Legal immunity explained
Legal immunity should not be confused with Prosecutorial immunity.
Legal immunity, or immunity from prosecution, is a legal status wherein an individual or entity cannot be held liable for a violation of the law, in order to facilitate societal aims that outweigh the value of imposing liability in such cases. Such legal immunity may be from criminal prosecution, or from civil liability (being subject of lawsuit), or both. The most notable forms of legal immunity are parliamentary immunity and witness immunity. One author has described legal immunity as "the obverse of a legal power":[1]
Criticism
Legal immunities may be subject to criticism because they institute a separate standard of conduct for those who receive them. For example, as one author notes:
Types
Immunity of government leaders
Many forms of immunity are granted to government leaders to rule over the world, continent, nation, province, urban area and rural area without fear of being sued or charged with a crime for so doing:
Immunity of government officials
- Judicial immunity, the absolute (sovereign) immunity of a judiciary in the course of their official duties
- Qualified immunity, in the United States, sovereign immunity of all government officials and government employees performing tasks as part of the government's actions
- Absolute immunity, a type of sovereign immunity for all government officials and government employees that confers total immunity when acting in the course of their duties
- Diplomatic immunity, agreement between sovereign governments to exclude diplomats from local laws because grants of immunity are particularly important in intergovernmental relations, where traditions have arisen to prevent the federal civil servants of a country's foreign service cadre from being harassed by their host countries.
Such immunities may be granted by law (statutory or constitutional) or by treaty.
Immunity of resident citizens of a country participating in the legal process
Immunity of private officials
- Reporter's privilege, a limited First Amendment right many jurisdictions by statutory law or judicial decision have by which journalists may not be prosecuted for protecting their confidential sources from discovery[2]
Immunity of nonprofit organizations
- Charitable immunity, immunity from liability granted to charities in many countries from the 19th century to the mid-20th century
Such immunities may be granted by law or, for witness immunity, by prosecutors or other authorities on a case-by-case basis, commonly as an agreement with the witnesses.
See also
Notes and References
- Dudley Knowles, Political Obligation: A Critical Introduction (2009), p. 26.
- Web site: LexMedia. lexmedia.com.au. 2015-08-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20150907140217/http://www.lexmedia.com.au/2010/10/journalist-shield-laws.html. 2015-09-07. dead.