012 .
118. Web site: On the relevance of the Godot Engine in the indie game development industry . 2024-07-30 . arxiv.org.
119. Web site: Homebrew (Concept) . 2024-07-30 . Giant Bomb . en.
120. Web site: How certification requirements are holding back console gaming . Kyle . Orland . 23 July 2012 . . 24 August 2020 . 13 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201013002650/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2012/07/how-certification-requirements-are-holding-back-console-gaming/ . live .
121. Web site: Boutique publishers are the future of the indie games market . Graham . Smith . March 5, 2018 . August 26, 2020 . . August 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200816212853/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-03-05-boutique-publishers-are-the-future-of-indie-games-market . live .
122. Web site: Searching for gold: how to fund your indie video game . Thompson, Michael . January 18, 2010 . . December 4, 2012 . December 10, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171210015828/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2010/01/searching-for-gold-the-challenge-of-indie-game-funding/ . live .
123. Web site: The Basic Marketing Plan For Indie Games . Hietalahti, Juuso . May 19, 2006 . . December 4, 2012 . January 2, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192103/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/2695/the_basic_marketing_plan_for_indie_.php . live .
124. Web site: Nine Paths To Indie Game Greatness . Marsh, David . February 26, 2008 . . December 4, 2012 . January 2, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192239/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/131952/nine_paths_to_indie_game_greatness.php . live .
125. Web site: How do I get funding for my indie game company? . Zachary . Strebeck . August 21, 2015 . August 24, 2020 . . August 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200814002846/https://gamasutra.com/blogs/ZacharyStrebeck/20150821/250809/How_do_I_get_funding_for_my_indie_game_company.php . live .
126. Web site: The Changing Face of Video Game Crowdfunding . Michael . Futter . March 18, 2019 . August 24, 2020 . . June 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624164054/https://variety.com/2019/gaming/columns/the-changing-face-of-video-game-crowdfunding-1203165542/ . live .
127. Web site: 7 successful Early Access games that all developers should study . Holly . Green . June 24, 2016 . August 24, 2020 . . August 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200803070526/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/275719/7_successful_Early_Access_games_that_all_developers_should_study.php . live .
128. Web site: Minecraft Draws Over $33 Million In Revenue From 1.8M Paying Customers . . April 6, 2011 . October 16, 2013 . Kyle . Orland . April 8, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063046/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/33961/Minecraft_Draws_Over_33_Million_In_Revenue_From_18M_Paying_Customers.php . live .
129. Web site: How Public Arts Funding Helps Developers Make Unique, More Diverse Games . Ana . Diaz . May 13, 2020 . August 24, 2020 . . September 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200916091758/https://www.theverge.com/21256048/public-arts-funding-games-untitled-goose-game-mutazione . live .
130. Leavitt. Alex. Horbinski. Andrea. 2012-06-15. Even a monkey can understand fan activism: Political speech, artistic expression, and a public for the Japanese dōjin community. Transformative Works and Cultures. en. 10. 10.3983/twc.2012.0321. 1941-2258. free. 2021-07-21. 2021-07-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120119/https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/321. live.
131. Web site: Green. Scott. Top Doujinshi Events Most Popular By The Numbers. Crunchyroll. 28 December 2016. 10 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140110091145/http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2013/11/01-1/top-doujinshi-events-most-popular-by-the-numbers. live.
132. Web site: Green. Scott. With Slight Movement, "KanColle," "Touhou" And "Touken Ranbu" Continue To Dominate Comiket Doujinshi. Crunchyroll. 28 December 2016. 10 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221110164242/http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/08/09/with-slight-movement-kancolle-touhou-and-touken-ranbu-continue-to-dominate-comiket-doujinshi. dead.
133. Web site: The Story of Shareware, the Original In-App Purchase . Ernie . Smith . November 1, 2016 . August 26, 2020 . . October 21, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191021172602/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/bmv3z3/the-story-of-shareware-the-original-in-app-purchase . live .
134. Web site: End of days: GameSpy's forgotten games and the gamers keeping them alive . Ian . Brinbaum . May 30, 2014 . August 26, 2020 . . June 24, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200624055448/https://www.pcgamer.com/end-of-days-gamespys-forgotten-games-and-the-gamers-keeping-them-alive/ . live .
135. Web site: Valve Changes Online Gaming Rules . Loyd . Case . . March 22, 2002 . February 14, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160302232150/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,41291,00.asp . March 2, 2016.
136. Web site: PC game storefronts compared: what you need to know about retailers and resellers . Wes . Fenlon . Tyler . Wilde . July 12, 2019 . August 26, 2020 . . July 7, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200707033943/https://www.pcgamer.com/pc-game-storefronts-compared-what-you-need-to-know-about-retailers-and-resellers/ . live .
137. Web site: Examining the indie ins and outs of today's game distribution platforms . Liz . Henges . June 19, 2020 . August 26, 2020 . . August 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200816211820/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/363919/Examining_the_indie_ins_and_outs_of_todays_game_distribution_platforms.php . live .
138. Web site: Congratulations, Your First Indie Game is a Flop . Jan, Matej . June 27, 2012 . . December 4, 2012 . June 13, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180613062542/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/173068/congratulations_your_first_indie_.php?page=2 . live .
139. Web site: It's time we stopped encouraging indies . John . Warner . October 2, 2018 . August 28, 2020 . . August 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200814001708/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-10-02-its-time-we-stopped-encouraging-indies . live .
140. Web site: What causes indie games to fail? . Rob . Fahey . April 15, 2016 . August 27, 2020 . . November 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108100342/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016-04-15-what-causes-indie-games-to-fail . live .
141. Web site: Building Buzz for Indie Games . Paul . Taylor . August 26, 2009 . 1 . . February 24, 2011 . December 24, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110522/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/4117/building_buzz_for_indie_games.php . live .
142. Web site: The 'GDC 25' Chronicles: We Have (IGF) Video . Jason . Scott . December 22, 2010 . July 23, 2021 . . July 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210723234017/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/122675/The_GDC_25_Chronicles_We_Have_IGF_Video.php . live .
143. Web site: 11th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards. GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. 19 March 2016. 27 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130127063748/http://www.gamechoiceawards.com/archive/gdca_11th.html. live.
144. News: 2018-04-12 . What Remains of Edith Finch wins Bafta's top games award . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-06-29 . 2020-11-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025358/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-43744690 . live .
145. Web site: Barraclough . Leo . 2020-04-02 . 'Outer Wilds' Wins Best Game at BAFTA Games Awards . 2022-06-29 . Variety . en-US . 2022-05-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220529125419/https://variety.com/2020/digital/games/outer-wilds-bafta-games-awards-1234569647/ . live .
146. Web site: Beresford . Trilby . 2021-07-22 . 'Hades' Takes Top Honor at Game Developers Choice Awards . 2022-06-29 . The Hollywood Reporter . en-US . 2021-07-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210722022831/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/hades-game-developers-choice-awards-winners-list-1234983585/ . live .
147. Web site: Rosario . Alexandra Del . 2021-03-25 . BAFTA Games Awards: Supergiant Games' 'Hades' Takes Home Top Prize – Complete Winners List . 2022-06-29 . Deadline . en-US . 2021-03-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210326001145/https://deadline.com/2021/03/bafta-games-awards-2021-hades-takes-home-top-prize-complete-winners-list-1234721128/ . live .
148. Web site: Inscryption wins big at GDC and IGF Awards GDC 2022 . 2022-07-19 . GamesIndustry.biz . 24 March 2022 . en . 2022-04-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220415020139/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2022-03-24-inscryption-wins-big-at-gdc-and-igf-awards-gdc-2022 . live .
149. Web site: March 30, 2023 . 2023 BAFTA Games Awards: The Winners . March 30, 2023 . . April 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053434/https://www.bafta.org/games/awards/2023-nominations-winners . live .
150. Cultures of independent game production: Examining the relationship between community and labour . Orlando . Guevara-Villalobos . Proceedings of DiGRA 2011 Conference: Think Design Play. . 2011 .
151. Driving Indie Games From Margin to Center . Edge Staff . October 10, 2008 . . December 4, 2012 . January 2, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200225/http://www.edge-online.com/features/driving-indie-games-margin-center/ . live .
152. Megabooth: The cultural intermediation of indie games . Felan . Parker . Jennifer R . Whitson . Bart . Simon . New Media & Society . 20 . 5 . 1953–1972 . 2017 . 10.1177/1461444817711403 . 30581359 . 6256716 . free .
153. Web site: Technology Inspires Creativity: Indie Game Jam Inverts Dogma 2001! . Ernest W. . Adams . Ernest W. Adams . . May 31, 2002 . March 8, 2011 . November 12, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131112065031/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/2989/technology_inspires_creativity_.php . live .
154. Web site: Global Game Jam 2009: A Worldwide Report . Stephen . Jacobs . February 25, 2009 . . March 30, 2011 . November 1, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171101025603/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3943/global_game_jam_2009_a_worldwide_.php . live .
155. Goddard . William . Richard . Byrne . Florian Floyd . Mueller . Playful game jams: guidelines for designed outcomes . Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Interactive Entertainment . 1–10 . 2014 .
156. Web site: Crucial lessons from 7 game jam prototypes that went commercial . Bryant . Francis . August 25, 2017 . August 27, 2020 . . August 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200814021635/https://gamasutra.com/view/news/250332/Crucial_lessons_from_7_game_jam_prototypes_that_went_commercial.php . live .
157. Web site: 'Roguelikes': Getting to the heart of the it-genre . Christian . Nutt . May 21, 2014 . August 30, 2014 . . September 2, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140902094049/http://gamasutra.com/view/feature/218178/roguelikes_getting_to_the_heart_.php . live .
158. News: Why revealing all is the secret of Slay The Spire's success. Wiltshire. Alex. February 19, 2018. Rock Paper Shotgun. February 19, 2018. January 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210123071342/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/02/19/why-revealing-all-is-the-secret-of-slay-the-spires-success/. live.
159. Web site: Zimmerman . Aaron . October 20, 2022 . Vampire Survivors—a cheap, minimalistic indie game—is my game of the year . October 27, 2022 . . August 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230818153627/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2022/10/vampire-survivors-a-cheap-minimalistic-indie-game-is-my-game-of-the-year/ . live .
160. Web site: How Stardew Valley ushered in the farming sim renaissance . Noelle . Warner . September 20, 2022 . December 29, 2023 . . January 22, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240122164431/https://www.destructoid.com/how-stardew-valley-ushered-in-farming-simulators-renaissance/ . live .
161. Web site: Art Games - An Introduction . Ploug, Kristine . Artificial.dk . 2005-12-01 . 2012-11-15 . 2012-04-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120413025757/http://www.artificial.dk/articles/artgamesintro.htm . live .
162. Web site: Simon . Carless . Simon Carless . The Endless Play Of The Endless Forest . GameSetWatch . 6 November 2007 . August 31, 2020 . 13 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190113174115/http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2007/11/the_endless_play_of_the_endles.php . dead .
163. News: Built to last: the Minecraft model . . 10 October 2014 . 13 November 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141123074259/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/built-to-last-the-minecraft-model-9788669.html . 23 November 2014.
164. Web site: Minecraft still incredibly popular as sales top 200 million and 126 million play monthly . Tom . Warren . 18 May 2020 . 18 May 2020 . . 18 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200518192410/https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/18/21262045/minecraft-sales-monthly-players-statistics-youtube . live .
165. Web site: Loki . Terraria State of the Game - May 2022 . forums.terraria.org . 23 May 2022 . 29 May 2022 . 27 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220527111607/https://forums.terraria.org/index.php?threads%2Fterraria-state-of-the-game-may-2022.112582%2F . live .
166. Web site: Survival juggernaut Terraria has officially outsold Super Mario Bros - and its devs waited 2 years just to flex its latest sales milestone . 10 July 2024 .
167. Human: Fall Flat celebrates 30 million copies on 5th anniversary and announces new laboratory level. July 22, 2021. 2021-09-05. 2021-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20210724091254/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/385642/HUMAN_FALL_FLAT_CELEBRATES_30_MILLION_COPIES_ON_5TH_ANNIVERSARY_AND_ANNOUNCES_NEW_LABORATORY_LEVEL.php. live.
168. Web site: 27 February 2024 . Stardew Valley has sold 30 million copies, and its creator says it's "thriving more than ever" .
169. Web site: Orlowski . Donna . 2022-03-17 . A thank you to Stardew Valley . 2024-11-01 . Chucklefish . en-GB.
170. Web site: Castle Crashers Remastered will be released September 17 for Switch . Stephany . Nunneley . August 30, 2019 . September 14, 2021 . . September 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210914130006/https://www.vg247.com/castle-crashers-remastered-september-17-switch . live .
171. Web site: Prescott . Shaun . September 7, 2021 . Garry's Mod has sold 20 million copies . September 7, 2021 . . September 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210908105216/https://www.pcgamer.com/garrys-mod-has-sold-20-million-copies/ . live .
172. News: 12m players have got in a lather with PowerWash Simulator . Eurogamer.net . 22 April 2024 .
173. Web site: Fall Guys has sold over 11 million copies on PC and is now the most downloaded PS Plus game . Austin . Wood . December 1, 2020 . September 4, 2021 . . September 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210904233226/https://www.gamesradar.com/fall-guys-has-sold-over-11-million-copies-on-pc-and-is-now-the-most-downloaded-ps-plus-game/ . live .
174. Web site: The Verge. Fall Guys is going free-to-play and coming to Nintendo Switch and Xbox on June 21st. Antonio G. Di Benedetto. Jay Peters. 16 May 2022. 16 May 2022. 19 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220619104117/https://www.theverge.com/2022/5/16/23074802/fall-guys-free-to-play-xbox-switch-ps5-epic-games-update. live.
175. Web site: Rocket League Passes 10.5 Million Sales, As Dev Explains Why No Sequel Is Coming Soon . Eddie . Makuch . March 10, 2017 . March 10, 2017 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170311001842/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/rocket-league-passes-105-million-sales-as-dev-expl/1100-6448621/ . March 11, 2017.
176. News: Ryan K. . Rigney . 19 January 2024 . The 10-Year Journey Behind Lethal Company’s Success . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240119202657/https://www.pushtotalk.gg/p/how-lethal-company-sold-10-million-copies . 19 January 2024 . June 24, 2024 . Push To Talk.
177. Web site: Dead Cells has topped 10 million sales worldwide . Chris . Kerr . June 5, 2023 . October 12, 2024 . Game Developer.
178. Web site: Valheim passes 10m sales, as development on the Mistlands continues . Victory . Kennedy . April 25, 2022 . May 14, 2022 . . May 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220514191834/https://www.eurogamer.net/valheim-passes-10m-sales-as-development-on-the-mistlands-continues . live .
179. News: Bolding. Jonathan. December 21, 2019. Rust has made more money than Garry's Mod. PCGamer. 2021-09-05. 2019-12-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20191222141629/https://www.pcgamer.com/au/rust-has-made-more-money-than-garrys-mod/. live.
180. Web site: Cuphead launches on PS4 . Mike . Minotti . July 28, 2020 . July 28, 2020 . . July 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200728152429/https://venturebeat.com/2020/07/28/cuphead-launches-on-ps4/ . live .
181. Web site: Satisfactory hits 5.5m sales after five years of early access, 1.0 due "this year" . Matt . Wales . 2 February 2024 . 2 February 2024 . .
182. Web site: Subnautica has sold over 5m copies . Rebekah . Valentine . 14 January 2020 . 14 January 2020 . . 15 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200115024403/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-01-14-subnautica-has-sold-over-5m-copies . live .
183. Web site: Roguelikes: The Rebirth of the Counterculture . Mike . Mahardy . July 4, 2014 . December 23, 2015 . . September 3, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140903073824/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/04/roguelikes-the-rebirth-of-the-counterculture . live .
184. Web site: Indie favorite 'Papers, Please' has sold 5 million copies . 9 August 2023 . 9 August 2023 . 9 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230809194738/https://www.engadget.com/indie-favorite-papers-please-has-sold-5-million-copies-171537016.html . live .
185. Web site: Author tweet. 2022-01-13. Twitter. en. January 15, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220115124846/https://twitter.com/slimerancher/status/1481709066586046465. live.
186. News: Taylor. Mollie. February 4, 2021. Beat Saber slashes VR sales records after shipping 4 million copies. PCGamer. 2021-09-04. 2021-09-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20210904201936/https://www.pcgamer.com/beat-saber-slashes-vr-sales-records-after-shipping-4-million-copies/. live.
187. Web site: Aleksha McLoughlin . 2023-04-18 . Over 10 years later, Hotline Miami remains the indie games gold standard . 2023-08-14 . TechRadar . en . 2023-08-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230814054045/https://www.techradar.com/features/its-been-over-ten-years-but-indie-games-can-still-learn-a-lot-from-hotline-miami . live .
188. Web site: Risk Of Rain 2 Sells 4 Million On Steam Alone, Big Update Coming This Year. 2022-02-03. GameSpot. en-US. 2022-02-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20220203175523/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/risk-of-rain-2-sells-4-million-on-steam-alone-big-update-coming-this-year/1100-6489183/. live.
189. Web site: Factorio has sold 3.5 million copies . Jonathan . Bolding . December 31, 2022 . December 31, 2022 . . December 31, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221231223553/https://www.pcgamer.com/factorio-has-sold-35-million-copies/ . live .
190. Web site: Cult Of The Lamb Reveals New Update As Game Sells Over 3.5 Million Copies . Ollie . Reynolds . January 8, 2024 . January 8, 2024 . .
191. News: Worldwide digital games market: December 2020 . January 22, 2021 . . . January 22, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210122193846/http://www.superdataresearch.com/blog/worldwide-digital-games-market/ . January 22, 2021 . live .
192. Web site: Bastion Sells 3 Million, Transistor Hits 600,000 . Eddie . Makuch . . . 2015-01-09 . 2015-01-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150110043631/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/bastion-sells-3-million-transistor-hits-600-000/1100-6424555/ . 2015-01-10 . live .
193. Web site: Deep Rock Galactic surpasses 3m sales . Alex . Calvin . November 11, 2021 . November 11, 2021 . . November 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211111091647/https://www.pcgamesinsider.biz/news/72639/deep-rock-galactic-surpasses-3m-sales/ . live .
194. News: Kerr. Chris. January 8, 2020. Enter the Gungeon has topped 3 million sales in just under four years. Game Developer. 2021-09-04. 2021-09-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20210904204043/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/-i-enter-the-gungeon-i-has-topped-3-million-sales-in-just-under-four-years. dead.
195. Web site: Limbo coming to iOS July 3, lifetime sales top 3 million copies . . 26 June 2013 . 26 June 2013 . Samit . Sarkar . 29 June 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130629224944/http://www.polygon.com/2013/6/26/4466174/limbo-ios-release-date-lifetime-sales-3-million-copies . live .
196. Hopoo Games' Risk of Rain 2 Welcomes an Estimated 650,000 Players In Just Its First Week of Early Access. April 4, 2019. 2021-09-04. 2021-09-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20210904210346/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/340144/Hopoo_Games_Risk_of_Rain_2_Welcomes_an_Estimated_650000_Players_In_Just_Its_First_Week_of_Early_Access.php. live.
197. Web site: Gibson . Ari . 14 February 2019 . Hollow Knight: Silksong Revealed! . Team Cherry . https://web.archive.org/web/20190310231829/http://teamcherry.com.au/hollow-knight-silksong/ . 10 March 2019.
198. Web site: Shovel Knight Developers Say King of Cards and Showdown Mark "The End". USGamer. Mathew. Olson. 25 September 2019. 23 November 2019. 6 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806145613/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/shovel-knight-developers-say-king-of-cards-and-showdown-mark-the-end. dead.
199. Web site: More premium mobile success: Goat Simulator sells 2.5M copies on all platforms . . 15 January 2015 . 4 February 2015 . Mike . Minotti . 9 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150209095344/http://venturebeat.com/2015/01/15/more-premium-mobile-success-goat-simulator-sells-2-5m-copies-on-all-platforms/ . live .
200. Web site: Darkest Dungeon: The Butcher's Curse DLC Adds Multiplayer Battles . Tyler . Treese . April 2, 2020 . September 4, 2021 . . September 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210904232938/https://www.escapistmagazine.com/v2/darkest-dungeon-the-butchers-curse-dlc-adds-multiplayer-battles/ . live .
201. Web site: Manor Lords passes 1m sales after one day in Early Access . April 29, 2024 . April 29, 2024 . .
202. Web site: Manor Lords has over 2 million people playing the historical city-builder less than three weeks after launching into Early Access . Stephany . Nunnely-Jackson . May 16, 2024 . May 18, 2024 . .
203. Web site: How Superhot sold over two million copies and where its developer goes from here. Calvin. Alex. PC Games Insider. May 31, 2019. November 29, 2023. November 26, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231126100206/https://www.pcgamesinsider.biz/success-story/69088/how-superhot-sold-over-two-million-copies-and-where-its-developer-goes-from-here/. live.
204. The Guilt of the Video-Game Millionaires . Simon . Parkin . April 3, 2014 . September 14, 2021 . . September 13, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210913165857/https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-guilt-of-the-video-game-millionaires . live .
205. News: Rich Stanton . 2023-07-05 . Battlebit, the overnight success six years in the making, has sold just shy of two million in two weeks . en . PC Gamer . 2023-08-02 . 2023-07-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230718152309/https://www.pcgamer.com/battlebit-the-overnight-success-six-years-in-the-making-has-sold-just-shy-of-two-million-in-two-weeks/ . live .
206. Web site: Dyson Sphere Program reaches 1.7 million units sold as the devs detail combat . Dustin . Bailey . September 30, 2021 . September 30, 2021 . . February 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220210125551/https://www.pcgamesn.com/dyson-sphere-program/combat . live .
207. News: Wilson. Jason. March 18, 2019. Slay the Spire passes 1.5 million copies sold. GamesBeat. 2021-09-04. 2021-09-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20210904201055/https://venturebeat.com/2019/03/18/slay-the-spire-passes-1-5-million-copies-sold/. live.
208. News: Matulef. Jeffrey. July 27, 2013. Superbrothers: Sword & Sworcery EP has sold over 1.5 million units. Eurogamer. 2021-09-04. 2021-09-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20210904204039/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-07-27-superbrothers-sword-and-sworcery-ep-has-sold-over-1-5-million-units. live.
209. Reilly. Jim. September 10, 2012. Amnesia Sales Pass One Million. Game Informer. 2021-09-04. 2021-09-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20210904204039/https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2012/09/10/amnesia-sales-pass-one-million.aspx. dead.
210. News: Rose. Mike. January 19, 2012. Magicka sells 1.3M copies, 4M DLC packs worldwide. Game Developer. 2021-09-05. 2021-09-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20210905055122/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/-i-magicka-i-sells-1-3m-copies-4m-dlc-packs-worldwide. live.
211. Web site: One million copies and 5000 mods later, Teardowns creator is just getting started. Park. Morgan. PC Gamer. March 27, 2023. November 29, 2023. April 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230427161315/https://www.pcgamer.com/one-million-copies-and-5000-mods-later-teardowns-creator-is-just-getting-started/. live.
212. Web site: Indie hit Balatro clears 1 million copies . Andy . Robinson . March 18, 2024 . March 18, 2024 . .
213. Web site: Why Are 1 Million People Playing Brotato?. Rosenberg. Yair. The Atlantic. 2023-03-16. 2023-11-28. 2023-12-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20231215201217/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/03/brotato-video-game-potato-vampire-survivors/673405/. live.
214. Web site: Team behind Steam's latest mega-hit was just joking when it said it would "double our sales," but then its horror gambling game actually sold 1 million copies . 23 April 2024 .
215. News: Marks. Tom. March 5, 2020. Inside EXOK Games: The Brand New Studio That's Already Sold a Million Copies. IGN India. 2021-09-04. 2020-06-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045606/https://in.ign.com/celeste/145619/feature/inside-exok-games-the-brand-new-studio-thats-already-sold-a-million-copies. live.
216. Web site: Content Warning tops one million sales . Vikki . Blake . April 13, 2024 . April 13, 2024 . .
217. Web site: Core Keeper has sold one million copies . Alex . Calvin . July 1, 2022 . July 8, 2022 . . July 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220701092501/https://www.pcgamesinsider.biz/news/73138/core-keeper-has-sold-one-million-copies/ . live .
218. News: Indie RPG and sushi restaurant sim Dave the Diver reaches 1m sales . Eurogamer.net . 11 July 2023 . 11 July 2023 . 18 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230718124815/https://www.eurogamer.net/indie-rpg-and-sushi-restaurant-sim-dave-the-diver-reaches-1m-sales . live .
219. Web site: Deep Rock Galactic: Survivor grows to sell 1 million Early Access copies . Justin . Carter . March 15, 2024 . March 15, 2024 . .
220. Web site: Are you one of the million people who have played this spooky indie hit?. Jones. Rebecca. VG247. October 10, 2023. November 29, 2023. November 23, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231123180935/https://www.vg247.com/dredge-one-million-sales. live.
221. Web site: Over a million copies of Dust: An Elysian Tail have been sold . Alex . Wawro . 2014-03-03 . 2014-03-03 . . 2021-02-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210228002658/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/212143/Over_a_million_copies_of_Dust_An_Elysian_Tail_have_been_sold.php . live .
222. Web site: Fez hits 1 million sales . January 4, 2014 . Hing . David . December 10, 2013 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040300/http://www.bit-tech.net/news/gaming/2013/12/10/fez-hits-1-million-sales/1 . January 6, 2014 . live . mdy .
223. News: Kerr. Chris. January 4, 2017. Firewatch hits 1 million sales in less than a year. Game Developer. 2021-09-04. 2021-09-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20210904204928/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/-i-firewatch-i-hits-1-million-sales-in-less-than-a-year. live.
224. Web site: Beautiful sadcore platformer Gris has sold over a million copies . Jody . Macgregor . 19 April 2020 . 20 April 2020 . . 22 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240122164413/https://www.pcgamer.com/beautiful-sadcore-platformer-gris-has-sold-over-a-million-copies/ . live .
225. News: Gurwin. Gabe. September 20, 2020. Hades Has Sold 1 Million Copies, Nearly One-Third Sold In Last Few Days. GameSpot. 2021-09-04. 2021-10-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20211025212734/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/hades-has-sold-1-million-copies-nearly-one-third-sold-in-last-few-days/1100-6482388/. live.
226. Web site: Kerr. Chris. 2022-01-06. Demonic deck-builder Inscryption passes 1 million sales. 2022-01-10. Game Developer. en. 2022-03-31. https://web.archive.org/web/20220331202829/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/demonic-deck-builder-inscryption-passes-1-million-sales. live.
227. Web site: Adams. Robert. December 9, 2021. Loop Hero Sales Hit 1 Million Copies on Steam. January 9, 2022. Tech Raptor. January 11, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091629/https://techraptor.net/gaming/news/loop-hero-sales-hits-1-million-copies-on-steam. live.
228. Web site: Indie RPG Moonlighter has sold over one million copies. Partleton. Kayleigh. PocketGamer.biz. June 1, 2020. November 29, 2023. November 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231120103809/https://www.pocketgamer.biz/news/73500/moonlighter-one-million-copies/. live.
229. News: Omori Has Sold 1 Million Copies Since Launch. Sinha. Ravi. January 2, 2023. GamingBolt. March 18, 2023. March 19, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230319062233/https://gamingbolt.com/omori-has-sold-1-million-copies-since-launch. live.
230. Web site: Video Game Insights - Games industry data and analysis . Steam app id Pizza Tower VG Insights. January 26, 2023. January 26, 2024.
231. Web site: RimWorld sells over a million copies. PCGamesN. Bailer. Denis. February 2, 2020. November 18, 2020. November 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201111180308/https://www.pcgamesn.com/rimworld/rimworld-sales-numbers. live.
232. Web site: Sifu reaches one million copies sold three weeks after release. Stephanny. Nunneley. March 3, 2022. VG 247. March 4, 2022. March 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220304122051/https://www.vg247.com/sifu-reaches-one-million-copies-sold-three-weeks-after-release. live.
233. Web site: Beautiful management sim Spiritfarer sells a million units . Jeremy . Signor . December 13, 2021 . December 13, 2021 . . February 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230202154120/https://www.vg247.com/spiritfarer-sells-million-farewell-edition . live .
234. Web site: Lopez. Azario. January 27, 2022. Skul: The Hero Slayer Surpasses 1 Million Sales Worldwide. 2022-02-03. Noisy Pixel. 2022-02-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20220203175543/https://noisypixel.net/skul-the-hero-slayer-surpasses-1-million-sales-worldwide/. live.
235. Web site: Thomas Was Alone surpasses 1M copies sold . Samit . Sarkar . 25 April 2014 . 25 April 2014 . . 26 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234616/http://www.polygon.com/2014/4/25/5654216/thomas-was-alone-sales-1-million-copies . live .
236. Web site: Hit beaver city builder celebrates 1 million copies sold by finally investing in a decent trailer . 19 September 2023 . 19 September 2023 . 21 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230921051413/https://www.gamesradar.com//hit-beaver-city-builder-celebrates-1-million-copies-sold-by-finally-investing-in-a-decent-trailer . live .
237. Web site: Transistor sells over a million copies . Jordan . Devore . December 28, 2015 . September 4, 2021 . . September 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210904230405/https://www.destructoid.com/transistor-sells-over-a-million-copies/ . live .
238. Web site: 'Undertale' Creator Releases New Mystery Game 'Deltarune' . Stefanie . Fogel . October 31, 2018 . September 4, 2021 . . September 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210904231613/https://variety.com/2018/gaming/news/undertale-creator-releases-new-game-deltarune-1203015934/ . live .
239. Web site: Cosy Indie Darling Unpacking Has Sold Over 1 Million Copies Since Launch. Hagues. Alana. Nintendo Life. November 2, 2022. November 29, 2023. December 15, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231215213318/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/11/cosy-indie-darling-unpacking-has-sold-over-1-million-copies-since-launch. live.
240. News: Fingas. Jon. December 31, 2019. 'Untitled Goose Game' honks its way to a million sales. Engadget. 2021-09-04. 2021-09-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20210904204039/https://www.engadget.com/2019-12-31-untitled-goose-game-1-million-copies-sold.html. live.