This list of impact structures on Earth contains a selection of the 190 confirmed craters given in the Earth Impact Database as of 2017.[1]
To keep the lists manageable, only the largest impact structures within a time period are included. Alphabetical lists for different continents can be found under Impact structures by continent below.
These features were caused by the collision of meteors (consisting of large fragments of asteroids) or comets (consisting of ice, dust particles and rocky fragments) with the Earth. For eroded or buried craters, the stated diameter typically refers to the best available estimate of the original rim diameter, and may not correspond to present surface features. Time units are either in ka (thousands) or Ma (millions) of years.
Less than ten thousand years old, and with a diameter of or more. The EID lists fewer than ten such craters, and the largest in the last 100,000 years (100 ka) is the Rio Cuarto crater in Argentina.[2] However, there is some uncertainty regarding its origins[3] and age, with some sources giving it as < 10 ka while the EID gives a broader < 100 ka.
The Kaali impacts during the Nordic Bronze Age may have influenced Estonian and Finnish mythology,[4] the Campo del Cielo could be in the legends of some Native American tribes,[5] [6] while Henbury has figured in Australian Aboriginal oral traditions.[7]
| Name | Location | Country | Diameter (km) | Age (ka) | Date | Coordinates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wabar | Rub' al Khali desert | Saudi Arabia | 0.1 | 0.2 | 21.5°N 78°W | ||
| Whitecourt | Alberta | Canada | 0.04 | 1.1 | |||
| Kaali | Saaremaa | Estonia | 0.1 | 3.5 | 58.4°N 62°W | ||
| Campo del Cielo | Chaco | Argentina | 0.1 | 4.5 | -27.6333°N -103°W | ||
| Henbury | Northern Territory | Australia | 0.2 | 4.7 | -24.5667°N 141°W | ||
| Morasko | Poznań | Poland | 0.1 | 5.0[8] | 52.4833°N 70°W | ||
| Boxhole | Northern Territory | Australia | 0.2 | 5.4 | |||
| Ilumetsa | Põlva County | Estonia | 0.08 | 6.6 | |||
| Macha | Sakha Republic | Russia | 0.3 | 7.3 | 60.1°N 152°W | ||
| Rio Cuarto (disputed) | Córdoba Province | Argentina | 4.5 |
For the Rio Cuarto craters, 2002 research suggests they may actually be aeolian structures.[9] The EID gives a size of about for Campo del Cielo, but other sources quote .
From between 10 thousand years and one million years ago, and with a diameter of less than :
| Name | Location | Country | Diameter (km) | Age (ka) | Coordinates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wolfe Creek | Western Australia | Australia | 0.9 | |||
| Monturaqui | Atacama Desert | Chile | 0.455 |
From between ten thousand years and one million years ago, and with a diameter of or more. The largest in the last one million years is the 14km (09miles) Zhamanshin crater in Kazakhstan and has been described as being capable of producing a nuclear-like winter.[10]
However, the currently unknown source of the enormous Australasian strewnfield (c. 780 ka) could be a crater about across.[11] [12]
| Name | Location | Country | Diameter (km) | Age (ka) | Coordinates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tenoumer | Sahara Desert | Mauritania | 22.9172°N -10.4078°W | |||
| Yilan | Heilongjiang | China | 46.3844°N 129.3275°W | |||
| Meteor Crater | Arizona | United States | 35.0275°N -111.0228°W | |||
| Xiuyan | Xiuyan | China | 40.3617°N 123.4631°W | |||
| Lonar | Maharashtra | India | 19.9769°N 76.5089°W | |||
| Agoudal[13] | Atlas Mountains | Morocco | 31.9833°N -35°W | |||
| Tswaing | Pretoria Saltpan | South Africa | -25.4089°N 28.0828°W | |||
| Zhamanshin | Kazakhstan | Kazakhstan | 48.4°N 60.9667°W |
From between 1 and 10 million years ago, and with a diameter of 5 km or more. If uncertainties regarding its age are resolved, then the largest in the last 10 million years would be the 52km (32miles) Karakul crater which is listed in EID with an age of less than 5 Ma, or the Pliocene. The large but apparently craterless Eltanin impact (2.5 Ma) into the Pacific Ocean has been suggested as contributing to the glaciations and cooling during the Pliocene.[14]
| Name | Location | Country | Diameter (km) | Age (Million years) | Coordinates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bosumtwi | Ashanti | Ghana | 6.5°N -26°W | ||||
| Elgygytgyn | Chukotka Autonomous Okrug | Russia | 67.5°N 172°W | ||||
| Bigach | Kazakhstan | Kazakhstan | 48.5667°N 83°W | ||||
| Karla | Tatarstan | Russia | 54.9167°N 50°W | ||||
| Karakul | Pamir Mountains | Tajikistan | [15] [16] | 39.0167°N 100°W | |||
| Eltanin impact | Southern Ocean | SW of Chile | none | 2.5 | 57°47′S 90°47′W style="text-align:right" | -57.7833°N -137°W |
Craters with diameter or more are all older than 10 Ma, except possibly Karakul,, whose age is uncertain.
There are more than forty craters of such size. The largest two within the last hundred million years have been linked to two extinction events: Chicxulub for the Cretaceous–Paleogene and the Popigai impact for the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event.[17]
, the Earth Impact Database (EID) contains 190 confirmed impact structures.[1] The table below is arranged by the continent's percentage of the Earth's land area, and where Asian and Russian structures are grouped together per EID convention. The global distribution of known impact structures apparently shows a surprising asymmetry,[20] with the small but well-funded European continent having a large percentage of confirmed impact structures. It is suggested this situation is an artifact, highlighting the importance of intensifying research in less studied areas like Antarctica, South America and elsewhere.
Links in the column "Continent" will give a list of craters for that continent.
| Continent | Continent's % of Earth's land area | Continent's % of the 190 known impact structures | Number of impact structures |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30% | 16% | 31 | |
| 20% | 11% | 20 | |
| 16% | 32% | 60 | |
| 12% | 6% | 11 | |
| 9% | 0% | 0 | |
| 7% | 22% | 41 | |
| 6% | 14% | 27 | |
| Total | 100% | 100% | 190 |